A review of the chemical composition, nutritional and health benefits of dates for their potential use in energy nutrition bars for athletes

References

• Agoudjil, B., Benchabane, A., Boudenne, A., Ibos, L., & Fois, M. (2011). Renewable materials to reduce building heat loss: Characterization of date palm wood. Energy and Buildings, 43(2–3), 491–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.10.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed, J., Al-Jasass, F. M., & Siddiq, M. (2014). Date fruit composition and nutrition. Dates: Postharvest Science, Processing Technology and Health Benefits. Wiley Blackwell, Chichester, 261–283. https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Dates%3A+Postharvest+Science%2C+Processing+Technology+and+Health+Benefits-p-9781118292372
   Google Scholar
• Al-Alawi, R. A., Al-Mashiqri, J. H., Al-Nadabi, J. S., Al-Shihi, B. I., & Baqi, Y. (2017). Date palm tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Natural products and therapeutic options. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 845. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Farsi, M., Alasalvar, C., Morris, A., Baron, M., & Shahidi, F. (2005). Compositional and sensory characteristics of three native sun-dried date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties grown in Oman. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(19), 7586–7591. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf050578y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Farsi, M. A., & Lee, C. Y. (2008). *Nutritional and functional properties of dates: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 48(10), 877–887. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408390701724264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aljaloud, S. O., Colleran, H. L. & Ibrahim, S. A. (2020).Nutritional Value of Date Fruits and Potential Use in Nutritional Bars for Athletes. Food and Nutrition Science, 11(6), 463–480. doi:Doi: 10.4236/fns.2020.116034
   Google Scholar
• Alla, G. U., & Jithendran, L. (2018). Development and analysis of nutri bar enriched with zinc for sports athletes. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(4), 5558–5570. http://www.ijarset.com/upload/2018/april/10-IJARSET-GAYTHRI-latest.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Allaith, A. A. A. (2008). Antioxidant activity of Bahraini date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit of various cultivars. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 43(6), 1033–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01558.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amanat, A., Waly, M., Mohamed Essa, M., & Devarajan, S. (2012). Nutritional and medicinal value of date fruit. Dates: Production, Processing, Food, and Medicinal Values, 361–376.
   Google Scholar
• Ardekani, M. R. S., Khanavi, M., Hajimahmoodi, M., Jahangiri, M., & Hadjiakhoondi, A. (2010). Comparison of antioxidant activity and total phenol contents of some date seed varieties from Iran. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR, 9(2), 141. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3862061/
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arshad, M. S., Batool, S. M., Khan, M. K., Imran, M., Ahmad, M. H., Anjum, F. M., & Hussain, S. (2019). Bio-evaluation of functional date bars using rats as model organism against hypercholesterolemia. Lipids in Health and Disease, 18(1), 148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12944-019-1087-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assirey, E. A. R. (2015). Nutritional composition of fruit of 10 date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 9(1), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2014.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayad, A. A. (2016). Survival and viability of freeze/spray-dried lactobacillus ssp. grown in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) base medium. North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University.
   Google Scholar
• Ayad, A. A., El-Rab, D. G., Shahbazi, A., Worku, M., Schimmel, K., Ejimakor, G., Zimmerman, T., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2016). Using date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by-products to cultivate Lactobacillus reuteri spp. Journal of Food Research, 5(5), 77–81. https://doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v5n5p77
   Google Scholar
• Ayad, A. A., Gad El-Rab, D., Ibrahim, S. A., & Williams, L. L. (2020). Nitrogen sources effect on lactobacillus reuteri growth and performance cultivated in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.). By-Products. Fermentation, 6(64), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation6030064
   Google Scholar
• Baliga, M. S., Baliga, B. R. V., Kandathil, S. M., Bhat, H. P., & Vayalil, P. K. (2011). A review of the chemistry and pharmacology of the date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Food Research International, 44(7), 1812–1822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biglari, F., AlKarkhi, A. F., & Easa, A. M. (2008). Antioxidant activity and phenolic content of various date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) fruits from Iran. Food Chemistry, 107(4), 1636–1641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.033
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borchani, C., Besbes, S., Blecker, C., Masmoudi, M., Baati, R., & Attia, H. (2010). Chemical properties of 11 date cultivars and their corresponding fiber extracts. African Journal of Biotechnology, 9(26), 4096–4105. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/view/82578
   Google Scholar
• Burke, L. M., Hawley, J. A., Wong, S. H., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2011). Carbohydrates for training and competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 29(sup1), S17–S27. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2011.585473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djaoud, K., Arkoub-Djermoune, L., Remini, H., Sait, S., Tazarourte, M., Hadjal, S., … Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L. (2019). Syrup from common date variety (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Optimization of sugars extraction and their quantification by high performance liquid chromatography.
   Google Scholar
• El Arem, A., Saafi, E. B., Slama, R. B., Zayen, N., Hammami, M., & Achour, L. (2013). Phytochemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of common date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit during three maturation stages. Tunis J Med Plants Nat Prod, 10(2), 33–48. http://www.tjmpnp.com
   Google Scholar
• Elleuch, M., Bedigian, D., Roiseux, O., Besbes, S., Blecker, C., & Attia, H. (2011). Dietary fibre and fibre-rich by-products of food processing: Characterisation, technological functionality and commercial applications: A review. Food Chemistry, 124(2), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.077
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elleuch, M., Besbes, S., Roiseux, O., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C., Drira, N.-E., & Attia, H. (2008). Date flesh: Chemical composition and characteristics of the dietary fibre. Food Chemistry, 111(3), 676–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.04.036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadel, M. A. (2008). Sugar content estimation of date (Phoenix dactylifern L.) fruits in Tamr stage. Agricultural Engineering International: CIGR Journal, 10, 1-9. https://cigrjournal.org/index.php/Ejounral/issue/archive?issuesPage=2#issues
   Google Scholar
• Ghazal, G. A., Akasha, A. E.-K. E., & Abobaker, A. A. (2016). Development of novel confectionary bars by utilizing date “Tagyat Variety”. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 7(7), 533. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2016.77055
   Google Scholar
• Ghnimi, S., Umer, S., Karim, A., & Kamal-Eldin, A. (2017). Date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.): An underutilized food seeking industrial valorization. NFS journal, 6, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2016.12.001
   Google Scholar
• Guido, F., Behija, S. E., Manel, I., Nesrine, Z., Ali, F., Mohamed, H., … Lotfi, A. (2011). Chemical and aroma volatile compositions of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits at three maturation stages. Food Chemistry, 127(4), 1744–1754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.02.051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habib, H. M., Platat, C., Meudec, E., Cheynier, V., & Ibrahim, W. H. (2014). Polyphenolic compounds in date fruit seed (Phoenix dactylifera): Characterisation and quantification by using UPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 94(6), 1084–1089. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.6387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamad, I., AbdElgawad, H., Al Jaouni, S., Zinta, G., Asard, H., Hassan, S., Hegab, M., Hagagy, N., & Selim, S. (2015). Metabolic analysis of various date palm fruit (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars from Saudi Arabia to assess their nutritional quality. Molecules, 20(8), 13620–13641. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200813620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, I., Cotrozzi, L., Haiba, N., Basahi, J., Ismail, I., Almeelbi, T., & Hammam, E. (2017). Trace elements in the fruits of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia. Agrochimica, 61(1), 75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoch, A. Z., Goossen, K., & Kretschmer, T. (2008). Nutritional requirements of the child and teenage athlete. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 19(2), 373–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2007.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotz, R. (2016). Color associations as advertising strategies: An analysis of consumer attitudes toward the healthfulness of energy bar packaging.
   Google Scholar
• Marzouk, H., & Kassem, H. (2011). Improving fruit quality, nutritional value and yield of Zaghloul dates by the application of organic and/or mineral fertilizers. Scientia Horticulturae, 127(3), 249–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2010.10.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masmoudi, M., Besbes, S., Blecker, C., & Attia, H. (2010). Preparation and characterization of jellies with reduced sugar content from date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and lemon (Citrus limon L.) by-products. Fruits, 65(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1051/fruits/2009038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, F., O’Connor, H., & Shirreffs, S. M. (2007). Nutrition for the young athlete. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(S1), S73–S82. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410701607338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mirghani, M. E. S. (2012). Processing of date palm kernel (DPK) for production of nutritious drink. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, 6(5), 575–582. http://irep.iium.edu.my/id/eprint/26020
   Google Scholar
• Mjalli, A., Issa, A. T., Ibrahim, S. A., Rusch, L. M., & Abuzuaiter, A. (2019). Date palm medium compositions and methods. Google Patents.
   Google Scholar
• Munir, M., Nadeem, M., Qureshi, T. M., Qayyum, A., Suhaib, M., Zeb, F., … Ashokkumar, M. (2018). Addition of oat enhanced the physico-chemical, nutritional and sensory qualities of date fruit based snack bars. Journal of Food and Nutrition Research, 6(4), 271–276. http://www.sciepub.com/journal/JFNR
   Google Scholar
• Nadeem, M., Haseeb, M., & Aziz Awan, J. (2012). Development and physico-chemical characterization of apricot-date bars. Journal of Agricultural Research, 50(3), 03681157. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/bc2d/94204cea5715b25de162192bea62e236bb40.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Norajit, K., Gu, B.-J., & Ryu, G.-H. (2011). Effects of the addition of hemp powder on the physicochemical properties and energy bar qualities of extruded rice. Food Chemistry, 129(4), 1919–1925. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parn, O. J., Bhat, R., Yeoh, T., & Al-Hassan, A. (2015). Development of novel fruit bars by utilizing date paste. Food Bioscience, 9, 20–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2014.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Punia, D. (2016). Nutritional composition of fruit of four date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars grown in Haryana, India. Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 35(4), 331–334. https://arccjournals.com/journal/asian-journal-of-dairy-and-food-research/DR-1115
   Google Scholar
• Rajabi, F. (2017). High protein bars based on whey proteins. Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås.
   Google Scholar
• Ryland, D., Vaisey-Genser, M., Arntfield, S. D., & Malcolmson, L. J. (2010). Development of a nutritious acceptable snack bar using micronized flaked lentils. Food Research International, 43(2), 642–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2009.07.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sablani, S. S., Shrestha, A. K., & Bhandari, B. R. (2008). A new method of producing date powder granules: Physicochemical characteristics of powder. Journal of Food Engineering, 87(3), 416–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.12.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shafiei, M., Karimi, K., & Taherzadeh, M. J. (2010). Palm date fibers: Analysis and enzymatic hydrolysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 11(11), 4285–4296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms11114285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaheen, B., Nadeem, M., Kauser, T., Mueen-ud-Din, G., & Mahmood, S. (2013). Preparation and nutritional evaluation of date based fiber enriched fruit bars. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 12(12), 1061–1065. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2013.1061.1065
   Google Scholar
• Shahidi, F., & Naczk, M. (2003). Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals. CRC press.
   Google Scholar
• Shivashankara, K., Isobe, S., Al-Haq, M. I., Takenaka, M., & Shiina, T. (2004). Fruit antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, total phenol, quercetin, and carotene of Irwin mango fruits stored at low temperature after high electric field pretreatment. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(5), 1281–1286. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf030243l
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, Z. X., Shi, L. E., & Aleid, S. M. (2013). Date fruit: Chemical composition, nutritional and medicinal values, products. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93(10), 2351–2361. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.6154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Agriculture, A. R. S. (2011). USDA national nutrient database for standard reference, release 28. Nutrient data laboratory home page.
   Google Scholar
• Vayalil, P. K. (2012). Date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera Linn): An emerging medicinal food. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 52(3), 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2010.499824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar