1,609
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Prevalence and controlling mechanisms of mycotoxin

ORCID Icon, , & | (Reviewing editor:)
Article: 1658978 | Received 30 Jul 2019, Accepted 17 Aug 2019, Published online: 06 Sep 2019

References

  • Abdel-hadi, A. M., Caley, D. P., Carter, D. R. F., Magan, N., Group, A. M., Health, C., & Building, V. (2011). Control of aflatoxin production of aspergillus flavus and aspergillus parasiticus using RNA silencing technology by targeting aflD (nor-1) gene. Toxins, 3(1), 647–14. doi:10.3390/toxins3060647
  • Abebe, S. M., Andargie, G., Shimeka, A., Alemu, K., Kebede, Y., Wubeshet, M., … Birku, M. (2017). The prevalence of non-communicable diseases in northwest Ethiopia: Survey of dabat health and demographic surveillance system. BMJ Open, 7(10), 1–9. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015496
  • Abrar, M., Anjum, F. M., Butt, M. S., Randhawa, M. A., Saeed, F., & Waqas, K. (2013). Aflatoxins : Biosynthesis, occurrence, toxicity, and remedies aflatoxins : Biosynthesis, OCCURRENCE, TOXICITY, AND REMEDIES. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 53, 862–874. doi:10.1080/10408398.2011.563154
  • Agriopoulou, S., Koliadima, A., Karaiskakis, G., & Kapolos, J. (2016). Kinetic study of aflatoxins’ degradation in the presence of ozone. Food Control, 61(September), 221–226. doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.013
  • Alberts, J. F., Van Zyl, W. H., & Gelderblom, W. C. A. (2016). Biologically based methods for control of fumonisin-producing fusarium species and reduction of the fumonisins. Frontiers in Microbilogy, 7(April), 1–33. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00548
  • Allen, L. N. (2017). Financing national non-communicable disease responses Financing national non-communicable disease responses. Global Health Action, 10(1), 1–6. doi:10.1080/16549716.2017.1326687
  • Amri, E., & Lenoi, S. (2016). Aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of sun-dried sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L .) Chips in Kahama. Journal of Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 4(3), 55–62. doi:10.12691/jaem-4-3-2
  • Andrade, P. D., Da Silva, J. L. G., & Caldas, E. D. (2013). Simultaneous analysis of aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, G2, M1 and ochratoxin A in breast milk by high-performance liquid chromatography/fluorescence after liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature purification (LLE-LTP). Journal of Chromatography A, 1304, 61–68. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.049
  • Ansari, F., Khodaiyan, F., Rezaei, K., & Rahmani, A. (2015). Enviromental health modelling of aflatoxin G1 reduction by kefir grain using response surface methodology. Journal of Enviromental Healh Science and Enginerning, 13(40), 1–7. doi:10.1186/s40201-015-0190-2
  • Audenaert, K., Callewaert, E., Höfte, M., Saeger, S. D., & Haesaert, G. (2010). Hydrogen peroxide induced by the fungicide prothioconazole triggers deoxynivalenol (DON) production by Fusarium graminearum. BMC Micro, 10(112), 1–14.
  • Bedre, R., Rajasekaran, K., & Mangu, V. R. (2015). Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of cotton (gossypium hirsutum L .) identifies candidate gene signatures in response to aflatoxin producing fungus aspergillus flavus. PLoS One, 10(9), 1–23. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138025
  • Berthiller, F., Sulyok, M., Krska, R., & Schuhmacher, R. (2007). Chromatographic methods for the simultaneous determination of mycotoxins and their conjugates in cereals. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 119(1–2), 33–37. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.022
  • Bhat, R., Rai, R. V., & Karim, A. A. (2010). Mycotoxins in food and feed : Present status and future concerns. Comprehensive Reviewa in Food Science and Food Safety, 9(1), 57–81.
  • Bryden, W. L. (2007). Mycotoxins in the food chain : Human health implications. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 16(1), 95–101.
  • Brzonkalik, K., Hümmer, D., Syldatk, C., & Neumann, A. (2012). Influence of pH and carbon to nitrogen ratio on mycotoxin production by Alternaria alternata in submerged cultivation. AMB Express, 2(28), 1–8. doi:10.1186/2191-0855-2-28
  • Chen, C., Mitchell, N. J., Gratz, J., Houpt, E. R., Gong, Y., Egner, P. A., … Wu, F. (2018). Exposure to aflatoxin and fumonisin in children at risk for growth impairment in rural Tanzania. Environment International, 115(1), 29–37. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.001
  • Chen, R.-S., Tsay, J.-G., Huang, Y.-F., & Chiou, R. Y. Y. (2002). Polymerase chain reaction – mediated characterization of molds belonging to the aspergillus avus group and detection of aspergillus parasiticus in peanut kernels by a multiplex. Journal of Food Protection, 65(5), 840–844.
  • Chowdhury, A., Hossain, N., & Ahmed, M. M. (2015). Characterization of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus flavus from food and feed samples. Springer Plus, 4(159), 1–6. doi:10.1186/s40064-015-0947-1
  • Darwish, W. S., Ikenaka, Y., Nakayama, S. M. M., & Ishizuka, M. (2014). An overview on mycotoxin contamination of foods in Africa. Toxicology, 1(1), 9. doi:10.1292/jvms.13-0563
  • Deepak, M. B., Jhanvi, S. P., & Anuappaiah, K. A. (2015). Original research article aflatoxin binding and detoxification by non-saccharomyces yeast vista for decontamination. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 4(5), 310–317.
  • Diba, K., Rezaie, S., & Mahmoudi, M. (2007). Identification of aspergillus species using morphological characteristics. Pakistan Journal off Medical Science, 23(6), 867–872.
  • EFSA. (2013). Deoxynivalenol in food and feed: Occurrence and exposure. European Food Safety Authority, 11(10), 1–56. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3379
  • Egmond, H. P., Schothorst, R. C., & Jonker, M. A. (2007). Regulations relating to mycotoxins in food perspectives in a global and European context. Analytica Bioanal Chemistry, 389(1), 147–157. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1317-9
  • Egmond Van, H. P., & Jonker, M. A. (2003). Worldwide regulations for mycotoxins in food and feed in 2003. FAO Food and Nutrition, 81, 1–7.
  • El-desouky, T. A., & Ammar, H. A. M. (2016). Honey mediated silver nanoparticles and their inhibitory effect on aflatoxins and ochratoxin A. Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 6(06), 83–90. doi:10.7324/JAPS.2016.60615
  • Fountain, J. C., Khera, P., Yang, L., Nayak, S. N., Scully, B. T., Lee, R. D., … Guo, B. (2015). ScienceDirect Resistance to Aspergillus fl avus in maize and peanut : Molecular biology, breeding, environmental stress, and future perspectives. The Crop Journal, 3, 229–237. doi:10.1016/j.cj.2015.02.003
  • Frenich, A. G., Vidal, J. L. M., Romero-González, R., & Del Aguilera-Luiz, M. M. (2009). Simple and high-throughput method for the multimycotoxin analysis in cereals and related foods by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 117(4), 705–712. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.045
  • Gacem, M. A., & Hadj-khelil, E. A. O. (2016). Asian Paci fi c journal of tropical biomedicine. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(9), 808–814. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.07.012
  • Garrido, N. S., Iha, M. H., Ortolani, M. R. S., & Favaro, R. M. D. (2003). Occurrence of aflatoxins M 1 and M 2 in milk commercialized in Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil Occurrence of aflatoxins M 1 and M 2 in milk ˜ o Preto-SP, Brazil commercialized in Ribeira. Food Additives and Contaminants - Part A, 20(1), 70–73. doi:10.1080/0265203021000035371
  • Gemeda, N., Woldeamanuel, Y., Asrat, D., & Debella, A. (2014). Effect of essential oils on Aspergillus spore germination, growth and mycotoxin production: A potential source of botanical food preservative. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(Suppl 1), S373–S381. doi:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C857
  • Generotti, S., Cirlini, M., Šarkanj, B., Sulyok, M., Berthiller, F., Dall, C., & Suman, M. (2017). Formulation and processing factors affecting trichothecene mycotoxins within industrial biscuit-making. Fod Chemistry, 229, 597–603. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.02.115
  • Gilbert, M. K., Mack, B. M., Wei, Q., Bland, J. M., Bhatnagar, D., & Cary, J. W. (2016). RNA sequencing of an nsdC mutant reveals global regulation of secondary metabolic gene clusters in Aspergillus flavus. Microbilogical Research, 182, 150–161.
  • Gray, M. R., Thrasher, J. D., Crago, R., Madison, R. A., Campbell, A. W., Vojdani, A., … Madison, R. A. (2003). Archives of environmental health : an international mixed mold mycotoxicosis : Immunological changes in humans following exposure in water- damaged buildings mixed mold mycotoxicosis : immunological changes in humans following exposure in water-damaged Bu. Archives of Environmental Health: an International Journal, 58(7), 1–11. doi:10.1080/00039896.2003.11879142
  • Guchi, E. (2015). Implication of aflatoxin contamination in agricultural products. American Journal of Food and Nutrition, 3(1), 12–20. doi:10.12691/ajfn-3-1-3
  • Hassane, A. M. A., El-Shanawany, A. A., Abo-Dahab, N. F., Abdel-Hadi, A. M., Abdul-Raouf, U. M., & Mwanza, M. (2017). Influence of different moisture contents and temperature on growth and production of aflatoxin B 1 by a toxigenic aspergillus flavus isolate in wheat flour. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 83(3), 77–83.
  • Hawkins, L. K., & Windham, G. L. (2005). Effect of different postharvest drying temperatures on aspergillus flavus survival and aflatoxin content in five maize hybrids. Journal of Food Protection, 68(7), 1521–1524.
  • Huang, L., Duan, C., Zhao, Y., Gao, L., Niu, C., Xu, J., & Li, S. (2017). Reduction of aflatoxin B 1 toxicity by lactobacillus plantarum C88 : A potential probiotic strain isolated from Chinese traditional fermented food “Tofu.”. PloS One, 12(1), 1–16. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170109
  • Huang, W., Chang, J., Wang, P., Liu, C., Yin, Q., & Zhu, Q. (2018). Effect of the combined compound probiotics with mycotoxin – Degradation enzyme on detoxifying a fl atoxin B 1 and zearalenone. The Journal of Toxicological Sciences, 43(6), 377–385.
  • Hussein, H. Z. (2015). Plant pathology & microbiology activity of pomegranate peels and clove powders in detoxification of aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A from contaminated poultry diet. Plant Pathology and Microbiology, 6(1), 6–9. doi:10.4172/2157-7471.1000249
  • Idris, Y. M. A., Hassan, S. A., & Mariod, A. A. (2013). Physicochemical characteristics and aflatoxin levels in two types of sudanese sesame oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 90(7), 989–998. doi:10.1007/s11746-013-2241-0
  • Idris, Y. M. A., Mariod, A. A., Elnour, I. A., & Mohamed, A. A. (2010). Determination of aflatoxin levels in Sudanese edible oils. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 48(8–9), 2539–2541. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2010.05.021
  • Iram, W., Anjum, T., Iqbal, M., Ghaffar, A., Abbas, M., & Brown, R. L. (2016). Structural analysis and biological toxicity of aflatoxins B1 and B2 degradation products following detoxification by ocimum basilicum and cassia fistula aqueous extracts. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7(1), 1–18. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01105
  • Jouni, F. J., Zafari, J., Abdolmaleki, P., Vazini, H., Ghandi, L., & Satari, M. (2018). Aflatoxin - M 1 detoxification from infected milk using - Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles attached to specific aptamer. Journal of Nanostructure in Chemistry, 8(1), 13–22. doi:10.1007/s40097-017-0250-5
  • Karlovsky, P., Suman, M., Berthiller, F., Meester, J. D. E., Perrin, G. I., & Speijers, G. (2016). Impact of food processing and detoxification treatments on mycotoxin contamination. Mycotoxin Research, 32(1), 179–205. doi:10.1007/s12550-016-0257-7
  • Knipstein, B. H., Barr, J., Sossenheimer, E., Philip Dietzen, D., Egner, P. A., Groopman, J. D., & David, R. A. (2015). HHS Public Access. European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 78(2), 120–127. doi:10.1038/pr.2015.84.
  • Knutsen, H. K., Alexander, J., Barregård, L., Bignami, M., Brüschweiler, B., Ceccatelli, S., … Petersen, A. (2018). Effect on public health of a possible increase of the maximum level for ‘aflatoxin total’ from 4 to 10 μg/kg in peanuts and processed products thereof, intended for direct human consumption or use as an ingredient in foodstuffs. EFSA Journal, 16(2), 1–32. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5175
  • Kollia, E., Kanapitsas, A., & Markaki, P. (2014). Food additives & contaminants : Part B occurrence of aflatoxin B 1 and ochratoxin A in dried vine fruits from Greek market. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 7(1), 11–16. doi:10.1080/19393210.2013.825647
  • Kollia, E., Tsourouflis, K., & Markaki, P. (2016). Aflatoxin B 1 in sesame seeds and sesame products from the Greek market. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 9(3), 217–222. doi:10.1080/19393210.2016.1179349
  • Krska, R., De Nijs, M., McNerney, O., Pichler, M., Gilbert, J., Edwards, S., & van Egmod, H. P. (2016). Safe food and feed through an integrated toolbox for mycotoxin management : The mytoolbox approach. World Mycotoxin Journal, 9(4), 487–495. doi: 10.3920/WMJ2016.2136
  • Krska, R., Schubert-ullrich, P., Molinelli, A., Macdonald, S., Crews, C., Krska, R., … Crews, C. (2008). Mycotoxin analysis : An update. Food Additives and Contaminants, 25(December), 152–163. doi:10.1080/02652030701765723
  • Kumar, P., Mahato, D. K., Kamle, M., Mohanta, T. K., & Kang, S. G. (2017). Aflatoxins: A global concern for food safety, human health and their management. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7(JAN), 1–10. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.02170
  • Kushiro, M. (2008). Effects of milling and cooking processes on the deoxynivalenol content in wheat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9, 2127–2145. doi:10.3390/ijms9112127
  • Lahouar, A., Marin, S., Crespo-sempere, A., Saïd, S., & Sanchis, V. (2016). Effects of temperature, water activity and incubation time on fungal growth and aflatoxin B1 production by toxinogenic Aspergillus flavus isolates on sorghum seeds. Revista Argentina de Microbiología, 48(1), 78–85. doi:10.1016/j.ram.2015.10.001
  • Lai, X., Zhang, H., Liu, R., & Liu, C. (2015). Potential for aflatoxin B 1 and B 2 production by Aspergillus flavus strains isolated from rice samples. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 22(2), 176–180. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2014.09.013
  • Lappa, I. K., Kizis, D., & Panagou, E. (2017). Monitoring the temporal expression of genes involved in ochratoxin a production of aspergillus carbonarius under the influence of temperature and water activity. Toxins, 9(296), 1–15. doi:10.3390/toxins9100296
  • Lee, K. R., Yang, S. M., Cho, S. M., Kim, M., Hong, S.-Y., & Chung, S. H. (2017). Aflatoxin B 1 detoxification by aspergillus oryzae from Meju, a traditional Korean fermented soybean starter. Journal of Microbial Biotechnology, 27(1), 57–66.
  • Leggieri, M. C., Decontardi, S., Bertuzzi, T., Pietri, A., & Battilani, P. (2017). modeling growth and toxin production of toxigenic fungi signaled in cheese under different temperature and water activity regimes. Toxins, 9(4), 1–17. doi:10.3390/toxins9010004
  • Li, F., Jiang, D., Zhou, J., Chen, J., Li, W., & Zheng, F. (2016). Mycotoxins in wheat flour and intake assessment in Shandong province of China. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance, 9(3), 170–175. doi:10.1080/19393210.2016.1154109
  • Li, T., Yan, A., Bhatia, N., Altinok, A., Eldad, A., Durand-smet, P., … Meyerowitz, E. M. (2019). Calcium signals are necessary to establish auxin transporter polarity in a plant stem cell niche. Nature Communications, 10(726), 1–9. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08575-6
  • Liu, B., Wu, T., Yu, F., & Su, C. (2007). Induction of oxidative stress response by the mycotoxin patulin in mammalian cells. Toxicological Science, 95(2), 340–347. doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfl156
  • Liu, Z., Zhang, G., Zhang, Y., Jin, Q., Zhao, J., Li, J., … Jin, Q. (2016). Factors controlling mycotoxin contamination in maize and food in the Hebei province, China To cite this version : HAL Id : Hal-01532531 Factors controlling mycotoxin contamination in maize and food in the Hebei province, China. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 36(2), 36–39. doi:10.1007/s13593-016-0374-x
  • Mallakian, S., Rezanezhad, R., Jalali, M., & Goobadi, F. (2017). The effect of ozone gas on destruction and detoxification of aflatoxin. Bulletin de La Société Royale Des Sciences de Liège, 86(1), 1–6.
  • Mannaa, M., & Kim, K. D. (2017). Influence of temperature and water activity on deleterious fungi and mycotoxin production during grain storage. Mycobiology, 45(4), 240–254. doi:10.5941/MYCO.2017.45.4.240
  • Marchese, S., Polo, A., Ariano, A., Velotto, S., Costantini, S., & Severino, L. (2018). Aflatoxin B1 and M1: Biological properties and their involvement in cancer development. Toxins, 10(6), 1–19. doi:10.3390/toxins10060214
  • Mariod, A. A., & Idris, Y. M. A. (2015). Aflatoxin B1 levels in groundnut and sunflower oils in different Sudanese states. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance, 8(4), 266–270. doi:10.1080/19393210.2015.1082511
  • Marrez, D. A., Shahy, E. M., El-sayed, H. S., & Sultan, Y. Y. (2018). Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in milk using lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Biological Science, 18(3), 144–151. doi:10.3923/jbs.2018.144.151
  • Mi, T. (2014). Determination of aflatoxins in sesame, rice, millet and acha from Nigeria using HPLC. Chemical Science Transactions, 3(4), 1516–1524. doi:10.7598/cst2014.749
  • Mitchell, N. J., Hsu, H. H., Chandyo, R. K., Shrestha, B., Bodhidatta, L., Tu, Y. K., … Wu, F. (2017). Aflatoxin exposure during the first 36 months of life was not associated with impaired growth in Nepalese children: An extension of the MAL-ED study. PLoS ONE, 12(2), 1–12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172124
  • Moreno-pedraza, A., Valdés-santiago, L. C. D., Hernández-valadez, L. J., Higuera, A. R., Winkler, R., & Guzmán-de Peña, C., . D. (2015). Reduction of aflatoxin B 1 during tortilla production and identification of degradation by-products by direct-injection electrospray mass spectrometry. Salud Pública de México, 57(1), 50–57.
  • Mupunga, I., Mngqawa, P., & Katerere, D. R. (2017). Peanuts, aflatoxins and undernutrition in children in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nutrients, 9(12), 1–12. doi:10.3390/nu9121287
  • Nayak, S. N., Agarwal, G., Pandey, M. K., Sudini, H. K., & Jayale, A. S. (2017). Aspergillus flavus infection triggered immune responses and host-pathogen cross-talks in groundnut during in-vitro seed colonization. Scientific Reports, 7(February), 1–14. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-09260-8
  • Perczak, A., Goliński, P., Bryła, M., & Waśkiewicz, A. (2018). The efficiency of lactic acid bacteria against pathogenic fungi and mycotoxins. LAB Efficiency against Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, 69(1), 32–45. doi:10.2478/aiht-2018-69-3051
  • Pitt, J. I. (2000). Toxigenic fungi : Which are important? Medical Mycology, 38(1), 17–22.
  • Podolska, G., Bryła, M., Sulek, A., Waskiewicz, A., Szymczyk, K., & Jedrzejczak, R. (2017). Influence of the cultivar and nitrogen fertilisation level on the mycotoxin contamination in winter wheat. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops and Foods, 9(4), 451–461. doi:10.3920/QAS2016.1064
  • Qiu, J., Han, H., Sun, B., Chen, L., Yu, C., & Peng, R. (2016). Residue mutations of xylanase in Aspergillus kawachii alter its optimum pH. Microbiological Research, 182, 1–7.
  • Rea, W. J., Didriksen, N., Simon, T. R., Pan, Y., Ervin, J., Griffiths, B., … Simon, T. R. (2003). Archives of environmental health : An international effects of toxic exposure to molds and mycotoxins in building-related illnesses effects of toxic exposure to molds and mycotoxins in building-related illnesses. Archives of Environmental Health: an International Journal, 58(7), 1–7. doi:10.1080/00039896.2003.11879140
  • Rentel, M. C., & Knight, M. R. (2004). Oxidative Stress-Induced Calcium Signaling. Plant Physiology, 135(July), 1471–1479. doi:10.1104/pp.104.042663.1
  • Sandoval-contreras, T., Villarruel-lópez, A., & Sierra-beltrán, A. P. (2017). Effect of pH and temperature in production of mycotoxins and antibiotics by phytopathogenic moulds for Persian lime (Citrus latifolia T .) in a complex lime pericarp-base medium. Journal of Food and Agriculture, 29(10), 751–759. doi:10.9755/ejfa.2017.v29.i10.1293
  • Šarkanj, B., Ezekiel, C. N., Turner, P. C., Abia, W. A., Rychlik, M., Krska, R., … Warth, B. (2018). Ultra-sensitive, stable isotope assisted quantification of multiple urinary mycotoxin exposure biomarkers. Analytica Chimica Acta, 1019, 84–92. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.036
  • Scarpino, V., Reyneri, A., Sulyok, M., Krska, R., & Blandino, M. (2014). Effect of fungicide application to control Fusarium head blight and 20 Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. World Mycotoxin Journal, 8(4), 1–12. doi:10.3920/wmj2014.1814
  • Sifuentes, J., Montagner, T., Yurie, E., Ono, S., Hiromi, E., Carlos, M., … Yoko, E. (2013). Natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol in wheat from Paraná State, Brazil and estimated daily intake by wheat products. Food Chemistry, 138(1), 90–95. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.09.100
  • Smith, L. E., Prendergast, A. J., Turner, P. C., Mbuya, M. N. N., Mutasa, K., Kembo, G., & Stoltzfus, R. J. (2015). The potential role of mycotoxins as a contributor to stunting in the SHINE Trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 61(August), S733–S737. doi:10.1093/cid/civ849
  • Solerizzo, M., Gambacort, L., Biba, R., Ciriaci, M., Paoloni, A., & Pecorelli, I. (2018). Multimycotoxin analysis by LC-MS/MS in cereal food and feed: Comparison of different approaches for extraction, purification, and calibration. Journal of AOAC International, 101(3), 647–657.
  • Somorin, Y., Akinyemi, A., Bertuzzi, T., & Pietri, A. (2016). Co-occurrence of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A and citrinin in “ egusi ” melon (Colocynthis citrullus L .) seeds consumed in Ireland and the United Kingdom. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part B, 9(3), 230–235. doi:10.1080/19393210.2016.1183051
  • Sulyok, M., Krska, R., & Schuhmacher, R. (2007). A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric multi-mycotoxin method for the quantification of 87 analytes and its application to semi-quantitative screening of moldy food samples. Analytical BioAnalytical Chemistry, 389, 1505–1523. doi:10.1007/s00216-007-1542-2
  • Taheur, B. F., Fedhila, K., Chaieb, K., Kouidhi, B., Bakhrouf, A., & Abrunhosa, L. (2017). International journal of food microbiology adsorption of a fl atoxin B1, zearalenone and ochratoxin A by microorganisms isolated from Ke fi r grains. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 251(1), 1–7. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.03.021
  • Tariku, A., Biks, G. A., Derso, T., Wassie, M. M., & Abebe, S. M. (2017). Stunting and its determinant factors among children aged 6 – 59 months in Ethiopia. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 43(112), 1–9. doi:10.1186/s13052-017-0433-1
  • Taye, W., Ayalew, A., Chala, A., & Dejene, M. (2016). Aflatoxin B1and total fumonisin contamination and their producing fungi in fresh and stored sorghum grain in East Hararghe, Ethiopia. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance, 9(4), 237–245. doi:10.1080/19393210.2016.1184190
  • Taye, W., Ayalew, A., Dejene, M., & Chala, A. (2018). Fungal invasion and mycotoxin contamination of stored sorghum grain as influenced by threshing methods. International Journal of Pest Management, 0874(May), 11. doi:10.1080/09670874.2017.1327681
  • Thathana, M. G., Murage, H., Luther, A., & Abia, K. (2017). Morphological characterization and determination of aflatoxin-production potentials of aspergillus flavus isolated from maize and soil in Kenya. Agriculture, 7(80), 1–14. doi:10.3390/agriculture7100080
  • Tola, M., & Kebede, B. (2016). Occurrence, importance and control of mycotoxins : A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture, 21(1), 1–12. doi:10.1080/23311932.2016.1191103
  • Torlak, E., Sert, D., & Serin, P. (2013). Fate of Salmonella during sesame seeds roasting and storage of tahini. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 163(2–3), 214–217. doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.03.010
  • Verheecke, C., Liboz, T., Anson, P., Diaz, R., & Mathieu, F. (2015). Reduction of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus in interaction with Streptomyces. Journal of Microbilogy, 161, 967–972. doi:10.1099/mic.0.000070
  • Vijayanandraji, S., Brinda, R., Kannan, K., Adhithya, R., Vinothini, S., Senthil, K., … Velazhahan, R. (2014). Detoxification of aflatoxin B1 by an aqueous extract from leaves of Adhatoda vasica Nees ଝ. Microbiological Research, 169(4), 294–300. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2013.07.008
  • Visagie, C. M., Hirooka, Y., Tanney, J. B., Mwange, K., Meijer, M., Amend, A. S., & Samson, R. A. (2014a). Aspergillus, 78(1), 63–139. doi: 10.1016/j.simyco.2014.07.002
  • Visagie, C. M., Houbraken, J., Frisvad, J. C., Hong, S. B., Klaassen, C. H. W., Perrone, G., … Samson, R. A. (2014b). Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium. Studies in Mycology, 78(1), 343–371. doi:10.1016/j.simyco.2014.09.001
  • Wang, L., Shao, H., Luo, X., Wang, R., Li, Y., Li, Y., & Luo, Y. (2016). Effect of ozone treatment on deoxynivalenol and wheat quality. PloS One, 11(1), 1–13. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0147613
  • Wirth, J. P., Rohner, F., Petry, N., Onyango, A. W., Matji, J., Bailes, A., … Woodruff, B. A. (2017). Original Article Assessment of the WHO Stunting Framework using Ethiopia as a case study. Maternal and Child Nutrition, 13(e12310), 1–16. doi:10.1111/mcn.12310
  • Yang, L., Liu, Y., Miao, H., Dong, B., Yang, N., Yang, L., & Sun, J. (2011). Food additives and contaminants : Part B determination of aflatoxins in edible oil from markets in Hebei Province of China by liquid chromatography – Tandem mass spectrometry. Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B Surveillance, 4(4), 244–247. doi:10.1080/19393210.2011.632694
  • Yoshinari, T., Akiyama, T., Nakamura, K., Kondo, T., Takahashi, Y., Muraoka, Y., … Sakuda, S. (2007). Dioctatin A is a strong inhibitor of aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus. Microbiology, 153(2007), 2774–2780. doi:10.1099/mic.0.2006/005629-0
  • Yu, J., Bhatnagar, D., & Cleveland, T. E. (2004). Completed sequence of aflatoxin pathway gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus. FEBS Letters, 564(1–2), 126–130. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(04)00327-8
  • Zain, M. E. (2011). Impact of mycotoxins on humans and animals. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 15(2), 129–144. doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2010.06.006
  • Zhang, B., Chen, X., Han, S.-Y., Li, M., Ma, T.-Z., Sheng, W.-J., & Zhu, X. (2018). Simultaneous analysis of 20 mycotoxins in grapes and wines from Hexi Corridor Region (China): Based on a QuEChERS – UHPLC – MS/MS Method. Molecules, 23(1), 17. doi:10.3390/molecules23081926
  • Zhou, G., Chen, Y., Kong, Q., Ma, Y., & Liu, Y. (2017). Detoxification of aflatoxin B 1 by zygosaccharomyces rouxii with solid state fermentation in peanut meal. Toxins, 9(42), 1–9. doi:10.3390/toxins9010042