843
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY

Predictors of insomnia symptoms in police employees: a longitudinal investigation and comparison of personality and psychosocial work factors

, ORCID Icon, &
Article: 2137246 | Received 04 Oct 2021, Accepted 12 Oct 2022, Published online: 28 Oct 2022

References

  • Adler, A. B., Bliese, P. D., LoPresti, M. L., McDonald, J. L., & Merrill, J. C. (2021). Sleep leadership in the army: A group randomized trial. Sleep Health, 7(1), 24–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.06.001
  • Åkerstedt, T., Garefelt, J., Richter, A., Westerlund, H., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Sverke, M., & Kecklund, G. (2015). Work and Sleep—A prospective study of psychosocial work factors, physical work factors, and work scheduling. Sleep, 38(7), 1129–1136. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4828
  • Åkerstedt, T., Nordin, M., Alfredsson, L., Westerholm, P., & Kecklund, G. (2012). Predicting changes in sleep complaints from baseline values and changes in work demands, work control, and work preoccupation–the WOLF-project. Sleep Medicine, 13(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2011.04.015
  • Altena, E., Chen, I. Y., Daviaux, Y., Ivers, H., Philip, P., & Morin, C. M. (2017). How hyperarousal and sleep reactivity are represented in different adult age groups: Results from a large cohort study on insomnia. Brain Sciences, 7(4), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7040041
  • American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-4) (American Psychiatric Publishing).
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. DSM-4®.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Pub.
  • Avanzi, L., Perinelli, E., Vignoli, M., Junker, N. M., & Balducci, C. (2020). unravelling work drive: A comparison between workaholism and overcommitment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5755. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165755
  • Axelrod, J., & Reisine, T. D. (1984). Stress hormones: Their interaction and regulation. Science, 224(4648), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6143403
  • Baglioni, C., Battagliese, G., Feige, B., Spiegelhalder, K., Nissen, C., Voderholzer, U., Lombardo, C., & Riemann, D. (2011). Insomnia as a predictor of depression: A meta-analytic evaluation of longitudinal epidemiological studies. Journal of Affective Disorders, 135(1–3), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.01.011
  • Baruch, Y., & Holtom, B. C. (2008). Survey response rate levels and trends in organizational research. Human Relations, 61(8), 1139–1160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708094863
  • Basta, M., Chrousos, G. P., Vela-Bueno, A., & Vgontzas, A. N. (2007). Chronic insomnia and the stress system. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 2(2), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsmc.2007.04.002
  • Blanken, T. F., Benjamins, J. S., Borsboom, D., Vermunt, J. K., Paquola, C., Ramautar, J., Dekker, K., Stoffers, D., Wassing, R., Wei, Y., & Van Someren, E. J. W. (2019). Insomnia disorder subtypes derived from life history and traits of affect and personality. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(2), 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30464-4
  • Bonnet, M. H., & Arand, D. L. (2010). Hyperarousal and insomnia: State of the science. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.05.002
  • Booker, L. A., Magee, M., Rajaratnam, S. M., Sletten, T. L., & Howard, M. E. (2018). Individual vulnerability to insomnia, excessive sleepiness and shift work disorder amongst healthcare shift workers. A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 41, 220–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2018.03.005
  • Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21(1), 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(83)90121-3
  • Budnick, C. J., & Barber, L. K. (2015). Behind sleepy eyes: Implications of sleep loss for organizations and employees. Translational Issues in Psychological Science, 1(1), 89. https://doi.org/10.1037/tps0000014
  • Cellini, N., Duggan, K. A., & Sarlo, M. (2017). Perceived sleep quality: The interplay of neuroticism, affect, and hyperarousal. Sleep Health, 3(3), 184–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.03.001
  • Cheval, B., Mongin, D., Cullati, S., Winz, C., von Arx, M., Schmidt, R. E., Agoritsas, T., Chopard, P., & Courvoisier, D. S. (2018). Reciprocal relations between care-related emotional burden and sleep problems in healthcare professionals: A multicentre international cohort study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 75(9), 647–653. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-105096
  • Cohen, S. (1994). Perceived stress scale. Mind Garden Inc.
  • Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PIR) and NEO Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Dekker, K., Blanken, T. F., & Van Someren, E. J. (2017). Insomnia and personality—a network approach. Brain Sciences, 7(3), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci7030028
  • Donaldson, S. I., & Grant-Vallone, E. J. (2002). Understanding self-report bias in organizational behavior research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 17(2), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019637632584
  • Drake, C. L., Pillai, V., & Roth, T. (2014). Stress and sleep reactivity: A prospective investigation of the stress-diathesis model of insomnia. Sleep, 37(8), 1295–1304. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.3916
  • Duggan, K. A., Friedman, H. S., McDevitt, E. A., Mednick, S. C., & Arias-Carrion, O. (2014). Personality and healthy sleep: The importance of conscientiousness and neuroticism. PLoS one, 9(3), e90628. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090628
  • Edmé, J.-L., Facq, J., Frimat, P., & Vezina, M. (2011). Relationship between psychosocial factors at work and incidence of perceived health problems in the GERICOTS cohort. Revue d’epidemiologie et de sante publique, 59(5), 295–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2011.05.003
  • Elo, A.-L., Dallner, M., Gamberale, F., Hottinen, V., Knardahl, S., Lindström, K., Skogstad, A., Ørhede, E. (2000). In Validation of the nordic questionnaire for psychological and social factors at work—QPSNordic. M. Vartiainen, F. Avallone, & N. Anderson, (Eds.) Innovative theories, tools, and practices in work and organizational psychology Hogrefe &, (pp. 47–57). Huber Publishers.
  • Fekedulegn, D., Burchfiel, C. M., Charles, L. E., Hartley, T. A., Andrew, M. E., & Violanti, J. M. (2016). Shift work and sleep quality among urban police officers: The BCOPS study. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(3), e66–e71. https://doi.org/10.1097/JOM.0000000000000620
  • Fernández-Mendoza, J., Vela-Bueno, A., Vgontzas, A. N., Ramos-Platón, M. J., Olavarrieta-Bernardino, S., Bixler, E. O., & De la Cruz-Troca, J. J. (2010). Cognitive-emotional hyperarousal as a premorbid characteristic of individuals vulnerable to insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(4), 397–403. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181d75319
  • Flo, E., Pallesen, S., Åkerstedt, T., Magerøy, N., Moen, B. E., Grønli, J., Nordhus, I. H., & Bjorvatn, B. (2013). Shift-related sleep problems vary according to work schedule. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 70(4), 238–245. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2012-101091
  • Garbarino, S., Guglielmi, O., Puntoni, M., Bragazzi, N. L., & Magnavita, N. (2019). Sleep quality among police officers: Implications and insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(5), 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16050885
  • Garbarino, S., Tripepi, G., & Magnavita, N. (2020). Sleep health promotion in the workplace. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217952
  • Garefelt, J., Platts, L. G., Hyde, M., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Westerlund, H., & Åkerstedt, T. (2020). Reciprocal relations between work stress and insomnia symptoms: A prospective study. Journal of Sleep Research, 29(2), e12949. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12949
  • Garrosa, E., Rainho, C., Moreno-Jiménez, B., & Monteiro, M. J. (2010). The relationship between job stressors, hardy personality, coping resources and burnout in a sample of nurses: A correlational study at two time points. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 47(2), 205–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.05.014
  • Gottschling, J., Hahn, E., Maas, H., & Spinath, F. M. (2016). Explaining the relationship between personality and coping with professional demands: Where and why do optimism, self-regulation, and self-efficacy matter? Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 49–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.085
  • Gray, E. K., & Watson, D. (2002). General and specific traits of personality and their relation to sleep and academic performance. Journal of Personality, 70(2), 177–206. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.05002
  • Grewal, R. G., & Doghramji, K. (2017). Epidemiology of insomnia. In H. P. Attarian (Ed.), Clinical handbook of insomnia (3rd) ed., pp. 13–25). Springer.
  • Guglielmi, O., Magnavita, N., & Garbarino, S. (2018). Sleep quality, obstructive sleep apnea, and psychological distress in truck drivers: A cross-sectional study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(5), 531–536. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-017-1474-x
  • Gunia, B. C., Sipos, M. L., LoPresti, M., & Adler, A. B. (2015). Sleep leadership in high-risk occupations: An investigation of soldiers on peacekeeping and combat missions. Military Psychology, 27(4), 197–211. https://doi.org/10.1037/mil0000078
  • Gurtman, C. G., McNicol, R., & McGillivray, J. A. (2014). The role of neuroticism in insomnia. Clinical Psychologist, 18(3), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/cp.12029
  • Harvey, C.-J., Gehrman, P., & Espie, C. A. (2014). Who is predisposed to insomnia: A review of familial aggregation, stress-reactivity, personality and coping style. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 18(3), 237–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2013.11.004
  • Hintsanen, M., Puttonen, S., Smith, K., Törnroos, M., Jokela, M., Pulkki-Råback, L., Hintsa, T., Merjonen, P., Dwyer, T., Raitakari, O. T., Venn, A., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2014). Five-factor personality traits and sleep: Evidence from two population-based cohort studies. Health Psychology, 33(10), 1214. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000105
  • Huyghebaert, T., Gillet, N., Beltou, N., Tellier, F., & Fouquereau, E. J. S. (2018). Effects of workload on teachers‘ functioning: A moderated mediation model including sleeping problems and overcommitment. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 34(5), 601–611. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2820
  • Johns, G. (2017). Reflections on the 2016 decade award: Incorporating context in organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 42(4), 577–595. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2017.0044
  • Johnson, M. (2003). The vulnerability status of neuroticism: Over-reporting or genuine complaints? Personality and Individual Differences, 35(4), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00303-3
  • Kalmbach, D. A., Anderson, J. R., & Drake, C. L. (2018). The impact of stress on sleep: Pathogenic sleep reactivity as a vulnerability to insomnia and circadian disorders. Journal of Sleep Research, 27(6), e12710. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12710
  • Kalmbach, D. A., Cuamatzi-Castelan, A. S., Tonnu, C. V., Tran, K. M., Anderson, J. R., Roth, T., & Drake, C. (2018). Hyperarousal and sleep reactivity in insomnia: Current insights. <![cdata[nature and Science of Sleep]]>, 10, 193–201. https://doi.org/10.2147/NSS.S138823
  • Kecklund, G., Eriksen, C. A., & Åkerstedt, T. (2008). Police officers attitude to different shift systems: Association with age, present shift schedule, health and sleep/wake complaints. Applied Ergonomics, 39(5), 565–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apergo.2008.01.002
  • Kim, H.-C., Kim, B.-K., Min, K.-B., Min, J.-Y., Hwang, S.-H., & Park, S.-G. (2011). Association between job stress and insomnia in Korean workers. Journal of Occupational Health, 1103110175. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.10-0032-oa
  • Križan, Z., & Hisler, G. (2019). Personality and sleep: Neuroticism and conscientiousness predict behaviourally recorded sleep years later. European Journal of Personality, 33(2), 133–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2191
  • Kudielka, B. M., Von Känel, R., Gander, M.-L., & Fischer, J. E. (2004). Stress Effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment and sleep in a working population. Work & Stress, 18(2), 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370410001731785
  • Lahey, B. B. (2009). Public health significance of neuroticism. American Psychologist, 64(4), 241–256. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015309
  • Lallukka, T., Sivertsen, B., Kronholm, E., Bin, Y. S., Øverland, S., & Glozier, N. (2018). Association of sleep duration and sleep quality with the physical, social, and emotional functioning among Australian adults. Sleep Health, 4(2), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.11.006
  • Lammers-van der, H. H. M., & Kerkhof, G. A. (2015). Shift work tolerance and the importance of sleep quality: A study of police officers. Biological Rhythm Research, 46(2), 257–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2014.985002
  • Larsen, R. J. (1992). Neuroticism and selective encoding and recall of symptoms: Evidence from a combined concurrent-retrospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(3), 480. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.62.3.480
  • Larsgård, B., & Saksvik-Lehouillier, I. (2017). The predictive power of personality traits on insomnia symptoms: A longitudinal study of shift workers. Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 35–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.08.017
  • Lehr, D., Hillert, A., & Keller, S. (2009). What can balance the effort? Associations between effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment, and affective disorders in German teachers. International Journal of Occupational Environmental Health, 15(4), 374–384. https://doi.org/10.1179/oeh.2009.15.4.374
  • Lindstrøm, K., Elo, A.-L., Skogstad, A., Dallner, M., Gamberale, F., Hottinen, V., Knardahl, S., Ørhede, E. (2000). User’s guide for the QPSNordic: General nordic questionnaire for psychological and social factors at work. Nordic Council of Ministers.
  • Linton, S. J., Kecklund, G., Franklin, K. A., Leer, L. C., Sivertsen, B., Lindberg, E., Svensson, A. C., Hansson, S. O., Sundin, Ö., Hetta, J., Björkelund, C., & Hall, C. (2015). The effect of the work environment on future sleep disturbances: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 23, 10–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.010
  • Litwiller, B., Snyder, L. A., Taylor, W. D., & Steele, L. M. (2017). The relationship between sleep and work: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(4), 682–699. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000169
  • Lovallo, W. R., & Buchanan, T. W. (2017). Stress hormones in psychophysiological research: Emotional, behavioral, and cognitive implications. In J. Cacioppo, L. Tassinary, & G. Berntson (Eds.), Handbook of Psychophysiology (4th) (pp. 465-494). Cambridge University Press .
  • Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Åkerstedt, T., Näswall, K., Leineweber, C., Theorell, T., & Westerlund, H. (2011). Cross-lagged relationships between workplace demands, control, support, and sleep problems. Sleep, 34(10), 1403–1410. https://doi.org/10.5665/SLEEP.1288
  • Martinsen, Ø., Nordvik, H., & Østbø, L. (2005). Norske versjoner av NEO PIR og NEO FFI [Norwegian versions of NEO PI-R and NEO FFI]. Tidsskrift for norsk psykologforening, 42, 421–423.
  • McCrae, R. R., & Costa, J. P. T. (2004). A contemplated revision of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 587–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00118-1
  • Morin, C. M., Rodrigue, S., & Ivers, H. (2003). Role of stress, arousal, and coping skills in primary insomnia. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(2), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.PSY.0000030391.09558.A3
  • Morphy, H., Dunn, K. M., Lewis, M., Boardman, H. F., & Croft, P. R. (2007). Epidemiology of insomnia: A longitudinal study in a UK population. Sleep, 30(3), 274–280. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/30.3.274
  • Nohr, E. A., & Liew, Z. (2018). How to investigate and adjust for selection bias in cohort studies. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 97(4), 407–416. https://doi.org/10.1111/aogs.13319
  • Nordvik, H. (2005). Personality traits: Their nature and number. Journal of the Norwegian Psychological Association, 42, 994–997.
  • Pallesen, S., Bjorvatn, B., Nordhus, I. H., Sivertsen, B., Hjørnevik, M., & Morin, C. M. (2008). A new scale for measuring insomnia: The Bergen Insomnia Scale. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 107(3), 691–706. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.107.3.691-706
  • Pallesen, S., Cusato, B. et al (2019). Where in the World Is This Research Taking Us? Collaborating on Publishable Research With Undergraduates Abroad. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00010
  • Pallesen, S., Nordhus, I. H., Nielsen, G. H., Havik, O. E., Kvale, G., Johnsen, B. H., & Skjøtskift, S. (2001). Prevalence of insomnia in the adult Norwegian population. Sleep, 24(7), 771–779. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/24.7.771
  • Pallesen, S., Sivertsen, B., Nordhus, I. H., & Bjorvatn, B. (2014). A 10-year trend of insomnia prevalence in the adult Norwegian population. Sleep Medicine, 15(2), 173–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2013.10.009
  • Perlis, M., Shaw, P. J., Cano, G., & Espie, C. A. (2011). Models of insomnia. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 5(1), 850.
  • Pigeon, W. R., & Cribbet, M. R. (2012). The pathophysiology of insomnia: From models to molecules (and back). Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 18(6), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0b013e328358be41
  • Portela, L. F., Kröning Luna, C., Rotenberg, L., Silva-Costa, A., Toivanen, S., Araújo, T., & Griep, R. H. (2015). Job strain and self-reported insomnia symptoms among nurses: What about the influence of emotional demands and social support? BioMed Research International, 2015, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/820610
  • Rajaratnam, S. M., Barger, L. K., Lockley, S. W., Shea, S. A., Wang, W., Landrigan, C. P., O’Brien, C. S., Qadri, S., Sullivan, J. P., Cade, B. E., Epstein, L. J., White, D. P., Czeisler, C. A., & Harvard Work Hours, Health and Safety Group, F. T. (2011). Sleep disorders, health, and safety in police officers. Jama, 306(23), 2567–2578. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1851
  • Saksvik, I. B., Bjorvatn, B., Hetland, H., Sandal, G. M., & Pallesen, S. (2011). Individual differences in tolerance to shift work–a systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 15(4), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2010.07.002
  • Saksvik-Lehouillier, I., Saksvik, S. B., Dahlberg, J., Tanum, T. K., Ringen, H., Karlsen, H. R., Smedbøl, T., Sørengaard, T. A., Stople, M., Kallestad, H., & Olsen, A. (2020). Mild to moderate partial sleep deprivation is associated with increased impulsivity and decreased positive affect in young adults. Sleep, 43(10), zsaa078. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa078
  • Sianoja, M., Crain, T. L., Hammer, L. B., Bodner, T., Brockwood, K. J., LoPresti, M., & Shea, S. A. (2019). The relationship between leadership support and employee sleep. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(3), 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000173
  • Siegrist, J. (2002). Effort-reward imbalance at work and health. In P. L. Perrewé & D. C. Ganster (Eds.), Historical and current perspectives on stress and health. 2 (pp. 261–291). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Siegrist, J., Starke, D., Chandola, T., Godin, I., Marmot, M., Niedhammer, I., & Peter, R. (2004). The measurement of effort–reward imbalance at work: European comparisons. Social Science & Medicine, 58(8), 1483–1499. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00351-4
  • Siegrist, J., Wege, N., Pühlhofer, F., & Wahrendorf, M. (2008). A short generic measure of work stress in the era of globalization: Effort–reward imbalance. International Archives of Occupational Environmental Health, 82(8), 1005–1013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00420-008-0384-3
  • Sivertsen, B., Lallukka, T., Salo, P., Pallesen, S., Hysing, M., Krokstad, S., & Øverland, S. (2014). Insomnia as a risk factor for ill health: Results from the large population-based prospective HUNT Study in Norway. Journal of Sleep Research, 23(2), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12102
  • Sivertsen, B., Øverland, S., Bjorvatn, B., Mæland, J. G., & Mykletun, A. (2009). Does insomnia predict sick leave?: The Hordaland Health Study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 66(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.06.011
  • Sivertsen, B., Overland, S., Neckelmann, D., Glozier, N., Krokstad, S., Pallesen, S., Nordhus, I. H., Bjorvatn, B., & Mykletun, A. (2006). The long-term effect of insomnia on work disability: The HUNT-2 historical cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163(11), 1018–1024. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj145
  • Slavish, D. C., Sliwinski, M. J., Smyth, J. M., Almeida, D. M., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., & Graham-Engeland, J. E. (2018). Neuroticism, rumination, negative affect, and sleep: Examining between- and within-person associations. Personality and Individual Differences, 123, 217–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.023
  • Sonnentag, S., Binnewies, C., & Mojza, E. J. (2010). Staying well and engaged when demands are high: The role of psychological detachment. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(5), 965. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020032
  • Sonnentag, S., Casper, A., & Pinck, A. S. (2016). Job stress and sleep. In J. Barling, C. M. Barnes, E. W. Carleton, & D. T (Eds.), Work and sleep: Research insights for the workplace (pp. 77–99). Oxford University Press.
  • Stephan, Y., Sutin, A. R., Bayard, S., Križan, Z., & Terracciano, A. (2018). Personality and sleep quality: Evidence from four prospective studies. Health Psychology, 37(3), 271–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000577
  • Stout, J. W., Beidel, D. C., Brush, D., & Bowers, C. (2021). Sleep disturbance and cognitive functioning among firefighters. Journal of Health Psychology, 26(12), 2248–2259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105320909861
  • Sutin, A. R., Gamaldo, A. A., Stephan, Y., Strickhouser, J. E., & Terracciano, A. (2020). Personality traits and the subjective and objective experience of sleep. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 27(4), 481–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-019-09828-w
  • Taylor, Y., Merat, N., & Jamson, S. (2019). The effects of fatigue on cognitive performance in police officers and staff during a forward rotating shift pattern. Safety and Health at Work, 10(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2018.08.003
  • Vallières, A., Azaiez, A., Moreau, V., LeBlanc, M., & Morin, C. M. (2014). Insomnia in shift work. Sleep Medicine, 15(12), 1440–1448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.06.021
  • van de Laar, M., Verbeek, I., Pevernagie, D., Aldenkamp, A., & Overeem, S. (2010). The role of personality traits in insomnia. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 14(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2009.07.007
  • Van Laethem, M., Beckers, D. G., Kompier, M. A., Dijksterhuis, A., & Geurts, S. A. (2013). Psychosocial work characteristics and sleep quality: A systematic review of longitudinal and intervention research. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health, 39(6), 535–549. https://doi.org/10.5271/sjweh.3376
  • Vedaa, Ø., Krossbakken, E., Grimsrud, I. D., Bjorvatn, B., Sivertsen, B., Magerøy, N., Einarsen, S., & Pallesen, S. (2016). Prospective study of predictors and consequences of insomnia: Personality, lifestyle, mental health, and work-related stressors. Sleep Medicine, 20, 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2015.12.002
  • Violanti, J. M., Mnatsakanova, A., Andrew, M. E., Allison, P., Gu, J. K., & Fekedulegn, D. (2018). Effort–reward imbalance and overcommitment at work: Associations with police burnout. Police Quarterly, 21(4), 440–460. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611118774764
  • Voigt, P., & Von Dem Bussche, A. (2017). The eu general data protection regulation (gdpr). A Practical Guide (1st) ed.). Springer International Publishing.
  • Wännström, I., Peterson, U., Åsberg, M., Nygren, Å., & Gustavsson, J. P. (2009). Psychometric properties of scales in the general nordic questionnaire for psychological and social factors at work (QPS Nordic): Confirmatory factor analysis and prediction of certified long-term sickness absence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 50(3), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2008.00697.x
  • World Medical Association. (2013). World medical association declaration of Helsinki: Ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. JAMA, 310(20), 2191–2194. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.281053
  • Yang, B., Wang, Y., Cui, F., Huang, T., Sheng, P., Shi, T., Huang, C., Lan, Y., & Huang, Y.-N. (2018). Association between insomnia and job stress: A meta-analysis. Sleep and Breathing, 22(4), 1221–1231. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-018-1682-y
  • Yoshioka, E., Saijo, Y., Kita, T., Satoh, H., Kawaharada, M., & Kishi, R. (2013). Effect of the interaction between employment level and psychosocial work environment on insomnia in male Japanese public service workers. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20(3), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12529-012-9230-9
  • Zhang, B., & Wing, Y.-K. (2006). Sex differences in insomnia: A meta-analysis. Sleep, 29(1), 85–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/29.1.85