Willingness to speak English among foreign language learners: A causal model

References

• Alemi, M., Daftarifard, P., & Pashforoosh, R. (2011). The impact of language anxiety and language proficiency on WTC in EFL context. Cross-Cultural Communication, 7(3), 150–166.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2000). The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations. Language Learning, 50(2), 311–341.10.1111/lang.2000.50.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, S. C., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2003). The role of gender and immersion in communication and second language orientations. Language Learning, 53(S1), 65–96.10.1111/0023-8333.00224
   Google Scholar
• Burroughs, N. F., Marie, V., & McCroskey, J. C. (2003). Relationships of self-perceived communication competence and communication apprehension, to willingness to communicate: A comparison of first and second languages in Micronesia. Communication Research Reports, 20(3), 230–239.10.1080/08824090309388821
   Google Scholar
• Cao, Y. (2009). Understanding the notion of interdependence and the dynamics of willingness to communicate (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Auckland, New Zealand: The University of Auckland.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, Y., & Philp, J. (2006). Interactional context and willingness to communicate: A comparison of behavior in whole class, group and dyadic interaction. System, 34, 480–493.10.1016/j.system.2006.05.002
   Google Scholar
• Cetinkaya, Y. B. (2005). Turkish college students’ willingness to communicate in English as a foreign language (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University.
   Google Scholar
• Chalak, A., & Kassaian, Z. (2010). Motivation and attitudes of Iranian undergraduate EFL students towards learning English. Online Journal of Language Studies, 10(2), 37–56.
   Google Scholar
• Coolidge, F. L. (2006). Statistics: A gentle introduction (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Donovan, L. A., & MacIntyre, P. D. (2004). Age and sex differences in willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and self‐perceived competence. Communication Research Reports, 21(4), 420–427.10.1080/08824090409360006
   Google Scholar
• Freiermuth, M., & Jarrell, D. (2006). Willingness to communicate: Can online chat help? International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 16(2), 189–212.10.1111/ijal.2006.16.issue-2
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, R. C., & Lambert, W. E. (1987). Attitudes and motivation in second language learning. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
   Google Scholar
• Hashimoto, Y. (2002). Motivation and willingness to communicate as predictors of reported L2 use: The Japanese ESL context. Second Language Studies, 20(2), 29–70.
   Google Scholar
• Hodis, G. M. (2009). A longitudinal latent growth modeling perspective on communication apprehension, self-perceived communication competence, and willingness to communicate (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Illinoise University.
   Google Scholar
• Horwitz, E. K., Horwitz, M. B., & Cope, J. A. (1986). Foreign language classroom anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 70, 125–132.10.1111/modl.1986.70.issue-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamshidnejad, A. (2010). The construction of oral problems in an EFL context. Studies in Literature and Language, 1(6), 8–22.
   Google Scholar
• Kang, S. J. (2005). Dynamic emergence of situational willingness to communicate in a second language. System, 33, 277–292.10.1016/j.system.2004.10.004
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S. J. (2004). Exploring willingness to communicate (WTC) in English among Korean EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students in Korea: WTC as a predictor of success in second language acquisition (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Columbus, GA: Ohio State University.
   Google Scholar
• Littlewood, W. (2002). Communicative language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, M., & Jackson, J. (2009). Reticence in Chinese EFL students at varied proficiency levels. TESL Canada Journal, 26(2), 65–81.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, M., & Jackson, J. (2008). An exploration of Chinese EFL learners’ unwillingness to communicate and foreign language anxiety. The Modern Language Journal, 92(1), 71–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P. D. (2007). Willingness to communicate in the second language: Understanding the decision to speak as a volitional process. The Modern Language Journal, 91, 564–576.10.1111/modl.2007.91.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2001). Willingness to communicate, social support, and language learning orientations of immersion students. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 23, 369–388.
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2002). Sex and age effects on willingness to communicate, anxiety, perceived competence, and L2 motivation among junior high school French immersion students. Language Learning, 53(1), 137–165.
   Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P. D., Baker, S. C., Clément, R., & Donovan, L. A. (2003). Talking in order to learn: Willingness to communicate and intensive language programs. Canadian Modern Language Review, 59(4), 589–608.10.3138/cmlr.59.4.589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P., & Charos, C. (1996). Personality, attitudes, and affect as predictors of second language communication. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 15, 3–26.10.1177/0261927X960151001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntyre, P. D., Clément, R., Dörnyei, Z., & Noels, K. A. (1998). Conceptualizing willingness to communicate in a L2: A situational model of L2 confidence and affiliation. The Modern Language Journal, 82(4), 545–562.10.1111/modl.1998.82.issue-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka, R., & Evans, D. R. (2005). Willingness to communicate in the second language. Journal of Nursing Studies, 4, 3–12.
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey, J. C. (1992). Reliability and validity of the willingness to communicate scale. Communication Quarterly, 40(1), 16–25.10.1080/01463379209369817
   Google Scholar
• McCroskey, J. C., & Richmond, V. P. (1987). Willingness to communicate and interpersonal communication. In J. C. McCroskey & J. A. Daly (Eds.), Personality and interpersonal communication (pp. 129–159). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Nagy, B., & Nikolov, M. (2007). A qualitative inquiry into Hungarian English major’s willingness to communicate in English: Classroom perspectives. In J. Horvath & M. Nikolov (Eds.), UPRT: Empirical studies in English applied linguistics (pp. 149–168). Pecs: Lingua Franca Csoport.
   Google Scholar
• Peng, J. (2007). Willingness to communicate in an L2 and integrative motivation among college students in an intensive English language program in China. University of Sydney Papers in TESOL, 2, 33–59.
   Google Scholar
• Rezazadeh, M., & Tavakoli, M. (2009). Investigating the relationship among test anxiety, gender, academic achievement, and years of study: A case of Iranian EFL university students. English Language Teaching, 2(4), 68–74.
   Google Scholar
• Riasati, M. J. (2011). Language learning anxiety from EFL learners’ perspectives. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 7(6), 907–914.
   Google Scholar
• Rouhani, A. (2008). An investigation into emotional intelligence, foreign language anxiety, and empathy through a cognitive-affective course in an EFL context. Linguistik Online, 34(2), 41–57.
   Google Scholar
• Swain, M. (2005). The output hypothesis: Theory and research. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook on research in second language learning and teaching (pp. 471–484). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Tsui, A. B. M. (1996). Reticence and anxiety in second language learning. In K. M. Bailey & D. Nunan (Eds.), Voices from the language classroom (pp. 145–167). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, C. (2010). Japanese university students’ willingness to use English with different interlocutors (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Temple University.
   Google Scholar
• Woodrow, L. (2006). Anxiety and speaking English as a second language. RELC Journal, 37(3), 308–328.10.1177/0033688206071315
   Google Scholar
• Lisa, L. (2006). The relationship among teachers’ verbal and non-verbal immediacy behaviors and students’ willingness to speak in English in central Taiwanese college classrooms (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Tulsa, OK: Oral Roberts University.
   Google Scholar
• Ya-Ni, Z. (2007). Communication strategies and foreign language learning. US-China Foreign Language, 5(4), 43–47. Retrieved from http://www.linguist.org.cn/doc/uc200704/uc20070411.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yashima, T. (2002). Willingness to communicate in a second language: The Japanese EFL context. The Modern Language Journal, 86(1), 54–66.10.1111/modl.2002.86.issue-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yashima, T., Zenuk-Nishide, L., & Shimizu, K. (2004). The influence of attitudes and affect on willingness to communicate and second language communication. Language Learning, 54(1), 119–152.10.1111/j.1467-9922.2004.00250.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, M. (2009). Willingness to communicate of foreign language learners in a Chinese setting (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Florida State University.
   Google Scholar