14,317
Views
134
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Chemistry, encapsulation, and health benefits of β-carotene - A review

, , , , & | (Reviewing Editor) show all
Article: 1018696 | Received 29 Nov 2014, Accepted 25 Jan 2015, Published online: 10 Mar 2015

References

  • Abdel-Aal, E. S. M. , & Akhtar, M. H. (2006). Recent advances in the analyses of carotenoids and their role in human health. Current Pharmaceutical Analysis , 2 , 195–204.10.2174/157341206776819319
  • Ahamad, M. N. , Saleemullah, M. , Shah, H. U. , Khalil, I. A. , & Saljoqi, A. U. R. (2007). Determination of beta carotene content in fresh vegetables using high performance liquid chromatography. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture , 23 , 767–770.
  • Arab, L. , Steck-Scott, S. , & Bowen, P. (2001). Participation of lycopene and beta-carotene in carcinogenesis: Defenders, aggressors, or passive bystanders? Epidemiologic Reviews , 23 , 211–230.10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a000803
  • Backer, K. R. , & Meydany, M. (1994). β-carotene as an antioxidant in immunity and cancer. Journal of Optimal Nutrition , 3 , 39–50.
  • Baranska, M. , Schütze, W. , & Schulz, H. (2006). Determination of lycopene and β-carotene content in tomato fruits and related products: Comparison of FT-Raman, ATR-IR, and NIR spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry , 78 , 8456–8461.10.1021/ac061220j
  • Ben-Amotz, A. , & Fishier, R. (1998). Analysis of carotenoids with emphasis on 9-cis β-carotene in vegetables and fruits commonly consumed in Israel. Food Chemistry , 62 , 515–520.10.1016/S0308-8146(97)00196-9
  • Bender, D. A. , & Mayes, P. A. (2003). Vitamins and minerals. In R. K. Murray , D. K. Granner , P. A. Mayes , & V. W. Rodwell (Eds.), Harper’s illustrated biochemistry (26th ed., Vol. 3, pp. 481–483). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Bendich, A. (1988). The safety of β‐carotene. Nutrition and Cancer , 11 , 207–214.10.1080/01635588809513989
  • Bertram, J. , Pung, A. , Churley, M. , Kappock, T. J. , Wilkins, L. R. , & Cooney, R. V. (1991). Diverse carotenoids protect against chemically induced neoplastic transformation. Carcinogenesis , 12 , 671–678.
  • Block, G. , Patterson, B. , & Subar, A. (1992). Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutrition and Cancer , 18 , 1–29.10.1080/01635589209514201
  • Boon, C. S. , McClements, D. J. , Weiss, J. , & Decker, E. A. (2010). Factors influencing the chemical stability of carotenoids in foods. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 50 , 515–532.10.1080/10408390802565889
  • Britton, G. (1995). Carotenes by their chemical structure. American Journal of Nutrition , 47 , 1990–2001.
  • Briviba, K. , Schnabele, K. , Schwertle, E. , Blockhaus, M. , & Rechkemmer, G. (2001). β-carotene inhibits growth of human colon carcinoma cells by induction of apoptosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry , 382 , 1663–1668.
  • Castenmiller, J. J. , & West, C. E. (1998). Bioavailability and bioconversion of carotenoids. Annual Review of Nutrition , 18 , 19–38.10.1146/annurev.nutr.18.1.19
  • Charoensiri, R. , Kongkachuichai, R. , Suknicom, S. , & Sungpuag, P. (2009). Beta-carotene, lycopene, and alpha-tocopherol contents of selected Thai fruits. Food Chemistry , 113 , 202–207.10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.074
  • Cornacchia, L. , & Roos, Y. H. (2011). Stability of β-carotene in protein-stabilized oil-in-water delivery systems. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 59 , 7013–7020.10.1021/jf200841k
  • Desobry, S. A. , Netto, F. M. , & Labuza, T. P. (1997). Comparison of spray-drying, drum-drying and freeze-drying for β-carotene encapsulation and preservation. Journal of Food Science , 62 , 1158–1162.10.1111/jfds.1997.62.issue-6
  • Desobry, S. A. , Netto, F. M. , & Labuza, T. P. (1998). Preservation of β-carotene from carrots. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 38 , 381–396.10.1080/10408699891274255
  • Donhowe, E. G. , Flores, F. P. , Kerr, W. L. , Wicker, L. , & Kong, F. (2014). Characterization and in vitro bioavailability of β-carotene: Effects of microencapsulation method and food matrix. LWT—Food Science and Technology , 57 , 42–48.10.1016/j.lwt.2013.12.037
  • Dutta, D. , Raychaudhuri, U. , & Chakarborty, R. (2005a). Structure, health benefits, antioxidant property and processing and storage of carotenoids. African Journal of Biotechnology , 4 , 1510–1520.
  • Dutta, D. , Raychaudhuri, U. , & Chakarborty, R. (2005b). Retention of β-carotene in frozen carrots under varying conditions of temperature and time of storage. African Journal of Biotechnology , 4 , 102–108.
  • EFSA . (2012). EFSA panel on additives and products or substances used in animal feed (FEEDAP); Scientific Opinion on the safety and efficacy of beta-carotene as a feed additive for all animal species and categories. EFSA Journal , 10 , 2737. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2737
  • EL-Qudah, J. M. (2009). Identification and quantification of major carotenoids in some vegetables. American Journal of Applied Sciences , 6 , 492–497.10.3844/ajassp.2009.492.497
  • Fikselova, M. , Silhar, S. , Marecek, J. , & Francakova, H. (2008). Extraction of carrot (Daucus carota L.) carotenes under different conditions. Czech Journal of Food Sciences , 26 , 268–274.
  • Garrett, D. A. , Failla, M. L. , & Sarama, R. J. (1999). Development of an in vitro digestion method to assess carotenoid bioavailability from meals. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 47 , 4301–4309.10.1021/jf9903298
  • Gerester, H. (1993). Anticarcinogenic effect of common carotenoids. International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research , 15 , 1507–1516.
  • Gireesh, T. , Nair, P. P. , & Sudhakaran, P. R. (2004). Studies on the bioavailability of the provitamin A carotenoid, β-carotene, using human exfoliated colonic epithelial cells. British Journal of Nutrition , 92 , 241–245.10.1079/BJN20041175
  • Goralczyk, R. (2009). β-carotene and lung cancer in smokers: Review of hypotheses and status of research. Nutrition and Cancer , 61 , 767–774.10.1080/01635580903285155
  • Granado-Lorencio, F. , Olmedilla-Alonso, B. , Herrero-Barbudo, C. , Pérez-Sacristán, B. , Blanco-Navarro, I. , & Blázquez-García, S. (2007). Comparative in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids from relevant contributors to carotenoid intake. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 55 , 6387–6394.10.1021/jf070301t
  • Grewal, H. S. (1995). Antioxidants in oral cancer prevention. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 62 , 1410–1416.
  • Grune, T. , Lietz, G. , Palou, A. , Ross, A. C. , Stahl, W. , Tang, G. , ... Bielsalski, H. K. (2010). β-carotene is an important vitamin a source for humans. Journal of Nutrition , 140 , 2268S–2285S.10.3945/jn.109.119024
  • Gul, K. , Singh, A. K. , & Jabeen, R. (2015). Nutraceuticals and functional foods: The foods for future world. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition . Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2014.903384
  • Guo, W. H. , Tu, C. Y. , & Hu, C. H. (2008). Cis−trans isomerizations of β-carotene and lycopene: A theoretical study. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B , 112 , 12158–12167.10.1021/jp8019705
  • Gutiérrez, F. J. , Albillos, S. M. , Casas-Sanz, E. , Cruz, Z. , García-Estrada, C. , García-Guerra, A. , … Mussons, M. (2013). Methods for the nanoencapsulation of β-carotene in the food sector. Trends in Food Science & Technology , 32 , 73–83.10.1016/j.tifs.2013.05.007
  • Handelman, G. J. (2001). The evolving role of carotenoids in human biochemistry. Nutrition , 17 , 818–822.10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00640-2
  • Haskell, M. J. (2012). The challenge to reach nutritional adequacy for vitamin A: β-carotene bioavailability and conversion-evidence in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 96 , 1193S–1203S.10.3945/ajcn.112.034850
  • Hathcock, J. N. , Hattan, D. G. , Jenkins, M. Y. , McDonald, J. T. , Sundaresan, P. R. , & Wilkening, V. L. (1990). Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 2 , 183–202.
  • He, Y. , Root, M. M. , Parker, R. S. , & Campbell, T. C. (1997). Effects of carotenoid-rich food extracts on the development of preneoplastic lesions in rat liver and on in vivo and in vitro antioxidant status. Nutrition and Cancer , 27 , 238–244.10.1080/01635589709514532
  • Herrero, M. , Jaime, L. , Martín-Álvarez, P. J. , Cifuentes, A. , & Ibáñez, E. (2006). Optimization of the extraction of antioxidants from Dunaliella salina microalga by pressurized liquids. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 54 , 5597–5603.10.1021/jf060546q
  • Huang, Q. R. , Yu, H. L. , & Ru, Q. M. (2010). Bioavailability and delivery of nutraceuticals using nanotechnology. Journal of Food Science , 75 , R50–R57.10.1111/jfds.2010.75.issue-1
  • Infante, M. , Pastorino, U. , Chiesa, G. , Bera, E. , Pisani, P. , Valente, M. , & Ravasi, G. (1991). Laboratory evaluation during high-dose vitamin A administration: A randomized study on lung cancer patients after surgical resection. Journal of Cancer Research and Clinical Oncology , 117 , 156–162.10.1007/BF01613140
  • Jing, C. , Qun, X. , & Rohre, J. (2012). HPLC separation of all-trans-β-carotene and its iodine-induced isomers using a C30 column. Thermo Scientifics . Retrieved April 06, 2014, from www.thermoscientic.com
  • Johnson, E. J. (2002). The role of carotenoids in human health. Nutrition in Clinical Care , 5 , 56–65.10.1046/j.1523-5408.2002.00004.x
  • Khachik, F. , Beecher, G. R. , & Smith, Jr., J. C. (1995). Lutein, lycopene, and their oxidative metabolites in chemoprevention of cancer. Journal of Cell Biology , 22 , 236–246.
  • Kim, H. Y. , & Gerber, L. E. (1988). Influence of processing on quality of carrot juice. Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology , 20 , 683–690.
  • Kim, Y. , Giraud, D. W. , & Driskell, J. A. (2007). Tocopherol and carotenoid contents of selected Korean fruits and vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 20 , 458–465.10.1016/j.jfca.2007.02.001
  • Kim, Y. S. , Lee, H. A. , Lim, J. Y. , Kim, Y. , Jung, C. H. , Yoo, S. H. , & Kim, Y. (2014). β-carotene inhibits neuroblastoma cell invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo by decreasing level of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α. The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry , 25 , 655–664.10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.02.006
  • Krinsky, N. L. (1989). Carotenoids and cancer in animal models. The Journal of Nutrition , 119 , 123–126.
  • Le-Marchand, L. , Hankin, J. H. , Kolonel, L. N. , Beecher, C. R. , Wilkens, L. R. , & Zhao, L. P. (1993). Intake of specific carotenoids and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention , 2 , 182–187.
  • Lee, S. C. , Yuk, H. G. , Lee, D. H. , Lee, K. E. , Hwang, Y. , & Ludescher, R. D. (2002). Stabilization of retinol through incorporation into liposomes. Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , 35 , 358–363.
  • Liang, R. , Huang, Q. , Ma, J. , Shoemaker, C. F. , & Zhong, F. (2013). Effect of relative humidity on the store stability of spray-dried beta carotene nanoemulsions. Food Hydrocolloids , 33 , 225–233.10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.03.015
  • Loksuwan, J. (2007). Characteristics of microencapsulated β-carotene formed by spray drying with modified tapioca starch, native tapioca starch and maltodextrin. Food Hydrocolloids , 21 , 928–935.10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.10.011
  • Ma, Y. K. , Xu, L. N. , Zhang, J. , Shangguan, L. J. , & Li, X. B. (2008). Effect of ultra-high pressure physical energy on carotenoid isomers in carrot juice. Food Science (China) , 29 , 105–108.
  • Macı́as-Sánchez, M. D. , Mantell, C. , Rodrı́guez, M. , Martı́nez de la Ossa, E. , Lubián, L.M. , Montero, O. , & Montero, O. (2005). Supercritical fluid extraction of carotenoids and chlorophyll a from Nannochloropsis gaditana. Journal of Food Engineering , 66 , 245–251.10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.03.021
  • Madene, A. , Jacquot, M. , Scher, J. , & Desobry, S. (2006). Flavour encapsulation and controlled release—A review. International Journal of Food Science and Technology , 41 , 1–21.10.1111/ifs.2006.41.issue-1
  • Mao, L. K. , Xu, D. X. , Yang, J. , Yuan, F. , Gao, X. Y. , & Zhao, J. (2009). Effect of small and large molecule emulsifiers on the characteristics of beta-carotene nanoemulsions prepared by high pressure homogenization. Food Technology and Biotechnology , 47 , 336–342.
  • Marchal, L. , Mojaat-Guemir, M. , Foucault, A. , & Pruvost, J. (2013). Centrifugal partition extraction of β-carotene from Dunaliella salina for efficient and biocompatible recovery of metabolites. Bioresource Technology , 134 , 396–400.10.1016/j.biortech.2013.02.019
  • Mattea, F. , Martín, A. , Matías-Gago, A. , & Cocero, M. J. (2009). Supercritical antisolvent precipitation from an emulsion: β-carotene nanoparticle formation. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids , 51 , 238–247.10.1016/j.supflu.2009.08.013
  • Maughan, R. (2005). Basic metabolism II: Carbohydrate. Surgery (Oxford) , 23 , 154–158.
  • Mayne, S. T. (1996). Beta-carotene, carotenoids and disease prevention in humans. The FASEB Journal , 10 , 690–701.
  • McClements, D. J. (1999). Food emulsions: Principles, practices and techniques (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Mercadante, A. Z. , Steck, A. , & Pfander, H. (1999). Carotenoids from Guava (Psidium guajava L.): Isolation and structure elucidation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 47 , 145–151.10.1021/jf980405r
  • Moreno, F. S. , Rizzi, M. B. S. L. , Dagli, M. L. Z. , & Penteado, M. C. V. (1991). Inhibitory effects of β-carotene on preneoplastic lesions induced in Wistar rats by the resistant hepatocyte model. Carcinogenesis , 12 , 1817–1822.10.1093/carcin/12.10.1817
  • Mukherjee, B. , Ghosh, M. K. , & Hossain, C. M. (2011). Anticancer potential of vitamin A and beta-carotene: Mechanistic approach. NSHM Journal of Pharmacy and Healthcare Management , 2 , 1–12.
  • Naves, M. M. V. , & Moreno, F. S. (1998). β-carotene and cancer chemoprevention: From epidemiological associations to cellular mechanisms of action. Nutrition Research , 18 , 1807–1824.10.1016/S0271-5317(98)00137-7
  • Nguyen, M. L. , & Schwartz, S. J. (1998). Lycopene stability during food processing. Experimental Biology and Medicine , 218 , 101–105.10.3181/00379727-218-44274
  • Niizu, P. Y. , & Rodriguez-Amaya, D. B. (2005). New data on the carotenoid composition of raw salad vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 21 , 445–463.
  • Noorshazila, S. , Irwandi, J. , Othman, R. , & Yumi-Zuhanis, H. H. (2012). Scheme of obtaining β-carotene standard from pumpkin (Curcurbita moshata) flesh. International Food Research Journal , 19 , 531–535.
  • Pan, X. , Yao, P. , & Jiang, M. (2007). Simultaneous nanoparticle formation and encapsulation driven by hydrophobic interaction of casein-graft-dextran and β-carotene. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science , 315 , 456–463.10.1016/j.jcis.2007.07.015
  • Parada, J. , & Aguilera, J. M. (2007). Food microstructure affects the bioavailability of several nutrients. Journal of Food Science , 72 , R21–R32.10.1111/jfds.2007.72.issue-2
  • Parker, R. S. (1997). Bioavailability of carotenoids. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 51 , 86–90.
  • Patricia, Y. H. , Nizu, B. D. , & Rodriguez, A. (2004). New data on the carotenoid composition of raw salad vegetables. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 83 , 595–600.
  • Qian, C. , Decker, E. A. , Xiao, H. , & McClements, D. J. (2012). Physical and chemical stability of β-carotene-enriched nanoemulsions: Influence of pH, ionic strength, temperature, and emulsifier type. Food Chemistry , 132 , 1221–1229.10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.11.091
  • Rascon, M. P. , Beristain, C. I. , Garcia, H. S. , & Salgado, M. A. (2011). Carotenoid retention and storage stability of spray-dried encapsulated paprika oleoresin using gum Arabic and soy protein isolate as wall materials. Food Science and Technology , 44 , 549–557.
  • Ribeiro, H. S. , Chu, B. S. , Ichikawa, S. , & Nakajima, M. (2008). Preparation of nanodispersions containing β-carotene by solvent displacement method. Food Hydrocolloids , 22 , 12–17.10.1016/j.foodhyd.2007.04.009
  • Ribeiro, H. S. , & Cruz, R. C. D. (2005). Highly concentrated carotenoid-containing emulsions. Engineering in Life Sciences , 5 , 84–88.10.1002/(ISSN)1618-2863
  • Rodriguez-Amaya, D. B. (2010). Quantitative analysis, in vitro assessment of bioavailability and antioxidant activity of food carotenoids—A review. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 23 , 726–740.10.1016/j.jfca.2010.03.008
  • Roman, M. J. , Burri, B. J. , & Singh, R. P. (2012). Release and bioaccessibility of β-carotene from fortified almond butter during in vitro digestion. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 60 , 9659–9666.10.1021/jf302843w
  • Semba, R. D. , & Bloem, M. W. (2001). Vitamin A deficiency. In Semba R. D. & Bloem M. W. (Eds.). Nutrition and health in developing countries (pp. 267–306). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.10.1385/1592592252
  • Silalahi, J. (2002). Anticancer and health protective properties of citrus fruit components. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 11 , 79–84.10.1046/j.1440-6047.2002.00271.x
  • Singh, P. , & Goyal, G. K. (2008). Dietary lycopene: Its properties and anticarcinogenic effects. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety , 7 , 255–270.10.1111/crfs.2008.7.issue-3
  • Sutter, S. C. , Buera, M. P. , & Elizalde, B. E. (2007). β-Carotene encapsulation in a mannitol matrix as affected by divalent cations and phosphate anion. International Journal of Pharmaceutics , 332 , 45–54.10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.09.023
  • Sy, C. , Dangles, O. , Borel, P. , & Caris-Veyrat, C. (2013). Iron-induced oxidation of (all-E)-β-carotene under model gastric conditions: kinetics, products, and mechanism. Free Radical Biology and Medicine , 63 , 195–206.10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.017
  • Sy, C. , Gleize, B. , Dangles, O. , Landrier, J. F. , Veyrat, C. , & Borel, P. (2012). Effects of physicochemical properties of carotenoids on their bioaccessibility, intestinal cell uptake, and blood and tissue concentrations. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research , 56 , 1385–1397.10.1002/mnfr.v56.9
  • Thurmann, P. A. , Steffen, J. , Zwernemann, C. , Aebischer, C. P. , Cohn, W. , Wendt, G. , & Schalch, W. (2002). Plasma concentration response to drinks containing β-carotene as carrot juice or formulated as a water dispersible powder. European Journal of Nutrition , 41 , 228–235.
  • Ullah, N. , Khan, A. , Khan, F. A. , Khurram, M. , Hussan, M. , Khayam, S. M. U. , … Hussain, J. (2011). Composition and isolation of beta carotene from different vegetables and their effect on human serum retinal level. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research , 9 , 496–502.
  • Van-Arnum, S. D. (2000). Vitamin A. Kirk-Othmer encylopedia of chemical technology 45 (pp. 99–107). New York, NY: Wiley.
  • van Het Hof, K. H. , West, C. E. , Westrate, J. A. , & Hautcast, J. G. A. J. (2000). Dietary factors that affect the bioavailability of carotenoids. Journal of Nutrition , 130 , 503–506.
  • van Poppel, G. , & Goldbohom, R. A. (1995). Epidemiologic evidence for beta-carotene and cancer prevention. American Journal of Clinical Research , 62 , 1393S–1402S.
  • Wagner, L. A. , & Warthesen, J. J. (1995). Stability of spray-dried encapsulated carrot carotenes. Journal of Food Science , 60 , 1048–1053.10.1111/jfds.1995.60.issue-5
  • Walter, P. (1995). The scientific basis for vitamin intake in human nutrition, Bibliotheca Nutritio at Dieta n°52 . Basel: Karger.
  • Wani, A. A. , Singh, P. , Gul, K. , Wani, M. H. , & Langowski, H. C. (2014). Sweet cherry (Prunus avium): Critical factors affecting the composition and shelf life. Food Packaging and Shelf Life , 1 , 86–99.10.1016/j.fpsl.2014.01.005
  • Wani, A. A. , Singh, P. , Shah, M. A. , Schweiggert-Weisz, U. S. , Gul, K. , & Wani, I. A. (2012). Rice starch diversity: Effects on structural, morphological, thermal, and physicochemical properties—A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety , 11 , 417–436.10.1111/j.1541-4337.2012.00193.x
  • Williams, A. W. , Boileau, T. W. , & Erdman, J. W. (1998). Factors influencing the uptake and absorption of carotenoids. Experimental Biology and Medicine , 218 , 106–108.10.3181/00379727-218-44275
  • Yeum, K. J. , & Russell, R. M. (2002). Carotenoid bioavailability and bioconversion. Annual Review of Nutrition , 22 , 483–504.10.1146/annurev.nutr.22.010402.102834
  • Zhou, J. R. , Gugger, E. T. , & Erdman, J. W. (1994). Isolation and partial characterization of an 18 kDa carotenoid-protein complex from carrot roots. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 42 , 2386–2390.10.1021/jf00047a005
  • Ziegler, R. G. (1989). A review of epidemiologic evidence that carotenoids reduce the risk of cancer. Journal of Nutrition , 199 , 116–122.