Flexural behavior of sustainable reinforced concrete beams containing HDPE plastic waste as coarse aggregate

References

• Abbass, A. A., Abid, S. R., Arnaot, F. H., Al-Ameri, R. A., & Özakça, M. (2019). Flexural response of hollow high strength concrete beams considering different sizes reductions. Structures, 23(February), 69–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.istruc.2019.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbass, A. A., Abid, S. R., & Özakça, M. (2019). Experimental investigation on the effect of steel fibers on the flexural behavior and ductility of high-strength concrete hollow beams. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2019, Article ID 8390345. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8390345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbass, A. A., Arnaot, F. H., Abid, S. R., & Özakça, M. (2021). Flexural behavior of ECC hollow beams incorporating different synthetic fibers. Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, 15(2), 399–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-021-0701-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdul-Razzaq, K. S. (2015). Effect of heating on shear strength in waste plastic light weight by using a new test specimen. Diyala Journal of Engineering Sciences, 8(4),189–210. https://www.iasj.net/iasj/pdf/69cb11b7e7d4e36b
   Google Scholar
• ACI 318-14. (2014). Building code requirements for reinforced concrete. American Concrete Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Adnan, H. M., & Dawood, A. O. (2020). Strength behavior of reinforced concrete beam using re-cycle of PET wastes as synthetic fibers. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13(December), e00367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00367
   Google Scholar
• Adnan, H. M., & Dawood, A. O. (2021). Recycling of plastic box in the concrete mixture as a percentage of fine aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 284(2021), 122666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, H. U., Faraj, R. H., Hilal, N., Mohammed, A. A., & Sherwani, A. F. H. (2021). Use of recycled fibers in concrete composites: A systematic comprehensive review. Composites Part B: Engineering, 215(June), 108769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.108769
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, M. F., Khalil, W. I., & Frayyeh, Q. J. (2022). Effect of waste clay brick on the modulus of elasticity, drying shrinkage and microstructure of metakaolin- based geopolymer concrete. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 12(133), 7152. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-022-06611-0
   Google Scholar
• Al-Gasham, T. S., Mhalhal, J. M., & Abid, S. R. (2020). Flexural behavior of laced reinforced concrete moderately deep beams. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 13(December), e00363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00363
   Google Scholar
• Almeshal, I., Tayeh, B. A., Alyousef, R., Alabduljabbar, H., & Mohamed, A. M. (2020). Ecofriendly concrete containing recycled plastic as a partial replacement for sand. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(3), 4631–4643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.02.090
   Google Scholar
• Alqahtani, F. K., Ghataora, G., Khan, M. I., & Dirar, S. (2017). Novel lightweight concrete containing manufactured plastic aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 148(September), 386–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.05.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alqahtani, F. K., & Zafar, I. (2021). Plastic-based sustainable synthetic aggregate in green lightweight concrete – A review. Construction and Building Materials, 292(July), 123321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123321
   Google Scholar
• Arivalagan, S. (2020). Experimental study on the properties of green concrete by replacement of E-plastic waste as aggregate. Procedia Computer Science, 172(2020), 985–990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.05.145
   Google Scholar
• Associates, F. (2011). Cradle-to-gate life-cycle inventory of nine plastic resins and four polyurethane precursors; the plastics division of the American chemistry council. Prairie Village.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM A615/A615M-16. (2016). Standard specification for deformed and plain carbon-steel bars for concrete reinforcement. ASTM Standards. https://www.astm.org/a0615_a0615m-20.html
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D570-98R18. (2018) . Standard test method for water absorption of plastics. ASTM Standards.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D638-14. (2014) . Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics. ASTM Standards.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D695-15. (2015) . Standard test method for compressive properties of rigid plastics. ASTM Standards.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D790-17. (2017) . Standard test methods for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulating materials. ASTM Standards.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D792-20. (2020) . Standard test methods for density and specific gravity (Relative density) of plastics by displacement. ASTM Standards.
   Google Scholar
• Ávila Cordoba, L., Martínez-Barrera, G., Barrera Díaz, C., Ure˜naNu˜nez, F., & LozaYa˜nez, A. (2015). Effects on mechanical properties of recycled PET incement-based composites. International Journal of Polymer Science, 2013, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/763276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardo, L. F. A., & Lopes, S. M. R. (2004). Neutral axis depth versus flexural ductility in high-strength concrete beams. Journal of Structural Engineering, 130(3), 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:3(452)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamas, A., Moon, H., Zheng, J., Qiu, Y., Tabassum, T., Hee Jang, J., Abu-Omar, M., Scott, S. L., & Suh, S. (2020). Degradation rates of plastics in the environment. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(9), 3494. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b06635
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, Y. W., Moon, D. J., Kim, Y. J., & Lachemi, M. (2009). Characteristics of mortar and concrete containing fine aggregate manufactured from recycled waste polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Construction and Building Materials, 23(8), 2829–2835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chunxiang, Q., & Patnaikuni, I. (1999). Properties of high-strength steel fiber-reinforced concrete beams in bending. Cement and Concrete Composites, 21(1), 73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00040-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppola, B., Courtyard, L., Michel, F., Incarnato, L., Scarlato, P., & Di Maio, L. (2018). Hygrothermal and durability properties of a lightweight mortar made with foamed plastic waste aggregates, Constr. Construction and Building Materials, 170(May), 200–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancygier, A. N., & Berkover, E. (2016). Cracking localization and reduced ductility in fiber-reinforced concrete beams with low reinforcement ratios. Engineering Structures, 111(March), 411–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.11.046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delaney, P. How long it takes for some everyday items to decompose. Down2Earth Materials, 2013. https://www.down2earthmaterials.ie/2013/02/14/decompose/ (accessed March 24, 2022)
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira, L., De Brito, J., & Saikia, N. (2012). Influence of curing conditions on the mechanical performance of concrete containing recycled plastic aggregate, Constr. Construction and Building Materials, 36(November), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.098
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraj, A. B., Kismi, M., & Mounanga, P. (2010). Valorization of coarse rigid polyurethane foam waste in lightweight aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 24(June), 1069–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouasmi, M. T., Benosman, A. S., & Taïbi, H. (2019). Improving the properties of waste plastic lightweight aggregates-based composite mortars in an experimental saline environment. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 20(1), 71–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-018-0089-1
   Google Scholar
• Hadi, M. N., & Elbasha, N. (2007). Effects of tensile reinforcement ratio and compressive strength on the behavior of over-reinforced helically confined HSC beams. Construction and Building Materials, 21(2), 269–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hameed, A. M., & Ahmed, B. A. F. (2019). Employment the plastic waste to produce the lightweight concrete. Energy Procedia, 157(January), 30–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.160
   Google Scholar
• Hannawi, K., Kamali-Bernard, S., & Prince, W. (2010). Physical and mechanical properties of mortars containing PET and PC waste aggregates. Waste Management, 30(11), 2312–2320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iraqi Standard Specification No. 45. (1984). Natural aggregate resources used in concrete and construction. Central Agency for Standardization and Quality Control.
   Google Scholar
• Iraqi Standard Specification No. 5. (1984). Portland cement. Central Agency for Standardization and Quality Control.
   Google Scholar
• Ismail, Z. Z., & AL-Hashmi, E. A. (2008). Use of waste plastic in concrete mixture as an aggregate replacement. Waste Management, 28(11), 2041–2047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2007.08.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob-Vaillancourt, C., & Sorelli, L. (2018). Characterization of concrete composites with recycled plastic aggregates from postconsumer material streams. Construction and Building Materials, 182(September), 561–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain, A., Siddique, S., Gupta, T., Jain, S., Sharma, R. K., & Chaudhary, S. (2019). Fresh, strength, durability and microstructural properties of shredded waste plastic concrete. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering, 43(1), 455–465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-018-0178-0
   Google Scholar
• Jawad, F., Adarsha, C. Y., Raghavendra, T., Udayashankar, B. C., & Natarajan, K. (2019). Structural behavior of concrete beams and columns reinforced with Waste Plastic incorporated GFRP (WPGFRP) rebars. Journal of Building Engineering, 23(May), 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.01.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kan, A., & Demirboga, R. (2009). A novel material for lightweight concrete production. Cement and Concrete Composites, 31(7), 489–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil, W. I., & Al Obeid, N. F. (2020). Some properties of green concrete with glass and plastic wastes. IOP Conference Series, Materials Science, and Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012052
   Google Scholar
• Khalil, W. I., & Mahdi, H. M. (2020). Some properties of sustainable concrete with mixed plastic waste. IOP Conference Series, Materials Science, and Engineering, 737(1), 12073. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/737/1/012073
   Google Scholar
• Khatib, J. M., Jahami, A., Elkordi, A., Abdelgader, H., & Sonebi, M. (2020). Structural assessment of reinforced concrete beams incorporating waste plastic straws. Environments, 7(11), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments7110096
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D., & Kaewunruen, S. (2019). Mechanical properties of concrete with recycled composite and plastic aggregates. International Journal, 17(60), 231–238. https://doi.org/10.21660/2019.60.8114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, P. R. L., Leite, M. B., & Santiago, E. Q. R. (2010). Recycled lightweight concrete made from footwear industry waste and CDW. Waste Management, 30(6), 1107–1113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopes, A. V., Lopes, S. M. R., & Carmo, R. N. F. (2012). Effects of the compressive reinforcement buckling on the ductility of RC beams in bending. Journal of Structural Engineering, 37(March), 14–23.
   Google Scholar
• Marzouk, O. Y., Dheilly, R. M., & Queneudec, M. (2007). Valorization of postconsumer waste plastic in cementitious concrete composites. Waste Management, 27(2), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercante, I., Alejandrino, C., Ojeda, J. P., Chini, J., Maroto, C., & Fajardo, N. (2018). Mortar and concrete composites with recycled plastic: A review. Science and Technology of Materials, 30(1), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stmat.2018.11.003
   Google Scholar
• Mohammadinia, A., Wong, Y. C., Arulrajah, A., & Horpibulsuk, S. (2019). Strength evaluation of utilizing recycled plastic waste and recycled crushed glass in concrete footpaths. Construction and Building Materials, 197(February), 489–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammed, H. J., & Aayeel, O. K. (2020). Flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams containing recycled expandable polystyrene particles. Journal of Building Engineering, 32, 101805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101805
   Google Scholar
• Mohammed, A. A., Mohammed, I. I., & Mohammed, S. A. (2019). Some properties of concrete with plastic aggregate derived from shredded PVC sheets. Construction and Building Materials, 201(March), 232–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, R.-J., Kleeberg, I., & Deckwer, W.-D. (2001). Biodegradation of polyesters containing aromatic constituents. Journal of Biotechnology, 86(2), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1656(00)00407-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nogueira, C. G., & Rodrigues, I. D. (2017). Ductility analysis of RC beams considering the concrete confinement effect produced by the shear reinforcement: A numerical approach. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 14(13), 2342–2372. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78253904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojeda, J. P. (2021). A meta-analysis on the use of plastic waste as fibers and aggregates in concrete composites. Construction and Building Materials, 295(August), 123420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.123420
   Google Scholar
• Pacheco-Torgal, P., Ding, Y., & Jalali, S. (2012). Properties and durability of concrete containing polymeric wastes (tire rubber and polyethylene terephthalate bottles): An overview. Construction and Building Materials, 30(May), 714–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.047
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pam, H. J., Kwan, A. K. H., & Islam, M. S. (2001). Flexural strength and ductility of reinforced normal-and high-strength concrete beams. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Structures and Buildings, 14a6(4), 381–389. https://doi.org/10.1680/stbu.2001.146.4.381
   Google Scholar
• Park, J. K., & Kim, M. O. (2020). Mechanical properties of cement-based materials with recycled plastic: A review. Sustainability, 12(21), 9060. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahmani, E., Dehestani, M., Beygi, M. H. A., Allahyari, H., & Nikbin, I. M. (2013). On the mechanical properties of concrete containing waste PET particles, Constr. Construction and Building Materials, 47(October), 1302–1308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safi, B., Saidi, M., Aboutaleb, D., & Maallem, M. (2013). The use of plastic waste as fine aggregate in the self-compacting mortars: Effect on physical and mechanical properties. Construction and Building Materials, 43(June), 436–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.02.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saikia, N., & De Brito, J. (2012). Use of plastic waste as aggregate in cement mortar and concrete preparation: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 34(September), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saikia, N., & de Brito, J. (2013). Waste polyethylene terephthalate as an aggregate in concrete. Materials Research, 16(2), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-14392013005000017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saikia, N., & De Brito, J. (2014). Mechanical properties and abrasion behavior of concrete containing shredded PET bottle waste as a partial substitution of natural aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, 52(February), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saxena, R., Siddique, S., Gupta, T., Sharma, R. K., & Chaudhary, S. (2018). Impact resistance and energy absorption capacity of concrete containing plastic waste. Construction and Building Materials, 176(July), 415–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalenghe, R. (2018). Resource or waste? A perspective of plastics degradation in soil with a focus on end-of-life options. Heliyon, 4(12), e00941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00941
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senhadji, Y., Escadeillas, G., Benosman, A. S., Mouli, M., Khelafid, H., & Ould Kacie, S. (2015). Effect of incorporating PVC waste as aggregate on the physical, mechanical, and chloride ion penetration behavior of concrete. Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology, 29(7), 625–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/01694243.2014.1000773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, R., & Bansal, P. P. (2016). Use of different forms of waste plastic in concrete– A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112(Part 1), 473–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.08.042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, S. W., Ghosh, S. K., & Moreno, J. (1989). Flexural ductility of ultra-high-strength concrete members. ACI Structural Journal, 86(4), 394–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin, S.-W., Kang, H., Ahn, J.-M., & Kim, D.-W. (2010). Flexural capacity of the singly reinforced beam with 150 MPa ultra-high-strength concrete. Indian Journal of Engineering and Material Sciences, 17(6), 414–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorneycroft, J., Orr, J., Savoikar, P., & Ball, R. J. (2018). Performance of structural concrete with recycled plastic waste as a partial replacement for sand, Constr. Construction and Building Materials, 161(February), 63–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, H. K., Arnott, J., Crawford, R. J., & Ivanova, E. P. (2013). Plastic degradation and its environmental implications with special reference to (Polyethylene terephthalate). Polymers, 5(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym5010001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, I. H., Joh, C., & Kim, B. S. (2010). Structural behavior of ultra-high-performance concrete beams subjected to bending. Engineering Structures, 32(11), 3478–3487.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, S., Tuladhar, R., Shi, F., Combe, M., Collister, T., & Sivakugan, N. (2015). Use of macro plastic fibers in concrete: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 93(September), 180–188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar