1,593
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

Psychosis among the disconnected youth: A systematic review

ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2056306 | Received 21 May 2021, Accepted 17 Mar 2022, Published online: 12 Apr 2022

References

  • Addington, J., & Addington, D. (2005, June 15). Patterns of premorbid functioning in first episode psychosis: Relationship to 2-year outcome. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 112(1), 40–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2005.00511.x
  • Baggio, S., Iglesias, K., Deline, S., Studer, J., Henchoz, Y., Mohler-Kuo, M., & Gmel, G. (2015, January 27). Not in education, employment, or training status among young Swiss men. Longitudinal associations with mental health and substance use. Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(2), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.006
  • Basta, M., Karakonstantis, S., Koutra, K., Dafermos, V., Papargiris, A., Drakaki, M., Tzagkarakis, S., Vgontzas, A., Simos, P., & Papadakis, N. (2019). NEET status among young Greeks: Association with mental health and substance use. Journal of Affective Disorders, 253 (2019–06–15) , 210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.04.095
  • Benjet, C., Hernandez-Montoya, D., Borges, G., Méndez, E., Medina-Mora, M. E., & Aguilar-Gaxiola, S. (2012, July 27). Youth who neither study nor work: Mental health, education and employment. Salud Pública de México, 54(4), 410–417. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0036-36342012000400011
  • Berry, C., Easterbrook, M. J., Empson, L., & Fowler, D. (2019, March 30). Structured activity and multiple group memberships as mechanisms of increased depression amongst young people not in employment, education or training. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 13(6), 1480–1487. https://doi.org/10.1111/eip.12798
  • Bowman, S., McKinstry, C., Howie, L., & McGorry, P. (2020, February 07). Expanding the search for emerging mental ill health to safeguard student potential and vocational success in high school: A narrative review. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 14(6), 655–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00344-0
  • Bäckman, O., & Nilsson, A. (2016). Long-term consequences of being not in employment, education or training as a young adult: Stability and change in three Swedish birth cohorts. European Societies, 18(2), 136–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616696.2016.1153699
  • Carrion, R. E., Auther, A. M., McLaughlin, D., Olsen, R., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Cannon, T. D., Mathalon, D. H., McGlashan, T. H., Perkins, D. O., Seidman, L. J., Tsuang, M. T., Walker, E. F., Woods, S. W., & Cornblatt, B. A. (2019). The global functioning: social and role scales-further validation in a large sample of adolescents and young adults at clinical high risk for psychosis. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 45(4), 763–772. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby126
  • Christensen, T. N., Wallstrom, I. G., Stenager, E., Bojesen, A. B., Gluud, C., Nordentoft, M., & Eplov, L. F. (2019, September 5). Effects of individual placement and support supplemented with cognitive remediation and work-focused social skills training for people with severe mental illness: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 76(12), 1232–1240. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2291
  • Co-operation OfE and Development. (2012). Sick on the job?: Myths and realities about mental health and work (p. 212). OECD.
  • Cotton, S. M., Lambert, M., Schimmelmann, B. G., Filia, K., Rayner, V., Hides, L., Foley, D. L., Ratheesh, A., Watson, A., Rodger, P., McGorry, P. D., & Conus, P. (2017). Predictors of functional status at service entry and discharge among young people with first episode psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 52(5), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1358-0
  • Covidence systematic review software. Veritas health innovation. www.covidence.org.
  • Cross, S. P. M., Scott, J., & Hickie, I. B. (2017, September 30). Predicting early transition from sub-syndromal presentations to major mental disorders. BJPsych Open, 3(5), 223–227. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjpo.bp.117.004721
  • Downes, M. J., Brennan, M. L., Williams, H. C., & Dean, R. S. (2016, December 10). Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ Open, 6(12), e011458. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011458
  • Eurofound. (2012). NEETs – Young people not in employment, education or training: Characteristics, costs and policy responses in Europe. Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Eurofound. 2017. Long-term unemployed youth: Characteristics and policy responses, Publications Office of theEuropean Union.
  • Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Woodward, L. J. (2001, July 7). Unemployment and psychosocial adjustment in young adults: Causation or selection? Social Science & Medicine, 53(3), 305–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00344-0
  • Gammelgaard, I., Christensen, T. N., Eplov, L. F., Jensen, S. B., Stenager, E., & Petersen, K. S. (2017). “I have potential’: Experiences of recovery in the individual placement and support intervention. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 63(5), 400–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764017708801
  • Gariepy, G., & Iyer, S. (2019, January 01). The mental health of young Canadians who are not working or in school. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(5), 338–344. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743718815899
  • Goldman-Mellor, S., Caspi, A., Arseneault, L., Ajala, N., Ambler, A., Danese, A., Fisher, H., Hucker, A., Odgers, C., Williams, T., Wong, C., & Moffitt, T. E. (2016, January 23). Committed to work but vulnerable: Self-perceptions and mental health in NEET 18-year olds from a contemporary British cohort. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 57(2), 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12459
  • Gutierrez-Garcia, R. A., Benjet, C., Borges, G., Méndez Ríos, E., & Medina-Mora, M. E. (2018, December 26). Emerging adults not in education, employment or training (NEET): Socio-demographic characteristics, mental health and reasons for being NEET. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6103-4
  • Gutierrez-Garcia, R. A., Benjet, C., Borges, G., Méndez Ríos, E., & Medina-Mora, M. E. (2017, May 22). NEET adolescents grown up: Eight-year longitudinal follow-up of education, employment and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood in Mexico City. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(12), 1459–1469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1004-0
  • Hafner, H., Loffler, W., Maurer, K., Hambrecht, M., & Heiden, W. A. D. (1999, September 10). Depression, negative symptoms, social stagnation and social decline in the early course of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(2), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb10831.x
  • Hafner, H., & Nowotny, B. (1995, January 01). Epidemiology of early-onset schizophrenia. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 245(2), 80–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02190734
  • Iyer, S., Mustafa, S., Gariepy, G., Shah, J., Joober, R., Lepage, M., & Malla, A. (2018, August 11). A NEET distinction: Youths not in employment, education or training follow different pathways to illness and care in psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(12), 1401–1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1565-3
  • Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., & Lee, S. (2007, June 07). Age of onset of mental disorders: A review of recent literature. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20(4), 359–364. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c
  • Killackey, E., Allott, K., Jackson, H. J., Scutella, R., Tseng, Y.-P., Borland, J., Proffitt, T.-M., Hunt, S., Kay-Lambkin, F., Chinnery, G., Baksheev, G., Alvarez-Jimenez, M., McGorry, P. D., & Cotton, S. M. (2019, September 27). Individual placement and support for vocational recovery in first-episode psychosis: Randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 214(2), 76–82. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.191
  • Larsen, T. K., Friis, S., Haahr, U., Johannessen, J. O., Melle, I., Opjordsmoen, S., Rund, B. R., Simonsen, E., Vaglum, P., & McGlashan, T. H. (2004, August 03). Premorbid adjustment in first-episode non-affective psychosis: Distinct patterns of pre-onset course. British Journal of Psychiatry, 185(2), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.185.2.108
  • Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009, September 23). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: Explanation and elaboration. BMJ, 339(jul21 1), b2700. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2700
  • Maraj, A., Mustafa, S., Joober, R., Malla, A., Shah, J. L., & Iyer, S. N. (2019). Caught in the “NEET Trap”: The intersection between vocational inactivity and disengagement from an early intervention service for psychosis. Psychiatric Services, 70(4), 302–308. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800319
  • Marshall, M., Lewis, S., Lockwood, A., Drake, R., Jones, P., & Croudace, T. (2005, September 07). Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: A systematic review. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(9), 975–983. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.975
  • Marwaha, S., & Johnson, S. (2004, May 11). Schizophrenia and employment - a review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39(5), 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-004-0762-4
  • Mawn, L., Oliver, E. J., Akhter, N., Bambra, C. L., Torgerson, C., Bridle, C., & Stain, H. J. (2017, January 27). Are we failing young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis of re-engagement interventions. Systematic Reviews, 6(1), 16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0394-2
  • Mendelson, T., Mmari, K., Blum, R. W., Catalano, R. F., & Brindis, C. D. (2018, November 15). Opportunity youth: insights and opportunities for a public health approach to reengage disconnected teenagers and young adults. Public Health Reports, 133(1_suppl), 54S–64S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354918799344
  • Michael, B. F. T. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders (SCID-II). American psychiatric press.
  • Nordgaard, J., Buch-Pedersen, M., Hastrup, L. H., Haahr, U., & Simonsen, E. (2019, August 28). Measuring psychotic-like experiences in the general population. Psychopathology, 52(4), 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1159/000502048
  • Nordgaard, J., Revsbech, R., Saebye, D. & Parnas, J. (2012, October 02). Assessing the diagnostic validity of a structured psychiatric interview in a first-admission hospital sample. World Psychiatry, 11 (3) , 181–185. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2051-5545.2012.tb00128.x
  • Nuechterlein, K. H., Subotnik, K. L., Ventura, J., Turner, L. R., Gitlin, M. J., Gretchen-Doorly, D., Becker, D. R., Drake, R. E., Wallace, C. J., & Liberman, R. P. (2020, January 05). Enhancing return to work or school after a first episode of schizophrenia: The UCLA RCT of individual placement and support and workplace fundamentals module training. Psychological Medicine, 50(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291718003860
  • O’Dea, B., Glozier, N., Purcell, R., McGorry, P. D., Scott, J., Feilds, K.-L., Hermens, D. F., Buchanan, J., Scott, E. M., Yung, A. R., Killacky, E., Guastella, A. J., & Hickie, I. B. (2014, December 30). A cross-sectional exploration of the clinical characteristics of disengaged (NEET) young people in primary mental healthcare. BMJ Open, 4(12), e006378. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006378
  • Power, E., Clarke, M., Kelleher, I., Coughlan, H., Lynch, F., Connor, D., Fitzpatrick, C., Harley, M., & Cannon, M. (2015, March 01). The association between economic inactivity and mental health among young people: A longitudinal study of young adults who are not in employment, education or training. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, 32(1), 155–160. https://doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.85
  • PROSPERO. International prospective register of systematic reviews. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York.
  • Ramsdal, G. H. (2018). Attachment problems and mental health issues among long-term unemployed youth who had dropped out of high school. University of Tromsoe.
  • Ramsdal, G. H., Bergvik, S., Wynn, R., & Walla, P. (2018). Long-term dropout from school and work and mental health in young adults in Norway: A qualitative interview-based study. Cogent Psychology, 5(1), 1455365. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2018.1455365
  • Reer, V., Rosien, M., Jochheim, K., Kuhnigk, O., Dietrich, H., Hollederer, A., & Hebebrand, J. (2011). Psychiatric disorders and health service utilization in unemployed youth. Journal of Public Health, 19(S1), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-010-0387-x
  • Reininghaus, U. A., Morgan, C., Simpson, J., Dazzan, P., Morgan, K., Doody, G. A., Bhugra, D., Leff, J., Jones, P., Murray, R., Fearon, P., & Craig, T. K. J. (2008, May 21). Unemployment, social isolation, achievement-expectation mismatch and psychosis: Findings from the AESOP study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(9), 743–751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-008-0359-4
  • Reneflot, A., & Evensen, M. (2014). Systematic literature review unemployment and psychological distress among young adults in the Nordic countries: A review of the literature. International Journal of Social Welfare, 23(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12000
  • Rinaldi, M., Killackey, E., Smith, J., Shepherd, G., Singh, S. P., & Craig, T. (2010, May 28). First episode psychosis and employment: A review. International Review of Psychiatry, 22(2), 148–162. https://doi.org/10.3109/09540261003661825
  • Rodwell, L., Romaniuk, H., Nilsen, W., Carlin, J. B., Lee, K. J., & Patton, G. C. (2018, September 07). Adolescent mental health and behavioural predictors of being NEET: A prospective study of young adults not in employment, education, or training. Psychological Medicine, 48(5), 861–871. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291717002434
  • Russell,L. (2013). Researching marginalised young people. Ethnography and Education, 8(1), 46–60. https://doi.org/10.1080/17457823.2013.766433
  • Schultz-Nielsen, M. L., Skaksen, J.R. (2016). Den økonomiske gevinst ved at inkludere de udsatte unge study paper 39 (The Rockwool Foundation). https://www.rockwoolfonden.dk/app/uploads/2016/01/Study-paper-39_Final.pdf.
  • Scott, J., Fowler, D., McGorry, P., Birchwood, M., Killackey, E., Christensen, H., Glozier, N., Yung, A., Power, P., Nordentoft, M., Singh, S., Brietzke, E., Davidson, S., Conus, P., Bellivier, F., Delorme, R., Macmillan, I., Buchanan, J., Colom, F., … Hickie, I. (2013, September 21). Adolescents and young adults who are not in employment, education, or training. BMJ, 347(sep18 1), f5270. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f5270
  • Sellstrom, E., Bremberg, S., & O’Campo, P. (2011, December 25). Yearly incidence of mental disorders in economically inactive young adults. European Journal of Public Health, 21(6), 812–814. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckq190
  • Stanghellini, G., Langer, A. I., Ambrosini, A., & Cangas, A. J. (2012). Quality of hallucinatory experiences: Differences between a clinical and a non-clinical sample. World Psychiatry, 11(2), 110–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wpsyc.2012.05.007
  • Stilo, S. A., Gayer-Anderson, C., Beards, S., Hubbard, K., Onyejiaka, A., Keraite, A., Borges, S., Mondelli, V., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C., Di Forti, M., Murray, R. M., & Morgan, C. (2017). Further evidence of a cumulative effect of social disadvantage on risk of psychosis. Psychological Medicine, 47(5), 913–924. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291716002993
  • Sveinsdottir, V., Eriksen, H. R., Baste, V., Hetland, J., & Reme, S. E. (2018, October 18). Young adults at risk of early work disability: Who are they? BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6095-0
  • Symonds, J., Dietrich, J., Chow, A., & Salmela-Aro, K. (2016, March 02). Mental health improves after transition from comprehensive school to vocational education or employment in England: A national cohort study. Dev Psychol, 52(4), 652–665. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040118
  • Thomsen, P. H. (1996, September 01). Schizophrenia with childhood and adolescent onset–a nationwide register-based study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 94(3), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09847.x
  • Turner, N., Browne, S., Clarke, M., Gervin, M., Larkin, C., Waddington, J. L., & O’Callaghan, E. (2009, March 04). Employment status amongst those with psychosis at first presentation. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44(10), 863–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-009-0008-6
  • Unit, S. E. (1999). Bridging the gap: New opportunities for 16-18 year olds not in education, employment or training (pp. 122). Stationery Office.
  • van Os, J., Linscott, R. J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009, July 09). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39(2), 179–195. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003814
  • Volkmar, F. R. (1996, July 01). Childhood and adolescent psychosis: A review of the past 10 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35(7), 843–851. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199607000-00009
  • Wells, G., Shea, B., O’Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., & Tugwell, P. (). The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of non-randomized studies in meta-analysis. Accessed 7 4 2022 http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp,).
  • Wittchen, H. U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., … Steinhausen, H. C. (2011). The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(9), 655–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018
  • Yates, S., & Payne, M. (2007). Not so NEET? A critique of the use of ‘NEET’ in setting targets for interventions with young people. Journal of Youth Studies, 9(3), 329–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676260600805671