Moderation effects of perceived resilience on the relationship between screen time, unstructured socializing, and self-perceived overweight

References

• Add Health Codebook Explorer [ACE]. (n.d.). Add Health. https://addhealth.cpc.unc.edu/documentation/codebook-explorer/#/
   Google Scholar
• Add Health Research Design. (n.d.). Waves I-V [PowerPoint slides]. https://addhealth.cpc.unc.edu/documentation/study-design/
   Google Scholar
• Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, M. M., Dwyer, D. S., Vanner, E. A., & Lopez, A. (2010). Adolescent propensity to engage in health risk behaviors: The role of individual resilience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(5), 2161–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7052161
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, M., Amialchuk, A., & Rizzo, J. (2012). The influence of body weight on social network ties among adolescents. Economics and Human Biology, 10(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2011.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Añez, E., Fornieles-Deu, A., Fauquet-Ars, J., López-Guimerà, G., Puntí-Vidal, J., & Sánchez-Carracedo, D. (2018). Body image dissatisfaction, physical activity, and screen-time in Spanish adolescents. Journal of Health Psychology, 23(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316664134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archbell, K. A., Coplan, R. J., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (2020). What did your child do today? Describing young children’s daily activities outside of school. Journal of Early Childhood Research, 18(2), 189–199. https://doi.org/10.1177/1476718X19898724
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atlantis, E., & Ball, K. (2008). Association between weight perception and psychological distress. International Journal of Obesity, 32(4), 715–721. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803762
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustyn, M. B., & McGloin, J. M. (2013). The risk of informal socializing with peers: Considering gender differences across predatory delinquency and substance use. Justice Quarterly, 30(1), 117–143 https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.597417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, K., Gammage, K., & Van Ingen, C. (2017). How do you define body image? Exploring conceptual gaps in understandings of body image at an exercise facility. Body Image, 23, 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bair, C. E., Kelly, N. R., Serdar, K. L., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2012). Does the internet function like magazines? An exploration of image-focused media, eating pathology, and body dissatisfaction. Eating Behaviors: An International Journal, 13(4), 398–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eatbeh.2012.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker, E., & Galambos, N. (2003). Body dissatisfaction of adolescent girls and boys: Risk and resource factors. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 23(2), 141–165. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431603023002002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binkley, S. E., Fry, M. D., & Brown, T. C. (2009). The relationship of college students‘ perceptions of their BMI and weight status to their physical self-concept. American Journal of Health Education, 40(3), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/19325037.2009.10599088
   Google Scholar
• Blashill, A. J., & Wilhelm, S. (2014). Body image distortions, weight, and depression in adolescent boys: Longitudinal trajectories into adulthood. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(4), 445–451 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borinsky, S., Gaughan, J. P., & Feldman-Winter, L. (2019). Perceived overweight/obesity, low resilience, and body size dissatisfaction among adolescents. Obesity Research & Clinical Practice, 13(5), 448–452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2019.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke, M. A., Heiland, F. W., & Nadler, C. M. (2010). From “overweight” to “about right”: Evidence of a generational shift in body weight norms. Obesity, 18(6), 1226–1234. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calado, M., Lameiras, M., Sepulveda, A. R., Rodriguez, Y., & Carrera, M. V. (2011). The association between exposure to mass media and body dissatisfaction among Spanish adolescents. Women’s Health Issues, 21(5), 390–399 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2011.02.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey, R., Donaghue, N., & Broderick, P. (2014). Body image concern among Australian adolescent girls: The role of body comparisons with models and friends. Body Image, 11(1), 81–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.09.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2014, May 9). Calculating BMI using the English system. https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/growthcharts/training/bmiage/page5_2.html
   Google Scholar
• Central for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. (2020, September 17). About adult BMI. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/assessing/bmi/adult_bmi/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Cho, J. H., Han, S. N., Kim, J. H., & Lee, H. M. (2012). Body image distortion in fifth and sixth grade students may lead to stress, depression, and undesirable dieting behavior. Nutrition Research and Practice, 6(2), 175–181. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2012.6.2.175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, J.-S., & Kim, J. (2017). Mediating effect of body image distortion on weight loss efforts in normal‐weight and underweight Korean adolescent girls. The Journal of School Health, 87(3), 217–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, V. T., & Jæger, M. M. (2018). Weight and social comparison: Does the weight of a stranger affect a person’s perception of their own weight? Health Psychology Open, 5(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102918819260
   Google Scholar
• Clark, L., & Tiggemann, M. (2007). Sociocultural Influences and body image in 9 to 12-year-old girls: The role of appearance schemas. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36(1), 76–86 https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410709336570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohnt, H., & Tiggemann, M. (2006). Body image concerns in young girls: The role of friends and media prior to adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(2), 135–145 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9020-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsey, R. R., Eberhardt, M. S., & Ogden, C. L. (2009). Racial/ethnic differences in weight perception. Obesity, 17(4), 790–795. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubicka, B., Martin, J., & Firth, J. (2019). Screen time, social media and developing brains: A cause for good or corrupting young minds? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 24(3), 203–204 https:/doi.org/10.1111/camh.12346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumith, S., Garcia, L., da Silva, K., Menezes, A., & Hallal, P. (2012). Predictors and health consequences of screen-time change during adolescence—1993 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(6), S16–S21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.025
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dyer, J. G., & McGuinness, T. M. (1996). Resilience: Analysis of the concept. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 10(5), 276–282. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9417(96)80036-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L., Stone, M., & Hunt, J. (2003). Extracurricular activities and adolescent development. Journal of Social Issues, 59(4), 865–889. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-4537.2003.00095.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, N. M., Pettingell, S., & Borowsky, I. W. (2010). Where perception meets reality: Self-perception of weight in overweight adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(3), e452–e458. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falbe, J., Rosner, B., Willett, W. C., Sonneville, K. R., Hu, F. B., & Field, A. E. (2013). Adiposity and different types of screen time. Pediatrics, 132(6), e1497–e1505. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0887
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, M., Jin, Y., & Khubchandani, J. (2014). Overweight misperception among adolescents in the United States. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 29(6), 536–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2014.07.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, H. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117–140. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872675400700202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foti, K., & Lowry, R. (2010). Trends in perceived overweight status among overweight and non-overweight adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 164(7), 636–642. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., & Afful, J. (2020). Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years: United States, 1963–1965 through 2017–2018. NCHS Health E-Stats. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity-child-17-18/obesity-child.htm
   Google Scholar
• Gattario, K., & Frisén, A. (2019). From negative to positive body image: Men’s and women’s journeys from early adolescence to emerging adulthood. Body Image, 28, 53–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.12.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbner, G., Gross, L., Morgan, M., Signorelli, N., & Shanahan, J. (2002). Growing up with television: Cultivation processes. In J. Bryant & D. Zillmann (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (pp. 43–67). Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Gillison, F. B., Standage, M., & Skevington, S. M. (2006). Relationships among adolescents’ weight perceptions, exercise goals, exercise motivation, quality of life and leisure-time exercise behavior: A self-determination theory approach. Health Education Research, 21(6), 836–847 https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyl139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graff, M., North, K. E., Richardson, A. S., Young, K. M., Mohlke, K. L., Lange, L. A., Lange, E. M., Harris, K. M., & Gordon-Larsen, P. (2013). Screen time behaviours may interact with obesity genes, independent of physical activity, to influence adolescent BMI in an ethnically diverse cohort. Pediatric Obesity, 8(6), e74–e79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2047-6310.2013.00195.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hales, C. M., Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., Freedman, D. S., & Ogden, C. L. (2018). Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. JAMA, 319(16), 1723–1725. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.3060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, R. A. (2010). Social influence and obesity. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 17(5), 467–471. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e32833d4687
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han, L., You, D., Zeng, F., Feng, X., Astell-Burt, T., Duan, S., & Qi, L. (2019). Trends in self-perceived weight status, weight loss attempts, and weight loss strategies among adults in the United States, 1999-2006. JAMA Network Open, 2(11), 118. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.15219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynie, D. L., & Osgood, D. W. (2005). Reconsidering peers and delinquency: How do peers matter? Social Forces, 84(2), 1109–1130. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helfert, S., & Warschburger, P. (2011). A prospective study on the impact of friend and parental pressure on body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls and boys. Body Image, 8(2), 101–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.01.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchinson, D., & Rapee, R. (2007). Do friends share similar body image and eating problems? The role of social networks and friend influences in early adolescence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1557–1577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2006.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs, W., Merianos, A. L., Lee Smith, M., Nabors, L., Fajayan, A., & Valente, T. W. (2020). Examining the role of weight status and individual attributes on adolescent social relations. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 67(1), 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.01.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, F., Cooke, L., Croker, H., & Wardle, J. (2008). Changing perceptions of weight in Great Britain: Comparison of two population surveys. BMJ, 337(jul10 1), a484. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keel, P. K., Gomez, M. M., Harris, L., Kennedy, G. A., Ribeiro, J., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). Gaining “The Quarantine 15:” Perceived versus observed weight changes in college students in the wake of COVID‐19. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 53(11), 1801–1808 https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.23375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny, U., O’Malley-Keighran, M. P., Molcho, M., & Kelly, C. (2017). Peer influences on adolescent body image: Friends or foes? Journal of Adolescent Research, 32(6), 768–799. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558416665478
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koehly, L. M., & Loscalzo, A. (2009). Adolescent obesity and social networks. Preventing Chronic Disease: Public Health Research, Practice and Policy, 6(3), A99. http://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2009/jul/08_0265.htm
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuykendall, L., Lei, X., Zhu, Z., & Hu, X. (2020). Leisure choices and employee well‐being: Comparing need fulfillment and well‐being during tv and other leisure activities. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 12(2), 532–558. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, N. P., & Kanazawa, S. (2016). Country roads, take me home … to my friends: How intelligence, population density, and friendship affect modern happiness. The British Journal of Psychology, 107(4), 675–697. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim, H., & Wang, Y. (2013). Body weight misperception patterns and their association with health‐related factors among adolescents in South Korea. Obesity, 21(12), 2596–2603. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, J. S., & Freese, J. (2006). Regression models for categorical dependent variables using Stata (2nd ed). Stata Press.
   Google Scholar
• Luthar, S. S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066X.56.3.227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCabe, M., & Ricciardelli, L. (2003). Sociocultural influences on body image and body changes among adolescent boys and girls. The Journal of Social Psychology, 143(1), 5–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540309598428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCreary, D. R., & Sadava, S. W. (1999). Television viewing and self-perceived health, weight, and physical fitness: Evidence for the cultivation hypothesis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2342–2361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb00114.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCreary, D. R., & Sadava, S. W. (2001). Gender differences in relationships among perceived attractiveness, life satisfaction, and health in adults as a function of body mass index and perceived weight. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 2(2), 108–116 https://doi.org/10.1037/1524-9220.2.2.108.
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy, O. (2009). Teenage mental health: What helps and what hurts? (Report on the outcome of consultations with teenagers on mental health). Office of the Minister for Children and Youth Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, C. H. (2012). Individual resilience, social support, and health risk behaviors in adolescents and young adults: Study on cross-sectional and longitudinal samples (Publication No: 3505157) [ Master’s thesis]. University of Arkansas. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Olsson, C. A., Bond, L., Burns, J. M., Vella-Brodrick, D. A., & Sawyer, S. M. (2003). Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(02)00118-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozturk, E., & Mohler, J. L. (2021). Childhood adversities and life satisfaction: The moderator role of perceived resilience in early adulthood. Journal of Family Trauma, Child Custody & Child Development, 18(2), 121–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/26904586.2021.1918038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez, J. C., & Milan, S. (2016). Perceived size of friends and weight evaluation among low-income adolescents. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 39(2), 334–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-015-9682-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick, M. D. (2000). Resilience and protective factors in the lives of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(1), 1–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1054-139X(00)00142-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, C., & Schumacker, R. E. (2009). Interaction effects: Centering, variance inflation factor, and interpretation issues. Multiple Linear Regression Viewpoints, 35(1), 6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, E. (2017). Overweight but unseen: A review of the underestimation of weight status and a visual normalization theory: Weight status misperceptions. Obesity Reviews, 18(10), 1200–1209. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12570
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, T., Parker, P. D., Del Pozo-Cruz, B., Noetel, M., & Lonsdale, C. (2019). Type of screen time moderates effects on outcomes in 4013 children: Evidence from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16, 117. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0881-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skrove, M., Lydersen, S., & Indredavik, M. S. (2016). Resilience factors may moderate the associations between pubertal timing, body mass and emotional symptoms in adolescence. Acta Paediatrica, 105(1), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.13171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snoek, H. M., van Strien, T., Janssens, J. M., & Engels, R. C. (2006). The effect of television viewing on adolescents’ snacking: Individual differences explained by external, restrained and emotional eating. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(3), 448–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.12.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standley, R., Sullivan, V., & Wardle, J. (2009). Self-perceived weight in adolescents: Over-estimation or under-estimation? Body Image, 6(1), 56–59 https:/doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2008.08.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchert, V., Hanewinkel, R., & Isensee, B. (2015). Sedentary behavior and indicators of mental health in school-aged children and adolescents: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 76, 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.03.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suchert, V., Hanewinkel, R., & Isensee, B. (2016). Screen time, weight status, and the self-concept of physical attractiveness in adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 48(1), 11–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2013). NetGirls: The Internet, Facebook, and body image concern in adolescent girls. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46(6), 630–633. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.22141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuji, T., Amemiya, A., Shirai, K., Stenholm, S., Pentti, J., Oksanen, T., Vahtera, J., & Kondo, K. (2018). Association between education and television viewing among older working and retired people: A comparative study of Finland and Japan. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 917–917. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5860-4
   Google Scholar
• United States Bureau of Labor Statistics ([USBLS]. (2021, October 1). TED: The economics daily. https://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2021/time-spent-in-leisure-and-sports-activities-increased-by-32-minutes-per-day-in-2020.htm
   Google Scholar
• Valente, T. W., Fujimoto, K., Chou, C. P., & Spruijt-Metz, D. (2009). Adolescent affiliations and adiposity: A social network analysis of friendships and obesity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45(2), 202–204 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.01.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ver Ploeg, M. L., Chang, H., & Lin, B. (2008). Over, Under, or about right: Misperceptions of body weight among food stamp participants. Obesity, 16(9), 2120–2125. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2008.306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vincent, M., & McCabe, M. (2000). Gender differences among adolescents in family and friend influences on body dissatisfaction, weight loss, and binge eating behaviors. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(2), 205–221. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005156616173
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle, J., Haase, A. M., & Steptoe, A. (2006). Body image and weight control in young adults: International comparisons in university students from 22 countries. International Journal of Obesity, 30(4), 644–651. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0803050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2021, June 9). Obesity and overweight [Fact sheet]. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. A., Stoddard, S. A., Eisman, A. B., Caldwell, C. H., Aiyer, S. M., & Miller, A. (2013). Adolescent resilience: Promotive factors that inform prevention. Child Development Perspectives, 7(4), 215–220 https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar