Impact of water-related collective action on rural household welfare in the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro North Catchment Area: The application of the endogenous switching regression

References

• Aarts, J. (2012). Will Community-Based Water Management Solve Africa’s Water Problems? The Performance of Water Resource User Associations in the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro River Basin, Kenya. [Master’s Thesis, University of Nijmegen]
   Google Scholar
• Adano, W. R., Dietz, T., Witsenburg, K., & Zaal, F. (2012). Climate change, violent conflict and local institutions in Kenya’s drylands. Journal of Peace Research, 49(1), 65–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343311427344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agrawal, A. (2002). Common resources and institutional sustainability. In E. Ostrom (Ed.), The drama of the commons (pp. 41–85). National Academy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Aura, S. (2016). Determinants of the adoption of integrated soil fertility management technologies in Mbale Division, Kenya. African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development, 16(1), 10697–10710. https://doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.73.15735
   Google Scholar
• Balasubramanya, S., Buisson, M.-C., Saikia, P., MacDonald, K., Aslamy, S., Horbulyk, T., Hannah, C., Yakubov, M., & Platonov, A. (2016). Impact of water user associations on water and land productivity, equity and food security in Tajikistan. Baseline report, prepared for the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) (pp. 1–127). International Water Management Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin, E., McCord, P., Dell’Angelo, J., & Evans, T. (2018). Collective action in a polycentric water governance system. Environmental Policy and Governance, 28(4), 212–222. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1810
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumüller, H. (2012). Facilitating agricultural technology adoption among the poor: The role of service delivery through mobile phones. ZEF Working Paper Series, No. 93. University of Bonn, Center for Development Research (ZEF).
   Google Scholar
• Bidzakin, J. K., Fialor, S. C., Awunyo-Vitor, D., & Yahaya, I. (2019). Impact of contract farming on rice farm performance: Endogenous switching regression. Cogent Economics & Finance, 7(1), 1618229. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2019.1618229
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chepyegon, C., & Kamiya, D. (2018). Challenges faced by the Kenya water sector management in improving water supply coverage. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 10(1), 85–105. https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2018.101006
   Google Scholar
• Cho, S., & Kim, T. (2017). Determinants of poverty status in Rwanda. African Development Review, 29(2), 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chun, N. (2014). The challenge of collective action for irrigation management in India. Asian Economic Papers, 13(2), 88–111. https://doi.org/10.1162/ASEP_a_00271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, D. M., & Katz, L. F. (1991). Macroeconomic performance and the disadvantaged. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2(2), 1–74. https://doi.org/10.2307/2534589
   Google Scholar
• David, C., & Gagné, J. (2006). Natural resources: A source of conflict? International Journal, 62(1), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.2307/40204241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaton, A., & Grosh, M. (2000). Consumption, in designing household survey questionnaires for developing countries: Lessons from 15 years of the living standards measurement study. The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Dehejia, H. R., & Wahba, S. (2002). Propensity score matching methods for non-experimental causal studies. Review of Economics and Statistics, 84(1), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465302317331982
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Falco, S., Veronesi, M., & Yesuf, M. (2011). Does adaptation to climate change provide food security? A micro perspective from Ethiopia. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 93(3), 829–846. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aar006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ENNDA. (2019). Areas of coverage. Retrieved May 1, 2020, from http://www.ennda.go.ke/area-of-coverage/
   Google Scholar
• Ericksen, P., Leeuw, J., Said, M., Silvestri, S., & Zaibet, L. (2012). Mapping ecosystem services in the Ewaso Ng’iro catchment. International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, 8(1–2), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/21513732.2011.651487
   Google Scholar
• Gebrekidan, S. H. (2013). The impact of community managed irrigation on household income and poverty reduction [The Case of Sehartisamre Wereda, Tigray, Ethiopia, Thesis]. MU.
   Google Scholar
• Gollwitzer, L., & Cloke, J. (2018). Lessons from collective action for the local governance of mini-grids for pro-poor electricity access. LCEDN Briefing Paper 1. LCEDN.
   Google Scholar
• Gounder, N. (2012). The determinants of household consumption and poverty in Fiji. Discussion Papers: Economics No. 2012-05. Griffith Business School, Griffith University.
   Google Scholar
• Grimshaw, J., Campbell, M., Eccles, M., & Steen, N. (2000). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for evaluating guideline implementation strategies. Family Practice, 17(90001), S11–S18. https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/17.suppl_1.S11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyau, A., Mbugua, M., & Oduol, J. (2016). Determinants of participation in collective action: Evidence from small-holder avocado farmers in Kenya. Journal on Chain and Network Science, 16(2), 147–156. https://doi.org/10.3920/JCNS2015.0011
   Google Scholar
• Hardin, G. (1968). The tragedy of the commons. Science, 162(3859), 1243–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henao, J., & Baanante, C. A. (2006). Agricultural production and soil nutrient mining in Africa. Summary of IFDC Technical Bulletin.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, N. L., & Kotz, S. (1970). Distributions in statistics: Continuos univariate distributions (pp. 1).
   Google Scholar
• Kabubo-Mariara, J., Kirii, D. M., Ndenge, G. K., Kirimi, J., & Gesami, R. K. (2006). Regional and institutional determinants of poverty: The case of Kenya PREM (Poverty Reduction and Environmental Management) Working Paper 06/06. PREM Amsterdam.
   Google Scholar
• Kadirbeyoğlu, Z., & Özertan, G. (2011). Users’ perceptions of water user associations: Evidence from three cases in Turkey.
   Google Scholar
• Kiteme, B., & Wiesmann, U. (2015). A grass-roots solution for water governance in Kenya. In A. Ehrensperger, C. Ott, & U. Wiesmann (Eds.), Eastern and South Africa partnership programme: Highlights from 15 years of joint action for sustainable development (pp. 31–34). Center for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, with Bern Open Publishing (BOP).
   Google Scholar
• Lee, L. F. (1982). Some approaches to the correction of selectivity bias. The Review of Economic Studies, 49(3), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297361
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leuveld, K., Heerink, N. B., & Qu, W. (2010). Does participatory water management contribute to smallholder incomes? Evidence from Minle County, Gansu Province, P.R. China [MSc. Thesis]. Wagningen UR.
   Google Scholar
• Linke, A. M., Witmer, F. D. W., O’Loughlin, J., McCabe, J. T., & Tir, J. (2018). Drought, local institutional contexts, and support for violence in Kenya. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 62(7), 1544–1578. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002717698018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lokshin, M., & Sajaia, Z. (2004). Maximum likelihood estimation of endogenous switching regression models. The Stata Journal: Promoting Communications on Statistics and Stata, 4(3), 282–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0400400306
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, N., & Essam, T. (2009). Impact of water user associations on agricultural productivity in chile. Discussion Paper No. 892. IFPRI.
   Google Scholar
• Meinzen-Dick, R., Knox, A., Place, F., & Swallow, B. (2002). Innovation in natural resource management: The role of property rights and collective action in developing countries. International Food Policy Research Institute, The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mogaka, H., Gichere, S., Davis, R., & Hirji, R. (2006). Climate variability and water resources degradation in Kenya: Improving water resources development and management. World Bank Working Paper No. 69.
   Google Scholar
• Morrissey, J. (2017). The energy challenge in sub-Saharan Africa: A guide for advocates and policy makers: Part 2: Addressing energy poverty. Oxfam Research Backgrounder Series.
   Google Scholar
• Mukherjee, S., & Benson, T. (2003). The determinants of poverty in Malawi, 1998. World Development, 31(2), 339–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00191–2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutiga, J. K., Mavengano, S. T., Ahongbo, S., Woldai, T., & Becht, R. (2010). Water allocation as a planning tool to minimize water use conflicts in the Upper Ewaso Ng’iro north basin, Kenya. Water Resources Management, 24(14), 3939–3959. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9641-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakawuka, P., Langan, S., Schmitter, P., & Barron, J. (2018). A review of trends, constraints and opportunities of smallholder irrigation in East Africa. Global Food Security, 17(2018), 196–212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2017.10.003
   Google Scholar
• Nicklaus, C. (2015). The effect of household income on household consumption in China [Master’s thesis]. Lund University.
   Google Scholar
• Nikolaou, G., Neocleous, D., Christou, A., Kitta, E., & Katsoulas, N. (2020). Implementing sustainable irrigation in water-scarce regions under the impact of climate change. Agronomy, 10(1120), 1–33. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10081120
   Google Scholar
• Njiru, C. W., & Letema, S. C. (2018). Energy poverty and its implication on standard of living in Kirinyaga, Kenya. Journal of Energy, 3196567, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3196567
   Google Scholar
• Noack, F., & Larsen, A. (2019). The contrasting effects of farm size on farm incomes and food production. Environmental Research Letters, 14(8), 084024. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab2dbf
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nyanchaga, E. N. (2016). History of water supply and governance in Kenya (1895–2005) lessons and futures. Tampere University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oda, H., & Tsujita, Y. (2010). The determinants of rural electrification in Bihar, India. Discussion Paper 254. IDE.
   Google Scholar
• Ogendi, G. M., & Ong’oa, I. M. (2009). Water policy, accessibility and water ethics in Kenya. Santa Clara Journal of International Law, 7(1), 177–196.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, M. (1971). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rao, N. D., & Shonali, P. (2017). Energy access and living standards: Some observations on recent trends. Environmental Research Letters, 12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratner, B. D., Meinzen-Dick, R., Hellin, J., Mapedza, E., Unruh, J., Veening, W., … Bruch, C. (2017). Addressing conflict through collective action in natural resource management. International Journal of the Commons, 11(2), 877–906. https://doi.org/http://doi.10.18352/ijc.768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. (2010). The constitution of Kenya, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya Ministry of Water and Irrigation The National Water Services Strategy (NWSS). (2015). September, 2007 (pp. 1–38).
   Google Scholar
• Richards, N., & Syallow, D. (2018). Water resources users associations in the Mara Basin, Kenya: Pitfalls and opportunities for community based natural resources management. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 6, 138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2018.00138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins, J., Sued, M., Lei-Gomez, Q., & Rotnitzky, A. (2007). Comment: Performance of double robust estimators when “inverse probability” weights are highly variable. Statistical Science, 544e559.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar, C., & Rand, J. (2016). Production risk and adoption of irrigation technology: Evidence from small-scale farmers in Chile. Latin American Economic Review, 25(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40503-016-0032-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez, T., & Tozicka, T. (2013). Rural electrification: The role of the public sector and collective action on electricity access for the poor. Energy for all 2030. Practical Action and the European Commission External Cooperation Programmes.
   Google Scholar
• Scheltema, W. (2002). Smallholder management of irrigation in Kenya. In H. G. Blank, C. M. Mutero, & H. Murray-Rust (Eds.), The changing face of irrigation in Kenya: Opportunities for anticipating change in Eastern and Southern Africa (pp. 171–189). International Water Management Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, A., & Seth, P. (2013). The political economy of electricity distribution in developing countries: A review of literature. UKAID, Politics and Governance.
   Google Scholar
• Shiferaw, B., Kebede, T., & Reddy, V. R. (2008, June). Community watershed management in semi-arid India. The state of collective action and its effects on natural resources and livelihoods. CAPRi Working Paper No. 85.
   Google Scholar
• Speranza, C. I., Kiteme, B., Wiesmann, U., & Jörin, J. (2016). Community-based water development projects, their effectiveness, and options for improvement: Lessons from Laikipia, Kenya. African Geographical Review.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhardiman, D., Nicol, A., & Mapedza, E. (2017). Water governance and collective action. Multi scale challenges. Routledge & GSE Research. Retrieved April 02, 2018, from https://doi.org/10.9774/GLEAF.9781315174938_16
   Google Scholar
• Swallow, B., Meinzen-Dick, R., & van Noordwijk, M. (2005). Localizing demand and supply of environmental services: Interactions with property rights, collective action and the welfare of the poor. CAPRI Working Paper 42. International Food Policy Research Institute
   Google Scholar
• Teka, A., & Lee, S. K. (2020). Do agricultural package programs improve the welfare of rural people? Evidence from smallholder farmers in Ethiopia. Agriculture, 10(5), 190. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10050190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, V., & Chindarkar, N. (2019). The spectrum of impact evaluations. In Economic evaluation of sustainable development. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Viaggi, D., Zanni, G., & Raggi, M. (2014). Changing perspectives on the economics of water. Water (Switzerland), 6(10), 2969–2977.
   Google Scholar
• Wangombe, S. W. (2013). Influence of Water Resource Users’ Associations (WRUAs) in water conflict resolution among the communities of Subcatchment 5BE in Meru-Laikipia Counties, Kenya [Masters Thesis]. University of Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, J. M. (2007). Inverse probability weighted estimation for general missing data problems. Journal of Econometrics, 141(2), 1281e1301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wossen, T., Abdoulaye, T., Alene, A., Haile, M. G., Feleke, S., Olanrewaju, A., & Manyong, V. (2017). Impacts of extension access and cooperative membership on technology adoption and household welfare. Journal of Rural Studies, 54(2017), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.06.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WRMA and WSTF. (2009). Water resource users association development cycle (WDC). Published by The Water Trust Fund 2009.
   Google Scholar