Status and control measures of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) infestations in maize fields in Ethiopia: A review

References

• Abate, T., Shiferaw, B., Menkir, A., Wegary, D., Kebede, Y., Tesfaye, K., … Keno, T. (2015). Factors that transformed maize productivity in Ethiopia. Food Security, 7(5), 965–16. doi:10.1007/s12571-015-0488-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abate, T., van Huis, A., & Ampofo, J. (2000). Pest management strategies in traditional agriculture: An African perspective. Annual Review of Entomology, 45(1), 631–659. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abebe, Z., & Feyisa, H. (2017). Effects of nitrogen rates and time of application on yield of maize: Rainfall variability influenced time of N application. International Journal of Agronomy, 2017. doi:10.1155/2017/1545280
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahams, P., Bateman, M., Beale, T., Clottey, V., Cock, M., Colmenarez, Y., … Godwin, J. (2017). Fall armyworm: Impacts and implications for Africa. Evidence Note, (2). Retrived from https://www.invasive-species.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2019/02/FAW-Evidence-Note-October-2018.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Agudelo-Silva, F. (1986). Naturally occurring pathogens of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae collected on corn in Venezuela. Florida Entomologist (USA). doi:10.2307/3495228
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arya, M., & Tiwari, R. (2013). Efficacy of plant and animal origin bioproducts against lesser grain borer, rhyzopertha dominica (fab.) in stored wheat. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research, 4(5), 649–653.
   Google Scholar
• Ashley, T. R.; Ashley. (1979). Classification and distribution of fall armyworm parasites. The Florida Entomologist, 62, 114–123. doi:10.2307/3494087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashley, T. R.; Ashley. (1986). Geographical distributions and parasitization levels for parasitoids of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. The Florida Entomologist, 69, 516–524. doi:10.2307/3495384
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayala, O. R., Navarro, F., & Virla, E. G. (2013). Evaluation of the attack rates and level of damages by the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), affecting corn-crops in the northeast of Argentina. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, 45(2). Retrived from http://bdigital.uncu.edu.ar/app/navegador/?idobjeto=6006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barros, E. M., Torres, J. B., & Bueno, A. F. (2010). Oviposition, development, and reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on different hosts of economic importance. Neotropical Entomology, 39(6), 996–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batista-Pereira, L. G., Castral, T. C., Da Silva, M. T., Amaral, B. R., Fernandes, J. B., Vieira, P. C., … Corrêa, A. G. (2006). Insecticidal activity of synthetic amides on Spodoptera frugiperda. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 61(3–4), 196–202. doi:10.1515/znc-2006-3-408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birhanu, S. (2018). Evaluation of different management options of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and assessment of its parasitoids in some parts of Ethiopia. Dire Dawa: Haramaya University.
   Google Scholar
• Birhanu, S., Simiyu, J., Malusi, P., Likhayo, P., Mendesil, E., Elibariki, N., … Tefera, T. (2018). First report of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), natural enemies from Africa. Journal of Applied Entomology, 142(8), 800–804. doi:10.1111/jen.12534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, C. A., Chiaravalle, W., Dalla-Rizza, M., Farias, J., García-Degano, M., Gastaminza, G., … Pieralisi, B. (2016). Current situation of pests targeted by Bt crops in Latin America. Current Opinion in Insect Science, 15, 131–138. doi:10.1016/j.cois.2016.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco, C. A., Pellegaud, J. G., Nava-Camberos, U., Lugo-Barrera, D., Vega-Aquino, P., Coello, J., … Vargas-Camplis, J. (2014). Maize pests in Mexico and challenges for the adoption of integrated pest management programs. Journal of Integrated Pest Management, 5(4), E1–E9. doi:10.1603/IPM14006
   Google Scholar
• Blanco, C. A., Portilla, M., Jurat-Fuentes, J. L., Sánchez, J. F., Viteri, D., Vega-Aquino, P., … Arias, R. (2010). Susceptibility of isofamilies of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to Cry1Ac and Cry1Fa proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis. Southwestern Entomologist, 35(3), 409–416. doi:10.3958/059.035.0325
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, E., & Dewhurst, C. (1975). The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) in Africa and the near east. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65(2), 221–262. doi:10.1017/S0007485300005939
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CABI. (2017a). Fall armyworm: Impacts and implications for Africa. Retrieved from https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29810
   Google Scholar
• CABI. (2017b). How to identify … fall armyworm. A4 flyer. Plantwise. Retrieved from http://www.plantwise.org/FullTextPDF/2017/20177800462.pdf
   Google Scholar
• CABI. (2017c). Spodoptera frugiperda (fall army worm) invasive species compendium. Retrieved from http://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/29810
   Google Scholar
• Camillo, M. F., Di Oliveira, J. R. G., de Bueno, A. F., & Bueno, R. C. O. D. F. (2005). Seeds treatment on maize for Spodoptera frugiperda control. Ecossistema, 30(1/2), 59–63.
   Google Scholar
• Capinera. (2001). Handbook of vegetable pests (4th ed.). University of Florida. Retrieved from http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu
   Google Scholar
• Capinera, J. L. (2000). Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). University of Florida IFAS Extension.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman, J. W., Williams, T., Escribano, A., Caballero, P., Cave, R. D., & Goulson, D. (1999). Age‐related cannibalism and horizontal transmission of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus in larval Spodoptera frugiperda. Ecological Entomology, 24(3), 268–275. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2311.1999.00224.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chapman, J. W., Williams, T., Martínez, A. M., Cisneros, J., Caballero, P., Cave, R. D., & Goulson, D. (2000). Does cannibalism in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reduce the risk of predation? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 48(4), 321–327. doi:10.1007/s002650000237
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, P. L., Molina-Ochoa, J., Martinelli, S., Skoda, S. R., Isenhour, D. J., Lee, D. J., … Foster, J. E. (2007). Population variation of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in the Western Hemisphere. Journal of Insect Science, 7(1). doi:10.1673/031.007.0501
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colborn, T. (1995). Pesticides–How research has succeeded and failed to translate science into policy: Endocrinological effects on wildlife. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(Suppl 6), 81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crowe, A., & Booty, W. G. (1995). A multi-level assessment methodology for determining the potential for groundwater contamination by pesticides. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 35(3), 239–261. doi:10.1007/BF00547635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, I., Figueiredo, M. D. L. C., Silva, R. B. D., Silva, I. F. D., Paula, C. D., & Foster, J. E. (2012). Using sex pheromone traps in the decision-making process for pesticide application against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda [Smith][Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]) larvae in maize. International Journal of Pest Management, 58(1), 83–90. doi:10.1080/09670874.2012.655702
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Day, R., Abrahams, P., Bateman, M., Beale, T., Clottey, V., Cock, M., … Godwin, J. (2017). Fall armyworm: Impacts and implications for Africa. Outlooks on Pest Management, 28(5), 196–201. doi:10.1564/v28_oct_02
   Google Scholar
• de Albuquerque, F., Borges, L., Lacono, T. D. O., Crubelati, N. D. S., & Singer, A. D. C. (2006). Efficiency of insecticides applied in seed treatment and pulverization, in the control of maize initial pests. Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo (brazil),5(1), 15–25.
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2017). Fall armyworm continues to spread in Ethiopia’s maize fields. Facilitates national awareness training for key partners and field offices. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/food-chain-crisis/howwe-work/plant-protection/fall-armyworm/en/
   Google Scholar
• FAO. (2018). Integrated management of the fall armyworm on maize a guide for farmer field schools in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/.
   Google Scholar
• Fargues, J., & Rodriguez-Rueda, D. (1980). Sensibilité des larves deSpodoptera littoralis [Lep.: Noctuidae] aux hyphomycètes entomopathogènesNomuraea rileyi etPaecilomyces fumoso-roseus. Entomophaga, 25(1), 43–54. doi:10.1007/BF02377521
   Google Scholar
• Fernández, J. (2002). Nota corta: Estimación de umbrales económicos para Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) en el cultivo del maíz. Invest. Agric. Prod. Prot. Veg, 17, 467–474.
   Google Scholar
• Forim, M. R., Matos, A. P., Silva, M. F. D. G. F., Cass, Q. B., Vieira, P. C., & Fernandes, J. B. (2010). The use of HPLC in the control of neem commercial products quality: Reproduction of the insecticide action. Quimica Nova, 33(5), 1082–1087. doi:10.1590/S0100-40422010000500014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuxa, J. (1982). Prevalence of viral infections in populations of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in southeastern Louisiana. Environmental Entomology, 11(1), 239–242. doi:10.1093/ee/11.1.239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, W. A., & Fuxa, J. R. (1980). Pathogens for the suppression of the fall armyworm. The Florida Entomologist, 63, 439–447. doi:10.2307/3494527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goergen, G., Kumar, P. L., Sankung, S. B., Togola, A., & Tamo, M. (2016). First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith)(Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive pest in West and Central Africa. PloS One, 11(10), e0165632. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165632
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, H., Jr, & Pair, S. (1986). The fall armyworm: Status and expectations of biological control with parasitoids and predators. The Florida Entomologist, 69, 502–515. doi:10.2307/3495383
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanway, J. (1969). Defoliation effects on different corn (Zea mays, L.) hybrids as influenced by plant population and stage of development 1. Agronomy Journal, 61(4), 534–538. doi:10.2134/agronj1969.00021962006100040016x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hruska, A. J., & Gould, F. (1997). Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Diatraea lineolata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae): Impact of larval population level and temporal occurrence on maize yield in Nicaragua. Journal of Economic Entomology, 90(2), 611–622. doi:10.1093/jee/90.2.611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IITA. (2016). First report of outbreaks of the “Fall Armyworm” on the African continent. Bulletin no. 2330. Retrieved from http://bulletin.iita.org/index.php/2016/06/18/first-reportof-outbreaks-of-the-fall-armyworm-on-the-african-continent/
   Google Scholar
• Isman, M. B. (1997). Neem and other botanical insecticides: Barriers to commercialization. Phytoparasitica, 25(4), 339–344. doi:10.1007/BF02981099
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeger, M., Bragard, C., Caffier, D., Dehnen‐Schmutz, K., Gilioli, G., Gregoire, J. C., … Navajas Navarro, M. (2017). Pest categorisation of citrus leprosis viruses. EFSA Journal, 15(12). Retrived from https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.2903/j.efsa.2017.5110
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jirnmci, E. (2013). Efficacy of botanical extracts against termites, macrotermes spp.,(Lsoptera: Termiticlae) under laboratory conditions. Retrived from  http://docsdrive.com/pdfs/academicjournals/ijar/0000/57223-57223.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Jones, R., Gilstrap, F., & Andrews, K. (1988). Biology and life tables for the predaceous earwig, Doru taeniatum [Derm.: Forficulidae]. Entomophaga, 33(1), 43–54. doi:10.1007/BF02372312
   Google Scholar
• Kumela, T., Simiyu, J., Sisay, B., Likhayo, P., Mendesil, E., Gohole, L., & Tefera, T. (2018). Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions, and management practices of the new invasive pest, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Ethiopia and Kenya. International Journal of Pest Management, 65(1), 1–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumela, T., Simiyu, J., Sisay, B., Likhayo, P., Mendesil, E., Gohole, L., & Tefera, T. (2019). Farmers’ knowledge, perceptions, and management practices of the new invasive pest, fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) in Ethiopia and Kenya. International Journal of Pest Management, 65(1), 1–9. doi:10.1080/09670874.2017.1423129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luginbill, P. (1928a). The fall armyworm. United States departament of agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. Technical Bulletin, 34. Retrived from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3495378?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
   Google Scholar
• Luginbill, P. (1928b). The fall armyworm. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Technical Bulletin, 34. Retrived from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3495378?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
   Google Scholar
• Mahmoud, M. (2016). Biology and use of entomopathogenic nematodes in insect pests biocontrol, a generic view. Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova, 49(4), 85–105. doi:10.1515/cerce-2016-0039
   Google Scholar
• Marenco, R., Foster, R., & Sanchez, C. (1992). Sweet corn response to fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) damage during vegetative growth. Journal of Economic Entomology, 85(4), 1285–1292. doi:10.1093/jee/85.4.1285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martínez, A. M., Aguado-Pedraza, A. J., Viñuela, E., Rodríguez-Enríquez, C. L., Lobit, P., Gómez, B., & Pineda, S. (2017). Effects of ethanolic extracts of Argemone ochroleuca (Papaveraceae) on the food consumption and development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Florida Entomologist, 100(2), 339–345. doi:10.1653/024.100.0232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matošević, D., & Melika, G. (2013). Recruitment of native parasitoids to a new invasive host: First results of Dryocosmus kuriphilus parasitoid assemblage in Croatia. Bulletin of Insectology, 66(2), 231–238.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metcalf, C. L., Flint, W. P., & Metcalf, R. L. (1965). Insectos destructivos e insectos útiles: Sus costumbres y su control. Compañía Editorial Continental.
   Google Scholar
• Midega, C. A., Bruce, T. J., Pickett, J. A., & Khan, Z. R. (2015). Ecological management of cereal stemborers in A frican smallholder agriculture through behavioural manipulation. Ecological Entomology, 40, 70–81. doi:10.1111/een.12216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miętkiewicz, R., Dzięgielewska, M., & Janowicz, K. (1998). Entomopathogenic fungi isolated in the vicinity of Szczecin. Acta Mycologica, 33(1), 123–130. doi:10.5586/am.1998.011
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources. (2017). Farmers fear loss of maize to fall army worm. Retrived from https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/article/farmers-fear-loss-maize-fall-armyworm
   Google Scholar
• Molina Ochoa, J., Hamm, J., Lezama Gutierrez, R., Bojalil Jaber, L., Arenas Vargas, M., & Gonzalez Ramirez, M. (1996). Virulence of six entomophatogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) on immature stages of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Vedalia Revista Internacional De Control Biologico (mexico). Retrived from http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=MX1997002847
   Google Scholar
• Molina-Ochoa, J., Lezama-Gutierrez, R., Gonzalez-Ramirez, M., Lopez-Edwards, M., Rodriguez-Vega, M. A., & Arceo-Palacios, F. (2003). Pathogens and parasitic nematodes associated with populations of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae in Mexico. Florida Entomologist, 86, 244–253. doi:10.1653/0015-4040(2003)086[0244:PAPNAW]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagoshi, R. N., Meagher, R. L., & Hay‐Roe, M. (2012). Inferring the annual migration patterns of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in the United States from mitochondrial haplotypes. Ecology and Evolution, 2(7), 1458–1467. doi:10.1002/ece3.268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagoshi, R. N., Meagher, R. L., & Jenkins, D. A. (2010). Puerto Rico fall armyworm has only limited interactions with those from Brazil or Texas but could have substantial exchanges with Florida populations. Journal of Economic Entomology, 103(2), 360–367. doi:10.1603/ec09253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigussie, M., Tanner, D., & Twumasi-Afriyie, S. (2002). In Enhancing the contribution of maize to food security in Ethiopia. Proceedings of the Second National Maize Workshop of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 12–16 November 2001. Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization
   Google Scholar
• Pair, S., & Gross, H., Jr. (1984). Field mortality of pupae of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith), by predators and a newly discovered parasitoid, Diapetimorpha introita. Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society. Retrived from http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US19850013898
   Google Scholar
• Pannuti, L., Baldin, E., Hunt, T. E., & Paula-Moraes, S. (2015). On-plant larval movement and feeding behavior of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on reproductive corn stages. Environmental Entomology, 45(1), 192–200. doi:10.1093/ee/nvv159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pannuti, L., Paula-Moraes, S., Hunt, T., Baldin, E., Dana, L., & Malaquias, J. (2016). Plant-to-plant movement of Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize (Zea mays). Journal of Economic Entomology, 109(3), 1125–1131. doi:10.1093/jee/tow042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilkington, L. J., Messelink, G., van Lenteren, J. C., & Le Mottee, K. (2010). “Protected biological control”–Biological pest management in the greenhouse industry. Biological Control, 52(3), 216–220. doi:10.1016/j.biocontrol.2009.05.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogue, M. G. (2002). A world revision of the genus Spodoptera Guenée:(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). American Entomological Society Philadelphia. Retrived from https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=110657
   Google Scholar
• Portillo, H., Meckenstock, H., & Gómez, F. (1994). Improved chemical protection of sorghum seed and seedlings from insect pests in Honduras. Turrialba (IICA) V, 44(1), 50–55.
   Google Scholar
• Prasanna, B., Huesing, J., Eddy, R., & Peschke, V. (2018). Fall armyworm in Africa: A guide for integrated pest management. CDMX: CIMMYT.
   Google Scholar
• Richter, A., & Fuxa, J. (1990). Effect of Steinernema feltiae on Spodoptera frugiperda and Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in corn. Journal of Economic Entomology, 83(4), 1286–1291. doi:10.1093/jee/83.4.1286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas, J. C., Kolomiets, M. V., & Bernal, J. S. (2018). Nonsensical choices? Fall armyworm moths choose seemingly best or worst hosts for their larvae, but neonate larvae make their own choices. PloS One, 13(5), e0197628. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0197628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero Sueldo, G. M., Dode, M., & Virla, E. G. (2014). Depredación de Doru luteipes y D. lineare (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) sobre Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) en condiciones de laboratorio. Retrived from https://ri.conicet.gov.ar/handle/11336/17140
   Google Scholar
• Rose, A., Silversides, R., & Lindquist, O. (1975). Migration flight by an aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and a noctuid, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 107(6), 567–576. doi:10.4039/Ent107567-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, D., Dewhurst, C., & Page, W. (2000). The African armyworm handbook: The status, biology, ecology, epidemiology and management of Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Natural Resources Institute. Retrived from https://www.amazon.com/African-Armyworm-Handbook-Epidemiology-Lepidoptera/dp/0859545237
   Google Scholar
• Schmutterer, H. (1985). Which insect pests can be controlled by application of neem seed kernel extracts under field conditions? Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie, 100(1‐5), 468–475. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1985.tb02808.x
   Google Scholar
• Silva, D. M. D., Bueno, A. D. F., Andrade, K., Stecca, C. D. S., Neves, P. M. O. J., & Oliveira, M. C. N. D. (2017). Biology and nutrition of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on different food sources. Scientia Agricola, 74(1), 18–31. doi:10.1590/1678-992x-2015-0160
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, G. A., Picanço, M. C., Ferreira, L. R., Ferreira, D. O., Farias, E. S., Souza, T. C., … Pereira, E. J. G. (2018). Yield losses in transgenic Cry1Ab and non-Bt corn as assessed using a crop-life-table approach. Journal of Economic Entomology, 111(1), 218–226. doi:10.1093/jee/tox346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, M. S., Broglio, S. M. F., Trindade, R. C. P., Ferrreira, E. S., Gomes, I. B., & Micheletti, L. B. (2015). Toxicity and application of neem in fall armyworm. Comunicata Scientiae, 6(3), 359–364. doi:10.14295/cs.v6i3.808
   Google Scholar
• Simmons, A. M. (1993). Effects of constant and fluctuating temperatures and humidities on the survival of Spodoptera frugiperda pupae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The Florida Entomologist, 76, 333–340. doi:10.2307/3495733
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosa-Gomez, D., & Moscardi, F. (1994). Effect of till and no-till soybean cultivation on dynamics of entomopathogenic fungi in the soil. Florida Entomologist, 77(2), 284. doi:10.2307/3495515
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, A. (1979). A review of the biology of the fall armyworm. The Florida Entomologist, 62, 82–87. doi:10.2307/3494083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks, A. (1986). Fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Potential for area-wide management. The Florida Entomologist, 69, 603–614. doi:10.2307/3495397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stokstad, E. (2017). New crop pest takes Africa at lightning speed. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrived from https://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6337/473.summary
   Google Scholar
• Thrash, B., Adamczyk, J., Jr, Lorenz, G., Scott, A., Armstrong, J., Pfannenstiel, R., & Taillon, N. (2013). Laboratory evaluations of lepidopteran-active soybean seed treatments on survivorship of fall armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Florida Entomologist, 96(3), 724–728. doi:10.1653/024.096.0304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Togola, A., Meseka, S., Menkir, A., Badu-Apraku, B., Boukar, O., Tamò, M., & Djouaka, R. (2018). Measurement of pesticide residues from chemical control of the invasive Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in a maize experimental field in Mokwa, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 849. doi:10.3390/ijerph15061188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufa, B., & Ketema, H. (2016). Effects of different termite management practices on maize production in Assosa district, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Western Ethiopia. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 6(26), 27–33.
   Google Scholar
• van Huis, A. (1981). Integrated pest management in the small farmer’s maize crop in Nicaragua. van Huis. Retrived from https://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/74659
   Google Scholar
• Vänninen, I. (1996). Distribution and occurrence of four entomopathogenic fungi in Finland: Effect of geographical location, habitat type and soil type. Mycological Research, 100(1), 93–101. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(96)80106-7
   Google Scholar
• Vercher, R., Costa-Comelles, J., Marzal, C., & García-Marí, F. (2005). Recruitment of native parasitoid species by the invading leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on citrus in Spain. Environmental Entomology, 34(5), 1129–1138. doi:10.1603/0046-225X(2005)034[1129:RONPSB]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viana, P. A., & Prates, H. T. (2003). Desenvolvimento e mortalidade larval de Spodoptera frugiperda em folhas de milho tratadas com extrato aquoso de folhas de Azadirachta indica. Bragantia, 62(1), 69–74. doi:10.1590/S0006-87052003000100009
   Google Scholar
• Vickery, R. A. (1929). Studies on the fall army worm in the gulf coast district of Texas. US Government Printing Office. Retrived from https://tind-customer-agecon.s3.amazonaws.com/d507190e-ff3f-4793-a22e-2d33b868992a?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%27tb138.pdf&response-content type=application%2Fpdf&AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAXL7W7Q3XHXDVDQYS&Expires=1563436881&Signature=jdmQeq6XnWIxNZI%2FP7UihC0oTdk%3D
   Google Scholar
• Westbrook, J., Nagoshi, R., Meagher, R., Fleischer, S., & Jairam, S. (2016). Modeling seasonal migration of fall armyworm moths. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60(2), 255–267. doi:10.1007/s00484-015-1022-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar