A decade of unprecedented e-learning adoption and adaptation: Covid-19 revolutionizes teaching and learning at Papua New Guinea University of Technology (PNGUoT)

References

• Adams, A., & Blandford, A. (2003). Security and online learning: To protect or prohibit. Usability Evaluation of Online Learning Programs, pp.331–27. UK: IDEA Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Adeyemi Oginni. (2020). Covid-19 and educational sector: A blessing or otherwise! Thursday, May 21, 2020 8:39:00 AM. Centre for Housing and Sustainable Development, University of Lagos.
   Google Scholar
• Aixia, D., & Wang, D. (2011). Factors influencing learner attitudes toward online learning and development of online learning environment based on the integrated online learning platform. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and Online Learning, 1(3), 264–268. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7706/IJEEEE
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1993). Attitude theory and the attitude-behavior relation. New directions in attitude measurement, 41–57. New York: Walter de Gruyter.
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1977). Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research. Psychological Bulletin, 84(5), 888. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.84.5.888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al -Hujran, O., Al-Lozi, E., & Al-Debei, M. M. (2014). Get ready to mobile learning”: Examining factors affecting college students’ behavioral intentions to use M-learning in Saudi Arabia. Jordan Journal of Business Administration, 10(1), 111–128. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.12816/0026186
   Google Scholar
• Al-Balas, M., Al-Balas, H. I., Jaber, H. M., Obeidat, K., Al-Balas, H., Aborajooh, E. A., Al-Taher, R., & Al-Balas, B. (2020). Distance learning in clinical medical education amid COVID-19 pandemic in Jordan: Current situation, challenges, and perspectives. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 341. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02257-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Ghaith, W., Sanzogni, L., & Sandhu, K. (2010). Factors influencing the adoption and usage of online services in Saudi Arabia. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries, 40(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1681-4835.2010.tb00283.x
   Google Scholar
• Alwi, N. H. M., & Fan, I. S. (2010). E-learning and information security management. International Journal for Digital Society, 1(2), 148–156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20533/ijds.2040.2570.2010.0019
   Google Scholar
• Amiel, T., & Reeves, T. C. (2008). Design-based research and educational technology: Rethinking technology and the research agenda. Educational Technology and Society, 11(4), 29–40. https://www.jstor.org/stable/jeductechsoci.11.4.29
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin, E. M. (2005). Social science research: Conception, methodology and analysis. Makerere University Printing Press.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, M., & Perrin, A. (2017). Tech adoption climbs among older adults: Technology use among seniors. Pew Research Centre, May 2017. https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/05/16170850/PI_2017.05.17
   Google Scholar
• Ash, J. S., Berg, M., & Coiera, E. (2004). Some unintended consequences of information technology in health care: The nature of patient care information system-related errors. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 11(2), 104–112. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1197/jamia.M1471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becta. (2008). Harnessing technology: Schools survey 2008. Accessed October 20, 2011 http://emergingtechnologies.becta.org.uk
   Google Scholar
• Belkhamza, Z., & Wafa, S. (2009). The effect of perceived risk on the intention to use E-commerce: The case of Algeria. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 14(1), 1–10. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242199053
   Google Scholar
• Bhuasiri, W., Xaymoungkhoun, O., Zo, H., Rho, J. J., & Ciganek, A. P. (2012). Critical success factors for E-Learning in developing countries: A comparative analysis between ICT experts and faculty. Computers & Education, 58(2), 843–855. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
   Google Scholar
• Brian, J. (2015). Examining the validity of TAM and UTAUT: An ICT adoption appraisal at PNGUoT. Unpublished dissertation, Department of Mathematics and Computer studies.
   Google Scholar
• Buabeng-Andoh, C. (2012). Factors influencing teachers’ adoption and integration of information and communication technology into teaching: A review of the literature. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 8(1), 136–155. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/Ej1084227.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Chen, R.-J. (2010). Investigating models for pre-service teachers’ use of technology to support student-centered learning. Computers & Education in Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Y., & Wu, H. (2013). Security risks and protection in online learning: A survey; The international review of research in open and distance learning. Old Dominion University.
   Google Scholar
• Compte, M. L., & Preissle, J. (1993). Ethnography and qualitative designs in educational research (2nd Ed.). London: Academic Press
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Czuba, J. (2020, April). Future-proofing access, quality and delivery in Papua New Guinea’s Higher Education sector. DHERST Quarterly Newsletter, 3(1), 10. https://web.dherst.gov.pg/images/News/newsletters/DHERST-Newsletter-Revised-080420-1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technology. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 319–340. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/249008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirci, A. (2009). How do teachers approach new technologies: Geography teachers’ attitudes towards Geographic Information Systems (GIS). European Journal of Educational Studies, 1(1), 43–53. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ali-Demirci-2/publication/228343724
   Google Scholar
• Deopa, N., & Fortunato, P., (2020). Coronagraben. Culture and social distancing in times of COVID-19. UNCTAD Research Paper No. 49; Division on Globalisation and Development Strategies, pp. 1–22, UNCTAD.
   Google Scholar
• Di Pietro, G. B., Biagi, F., Dinis Mota Da Costa, P., Karpinski, Z., & Mazza, J. (2020). The likely impact of COVID-19 on education: Reflections based on the existing literature and recent international datasets. Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Durante, R., Guiso, L., & Gulino, G. (2020). A social capital: Civic culture and social distancing during covid-19. Working Paper 1181, Barcelona Graduate School of Economics,14(5), 1155–1180. https:ideas.repec.org/p/bge/wpaper/1181.html
   Google Scholar
• EUA. (2020). Preliminary results of the EUA survey on “digitally enhanced learning at European higher education institutions”, presented at the BFUG meeting 71. June. Available at http://www.ehea.info
   Google Scholar
• Fleming, J., Becker, K., & Newton, C. (2017). Factors for successful e-learning: Does age matter?”. Education + Training, 59(1), 76–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-07-2015-0057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaebel, M. (2020). European higher education in the Covid-19 crisis. International Association of Universities.
   Google Scholar
• Gamage, K. A. A., Wijesuriya, D. I., Ekanayake, S. Y., Rennie, A. E. W., Lambert, C. G., & Gunawardhana, N. (2020). Online delivery of teaching and laboratory practices: Continuity of university programmes during COVID-19 pandemic. Education Sciences, 10(10), 291. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100291
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, T. (2017). On the road to ICT adoption: Examining the validity of TAM in higher education context in Papua New Guinea. Unpublished dissertation, IT Business Studies-PNGUoT.
   Google Scholar
• Godinot, S., (2015). From crisis to opportunity: Five steps to sustainable European economies. WWF Report. https://d2ouvy59p0dg6k.cloudfront.net
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, H. R., & Dintzis, R. (2007). The positive impact of team-based virtual microscopy on student learning in physiology and histology. Advances in Physiology Education, 31(3), 261–265. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00125.2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, W., Anderson, V., Tait, K., & Tran, L. T. (2020). Precarity, fear and hope: Reflecting and imagining in higher education during a global pandemic. Higher Education Research & Development, 39(7), 1309–1312. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2020.1826029
   Google Scholar
• Habibu, T., Abdullah-Al-Mamum & Clement, C. (2012). Difficulties faced by teachers in using ICT in teaching-learning at technical and higher educational institutions of Uganda. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 1(7), 1–9. September 2278-01811. www.ijert.org.
   Google Scholar
• Hadri, K. U. S. U. M. A., Muafi, M. U. A. F. I., AJI, H. M., & Sigit, P. A. M. U. N. G. K. A. S. (2020). Information and communication technology adoption in small- and medium-sized enterprises: Demographic characteristics. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(10), 969–980. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no10.969
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao, L., Pishdad-Bozorgi, P., Wang, G., Xue, Y., & Tan, D. (2019). ICt implementation of small-and medium-sized construction enterprises: Organizational characteristics, driving forces, and value perceptions. Sustainability Journal, 11(12), 344. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123441
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan, N., & Hassan Naved, K. (2020, October). Online teaching-learning during Covid-19 pandemic: Students’ perspective. The Online Journal of Distance Education and e-Learning. 8(4), 202–213. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344932812
   Google Scholar
• Heinz, M. (2013). Exploring predictors of technology adoption among older adults Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation Iowa State University Ames. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu
   Google Scholar
• Hew, K. F., & Brush, T. (2007). Integrating technology into K-12 teaching and learning: Current knowledge gaps and recommendations for future research. Educational Technology Research and Development, 55(3), 223–253. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, R. J., & Karsh, B.-T. (2010). The technology acceptance model: Its past and its future in health care. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 43 (1), 159–172. 1532-0464. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2009.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua, G. (2009). An experimental investigation of online banking adoption in China. Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce, 14(1), 1–12. https://www.icommercecentral.com/open-access/an-experimental-investigation-of-online-banking-adoption-in-china.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, M., Zhu, W., Zhang, W., & Abidi, S. M. R. (2018). Student engagement predictions in an e-learning system and their impact on student course assessment scores. Journal of Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience, 2–21. Article ID 6347186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6347186
   Google Scholar
• Indarti, N., & Rostiani, R. (2008, October). Intensi Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa: Studi Perbandingan Antara Indonesia, Jepang dan Norwegia. Jurnal Ekonomika Dan Bisnis Indonesia, 23(4), 369–384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.6316
   Google Scholar
• Irish National Digital Experience (INDEx) Survey (2020). Findings from students and staff who teach in higher education, by the National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. 7 May. https://www.teachingandlearning
   Google Scholar
• James, H. M., & Sally, Schumacher. (2006). Research in education: Evidence-based inquiry (Sixth Edition ed.). Allyn & Bacon, Pearson Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Johns, R. (2005). One size doesn’t fit all: Selecting response scales for attitude items. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion & Parties, 15(2), 237–264. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13689880500178849
   Google Scholar
• Joseph, G. (2013). A study on school factors influencing students’ attitude towards learning mathematics in the community secondary schools in Tanzania: The case of Bukoba municipal council in Kagera region. The Open University of Tanzania. (Unpublished Masters dissertation) http://repository.out.ac.tz
   Google Scholar
• Keengwe, J., Onchwari, G., & Wachira, P. (2008). Computer technology integration and student learning: Barriers and promise. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 17(6), 560–565. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-008-9123-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelegai, L., & Middleton, M. (2002). Information technology education in Papua New Guinea: Cultural, economic and political influences. Journal of Information Technology Education, 1(1), 1–23. https://jite.org/documents/vol1/v1n1p011-024.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Khan, M. A., Nabi, M. K., Khojah, M., & Tahir, M. (2021). Students’ perception towards e-learning during COVID-19 pandemic in India: An empirical study. Sustainability, 13(1), 57. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010057
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korte, W. B., & Husing, T. (2007). Benchmarking access and use of ICT in European schools 2006: Results from head teacher and a classroom surveys in 27 European countries, eLearning papers. 29(10), 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Kpolovie, P. J., & Awusaku, O. K. (2016). Ict adoption attitude of lecturers. European Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 4(5), 9–57.
   Google Scholar
• Kretchmer, H., (2020). Pacific Island is working towards a digital revolution; sustainable development impact summit. 22nd September, Papua New Guinea.
   Google Scholar
• Kusumaningtyasa, N., & Suwarto, D. H. (2014). ICT adoption, skill and use differences among small and medium enterprises managers based on demographic factors. The 6th Indonesia International Conference on Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 12 – 14 August 2014; Social and Behavioral Sciences, 169, 296–302. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.313
   Google Scholar
• Lozano, L. M., Garcia-Cueto, E., & Muniz, J. (2008). Effect of the number of response categories on the reliability and validity of rating scales. Methodology: European Journal of Research Methods for the Behavioral and Social Sciences, 4(2), 73–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-2241.4.2.73
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm, E., & Godwyll, F. (2008). Diffusion of information communication technology in selected Ghanaian schools (Unpublished doctoral dissertation) Ohio University.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. (2008). Older workers and the adoption of new technologies. Discussion Paper No. 07-050, Centre for European Economic Research. ftp://ftp.zew.de
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, J. (2011). Workforce age and technology adoption in small and medium-sized service firms. Small Business Economics, 37(3), 305–324. Springer Link. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-009-9246-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miliszewska, I. (2007). Is it fully ‘on’ or partly ‘off’? The case of fully-online provision of transnational education. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6, 499–514. [ISSN:1547-9714] https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28945/229
   Google Scholar
• Moser, F. Z. (2007). Faculty adoption of educational technology. EDUCAUSE Quarterly 1, 66–69. https://er.educause.edu/-/media/files/article-downloads/eqm07111.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mumtaz, S. (2000). Factors affecting teachers’ use of information and communication technology: A review of the literature. Journal of Information Technology for Teacher Education, 9(3), 319–341. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/14759390000200096
   Google Scholar
• Nassar, A. A. M., Othman, K., & Nizah, M. A. B. M. (2019). The impact of the social influence on ICT adoption: Behavioral intention as mediator and age as moderator. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 9(11), 963–978. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v9-i11/6620
   Google Scholar
• Nilsson, D., & Paliwoda, S. (2005). A cross-cultural comparison of self-service technology use. European Journal of Marketing, 41(3/4), 367–381. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1108/03090560710728381
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton, S., McRobbie, C., & Cooper, T. (2000). Exploring secondary mathematics teachers’ reasons for not using computers in their teaching: Five case studies. Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 33(1), 87–109. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/08886504.2000.10782302
   Google Scholar
• Olive, M., Mugenda, A., & Mugenda, G. (2003). Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative approches. Kenya Frican Centre for Technology Studies (ACTS) Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Palloff, R. M., & Pratt, K. (2007). Building online learning communities: Effective strategies for the virtual classroom. Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Parker, R. E., Bianchi, A., & Cheah, T. Y. (2008). Perceptions of instructional technology: Factors on influence and anticipated consequences. Educational Technology & Society, 11(2), 274–293. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/75364
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen, M. J., & Favero, N. (2020). Social distancing during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Who are the present and future non-compliers? Public Administration Review, 80(5), 805–814. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13240
   Google Scholar
• Pelgrum, W. J., & Law, N. (2003). ICT in education around the world: Trends, problems and prospects. UNESCO, International Institute for Educational Planning.
   Google Scholar
• Pennaa, M. P., & Stara, V. (2007). The failure of e-learning: Why should we use a learner centred design. Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society, 3(2), 127–135. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20368/1971-8829/254
   Google Scholar
• Peter, H. (2014). A review of TAM and UTAUT for a holistic ICT adoption at PNGUoT Unpublished dissertation IT Business Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Pilot, D. F., & Hungler, B. P. (1999). Nursing research: Principles and methods. JB Lippincott Company.
   Google Scholar
• Radha, R., Mahalakshmi, K., Sathish Kumar, D. V., & Saravanakumar, D. A. R. (2020). E-learning during lockdown of Covid-19 pandemic: A global perspective; international. Journal of Control and Automation, 13(4), 1088–1099. [ISSN: 2005-4297 IJCA] http:sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJCA/article/view/26035
   Google Scholar
• Rashid, S., & Yadav, S. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 pandemic on higher education and research. Indian Journal of Human Development, 4(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0973703020946700 Sage Publishers
   Google Scholar
• Richard, M. O. (2010). Distinguish between a theoretical framework and a conceptual framework in research. Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology- Mombasa Campus.
   Google Scholar
• Sanford, C., & Oh, H. (2010). The role of user resistance in the adoption of a mobile data service. Cyber Psychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(6), 663–672. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0377
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schoonenboom, J. (2012). The use of technology as one of the possible means of performing instructor tasks: Putting technology acceptance in context. Computers & Education, 59(4), 1309–1316. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.06.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serb, A., Defta, C., Iacob, N. M., & Apetrei, M. C. (2013). Information security management in e-learning. Knowledge Horizons, 5(2), 55–59. orizonturi.ucdc.ro/archiva/2013_khe_2_pdf_vol_5_iss_2_55to59.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shachak, A., Kuziemsky, C., & Petersen, C. (2019). Beyond TAM and UTAUT: Future directions for HIT implementation research. Journal of Biomedical Informatics, 100, 103315. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbi.2019.103315. 1532-0464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafi, I. M. (2002) Assessment of the impact of Internet technology use among Saudi business organizations (Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation) Mississippi State University, United States – Mississippi
   Google Scholar
• Shanti Bhushan, M., & Shashi, A. (2011). Handbook of research methodology. Educreation Publishing RZ 94.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, R. (2003). Barriers in using technology in developing countries, IEEE International Conference on Information Technology: Research and Education.(11–113 Aug. 2003; Newark, NJ, USA) IEEE 0-7803-7724-9103. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1109/ITRE.2003
   Google Scholar
• Singer, J., & Rexhaj, B. (2007). Older, wiser, and happier? Comparing older adults’ and college students’ self-defining memories. Taylor and Francis Group, 15(8), 886–898. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210701754351
   Google Scholar
• Ssempebwa, J., Canene, A. P., & Mugabe, M. (2007). ICT Investment in rwandan higher education: Highlighting the cost of downtime and end-users’ operations. Research Digest, 1(1), 19–30. [ISSN: 1996-9023].
   Google Scholar
• Ssemugenyi, F., Seje, T. N., & Amboka, A. (2020). Human Resource development practices at the crossroads: A performance review of higher educational academics in East African Universities. World Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 2(2),132–145. 2690-280X https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.119.2020.22.132.145
   Google Scholar
• StefaniaGiannini (2020). COVID-19 and higher education; today and tomorrow. Impact analysis, policy responses and recommendations. UNESCO International Institute for Higher Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (UNESCO IESALC).
   Google Scholar
• Stephen, J. (2001). The changing face of distributed denial of service mitigation. The SANS Institute’s Information Security Reading Room. August 16. http://www.sans.org
   Google Scholar
• Straub, E. T. (2009). Understanding technology adoption: Theory and future directions for informal learning. Review of Educational Research, 179(2), 625–649. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3102/0034654308325896
   Google Scholar
• Surry, D. W., Ensminger, D. C., & Haab, M. (2005). A model for integrating instructional technology into higher education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 36(2), 327–329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2005.00461.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sydow, J. (1998). Understanding the constitution of inter-organizational trust. In C. Lane & R. Bachmann (Eds.), Trust within and between organizations: Conceptual issues and empirical applications (pp. 31–63). Oxford University.
   Google Scholar
• Tadesse, S., & Muluye, W. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on education system in developing countries: a review. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 8(10), 159–170. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810011
   Google Scholar
• Tashakkori, A., & Teddle, C. (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Sage Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Teo, T. (2008). Pre-service teachers’ attitudes towards computer use: A Singapore survey. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 24(4), 413–424. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.1201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiruneh, D. (2020). COVID-19 school closures may further widen the inequality gaps between the advantaged and the disadvantaged in Ethiopia. The Education and Development Form. https://www.ukfiet.org
   Google Scholar
• Tlhoaele, M., Hofman, A., Winnips, K., & Beetsma, Y. (2015). Exploring the relationship between factors that contribute to interactive engagement and academic performance. Journal of Education and Training, 2(1), 61–80. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5296/jet.v2i1.6577
   Google Scholar
• Ullah, O., Khan, W., & Khan, A. (2017). Students’ attitude towards online learning at tertiary level. Humanities and Social Sciences, 25 (1–2), 63–82. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324829386_students'_attitude_towards_Online_learning_at_Tertiary_level (Special Issue-Media Matters)
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO, IESALC. (2020). COVID-19 and higher education: Today and tomorrow. Impact analysis, policy responses and recommendations (9 April), p. 6. http://www.iesalc.unesco.org
   Google Scholar
• Usluel, Y. K., Askar, P., & Bas, T. (2008). A structural equation model for ICT Usage in higher education. Educational Technology & Society, 11(2), 262–273. https://www.learntechlib.org/p/75365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Gordon, B. D., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view MIS Q. MIS Quarterly: The University of Minnesota Management Information Systems Research Center,27(3), 425–478. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
   Google Scholar
• William, K. (2015). ICT adoption at PNGUoT a mechanism of TAM Unpublished dissertation Department of Mathematics and Computer studies.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, D., Coles, L., Wilson, K., Richardson, A., & Tuson, J. (2000). Teachers and ICT: Current use and future needs. British Journal of Educational Technology, 31(2), 307–320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8535.00164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiaofeng, W., & Cheng, Z. (2020). Cross-sectional studies strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations. CHEST, 158(1S), S65–S71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• YERUN Report on Seminar on COVID-19 (15 June 2020). https://www.yerun.eu
   Google Scholar
• Yi YangLinda, F. (2004). Perceptions towards the quality of online education: A qualitative approach. Association for Educational Communications and Technology, 27th, Chicago, Il. October 19-23. ERIC Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Yildirim, S. (2007). Current utilization of ICT in Turkish basic education schools: A review of teacher’s ICT use and barriers to integration. International Journal of Instructional Media, 34(2), 171–186. https://users.metu.edu.tr/soner/Internationaljournals/8.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz, N. P. (2011). Evaluation of the technology integration process in the TurkishEducation system. Contemporary Educational Technology, 2(1), 37–54.
   Google Scholar
• Yusuf, M. O., & Onasanya, S. (2004). Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and teaching in tertiary institutions. In O. EA (Ed.),  pp. 67–76. University of Ilorin.
   Google Scholar
• Zziwa, G. (2001). Computer utilization in the management of students’ information at Makerere University [Unpublished Masters Dissertation].Makerere University.
   Google Scholar