2,464
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Potential significance of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) to global food and feed industries

, , , & ORCID Icon
Article: 2184014 | Received 03 Sep 2022, Accepted 20 Feb 2023, Published online: 08 Mar 2023

References

  • Abdel Ghafar, S. A. A., Ismail, M., Yazan, L. S., Fakurazi, S., Ismail, N., Chan, K. W., Tahir, P. (2013). Cytotoxic activity of kenaf seed oils from supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction towards human colorectal cancer (HT29) cell lines. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2013: 8.Article ID 549705.
  • Abdul Khalil, H. P. S., Ireana Yusra, A. F., Bhat, A. H., & Jawaid, M. (2010). Cell wall ultrastructure, anatomy, lignin distribution, and chemical composition of Malaysian cultivated kenaf fiber. Industrial Crops and Products, 31(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2009.09.008
  • Agbaje, G. O., Saka, J. O., Adegbite, A. A., & Adeyeye, O. O. (2008). Influence of agronomic practices on yield and profitability in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) fiber cultivation. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(5), 565–15. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
  • Agbor, A. G., Oben, J. E., Brahim, O. B., & Ngogang, Y. J. (2004). Toxicity study of hibiscus cannabinus. Journal of the Cameroon Academy of Science, 4(1), 27–32.
  • Agbor, G. A., Oben, J. E., & Ngogang, J. Y. (2005). Haematinic activity of Hibiscus cannabinus. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(8), 833–837. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
  • Akinrotimi, C. A., & Okocha, P. I. (2018). Evaluations of genetic divergence in Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus L.) genotypes using agro-morphological characteristics. Journal of Plant Sciences and Agricultural Research, 2(12), 2167–2412.
  • Alexopoulou, E., Li, D., Papatheohari, Y., Siqi, H., Scordi, D., & Testa, G. (2015). How kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) can achieve high yields in Europe and China. Industrial Crops and Products, 68, 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.027
  • Alexopoulou, E., & Monti, A. (2013). Kenaf: A multi-purpose crop for several industrial applications, 203. New Insights from the Biokenaf Project Springer-Verlag.
  • Alexopoulou, E., Papatheohari, Y., Christou, M., & Monti, A. (2013). Origin, description, importance, and cultivation area of kenaf. In A. Monti & E. Alexopoulou (Eds.), Kenaf: A multi-purpose crop for several industrial applications (pp.1–15). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-5067-1_1
  • Ammar, H., Ismaïl, Y., Lehiani, M. A., Tejido, M. L., Bodas, R., Giráldez, F. J., Salem, A. Z. M., & López, S. (2020). Biomass production and nutritive value of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) at various stages of growth. Agroforestry Systems, 94(4), 1171–1178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00420-5
  • Ashori, A., Raverty, W. D., & Harun, J. (2005). Effect of chitosan addition on the surface properties of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L) paper. Iranian Polymer Journal, 14, 8007–8814.
  • Ayadi, R., Hanana, M., Mzid, R., Hamrouni, L., Khouja, M. L., & Salhi Hanachi, A. (2017). kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L): A review paper. Journal of Natural Fibres, 14(4), 466–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/15440478.2016.1240639
  • Banuelos, G. S., Bryla, D. R., & Cook, C. G. (2002). Vegetative production of kenaf and canola under irrigation in central California. Industrial Crops and Products, 15(3), 237–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(01)00119-4
  • Berger, J. (1969). The world’s major fibre crops- their cultivation and manuring. centre d’ etude de l’azote. Zurich, 227-231.
  • Bora, P. (2014). Anti-Nutritional factors in foods and their effects. Journal of Academia and Industrial Research, 3(6), 285–290.
  • Bowyer, J. L. (1999). Economic and environmental comparisons of kenaf growth versus plantation grown softwood and hardwood for pulp and paper. In T. Sellers Jr., N. Reichert, E. Columbus, M. Fuller, & K. Williams, Eds. 1999. Chemistry of kenaf: Properties and materials symposium, 323–346. Mississippi State University.
  • Brishti, F. H., Zarei, M., Muhammad, S. K. S., Ismail-Fitry, M. R., Shukri, R., & Saari, N. (2017). Evaluation of the functional properties of mung bean protein isolate for development of textured vegetable protein. International Food Research Journal, 24(4), 1595–1605.
  • Chan, H. C., Chia, C. H., Zakaria, S., Ahmad, I., & Dufresne, A. (2013). Production and characterisation of cellulose and nano-crystalline cellulose from kenaf core wood. Bio Resources, 8(1), 785–794.
  • Chan, K. W., & Ismail, M. (2009). Supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction of Hibiscus cannabinus L. seed oil: A potential solvent-free and high antioxidative edible oil. Food Chemistry, 114(3), 970–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.10.055
  • Chantiratikul, A., Chaikong, C., Chinrasri, O., & Kangkun, P. (2009). Evaluation of yield and nutritive value of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) at various stages of maturity. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(7), 1055–1058. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.1055.1058
  • Cheng, Z. (2001). Kenaf research, products and applications in Japan (in Chinese). Plant Fibers Product, 23(3), 16–24.
  • Cheng, W. Y., Akanda, J. M. H., & Nyam, K. L. (2016). Kenaf seed oil: A potential new source of edible oil. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 52, 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.03.014
  • Chew, S. C., & Nyam, K. L. (2016). Microencapsulation of kenaf seed oil by co-extrusion technology. Journal of Food Engineering, 175, 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2015.12.002
  • Chew, S. C., Tan, C. P., Lai, O. M., & Nyam, K. L. (2018). Changes in 3-MCPD esters, glycidyl esters, bioactive compounds and oxidation indexes during kenaf seed oil refining. Food Science and Biotechnology, 27(3), 905–914. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0295-8
  • Chew, S. C., Tan, C. P., Long, K., & Nyam, K. L. (2016). Effect of chemical refining on the quality of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) seed oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 89, 59–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.05.002
  • Chew, S. C., Tran, C. P., Tan, C. H., & Nyam, K. L. (2020). In-vitro bioaccessibility of spray dried refined kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) seed oil applied in coffee drink. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(7), 2507–2515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-020-04286-9
  • Chiaise, P., Ruotolo, G., Dimatteo, A., De Santo Virzo, A., De Marco, A., & Filippone, E. (2011). Cloning and expression analysis of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) major lignin and cellulose biosynthesis gene sequences and polymer quantification during plant development. Industrial Crops and Products, 34(1), 1072–1078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2011.03.019
  • Chowdhury, E. M., Choi, B. S., Sang, U. P., Lim, H. S., & Bae, H. (2012). Transcriptional analysis of hydroxycinnamoyl transferase (HCT) in various tissues of Hibiscus cannabinus L. in response to abiotic stress conditions. Plant Omics Journal, 5(3), 305–313. http://www.pomics.com/may2012.html
  • Chu, C. C., Chew, S. C., & Nyam, K. L. (2021). Recent advances in encapsulation technologies of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) leaves and seeds for cosmeceutical application. Food and Bioproducts Processing, 127, 99–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2021.02.009
  • Coetzee, R. (2004). Characterization of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) cultivars in South Africa (Masters dissertation, University of the Free State).
  • Coetzee, R., Labuschagne, M. T., & Hugo, A. (2008). Fatty acid and oil variation in seed from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 27(1), 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2007.08.005
  • Cook, J. G. (1960). Handbook of textile fiber. Merrow publishing.
  • Danalatos, N. G., & Archontoulis, S. V. (2010). Growth and biomass productivity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus, L.) under different agricultural inputs and management practices in central Greece. Industrial Crops and Products, 32(3), 231–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.04.013
  • Dempsey, J. M. (1975). Kenaf. Fiber Crops. University of Florida Press. Rose Printing Company.
  • Durgo, K., Belščak-Cvitanović, A., Stančić, A., Franekić, J., & Komes, D. (2012). The bioactive potential of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) leaves in exhibiting cytotoxic and cytoprotective activity on human laryngeal carcinoma and colon Adenocarcinoma. Journal of Medicinal Food, 15(3), 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2011.0087
  • Ebije, I., Oladipupo, A., Lawal, A. O. O., & Isiaka, A. O. (2014). Volatile composition of the floral essential oil of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. from Nigeria. Ajeonp, 2, 4–7.
  • Edeerozey, A. M., Akil, H. M., Azar, A. B., & Ariffin, M. I. Z. (2007). Chemical modification of kenaf fibres. Materials Letters, 61(10), 2023–2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2006.08.006
  • Falasca, S. L., Ulberich, A. C., & Pitta-Alvarez, S. (2014). Possibilities for growing kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in Argentina as biomass feedstock under dry-subhumid and semiarid climate conditions. Biomass and Bioenergy, 64, 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.03.031
  • FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP and WHO. (2021). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2021.Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb4474en.
  • Garjia, Y. A. (2016). A handbook of common vegetables in Taraba State for Schools and colleges. 1stedn. Taraba, Nigeria.
  • González‐Valenzuela, E. A., Ávila‐Curiel, J. M., Ortega‐S, J. A., González‐Padrón, M. A., & Muir, J. P. (2008). Harvesting interval changes yield and nutritive value of kenaf in a dry tropical climate. Agronomy Journal, 100(4), 938–941. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2007.0147
  • Hassan, K. M., Bhuyan, M. I., Islam, M. K., Hoque, M. F., & Monirul, M. (2018). Performance of some jute and allied fiber varieties in the southern part of Bangladesh. International Journal of Advanced Geosciences, 6(1), 117–121. https://doi.org/10.14419/ijag.v6i1.10184
  • Hossain, M. D., Hanafi, M. M., & Jol, H. H. (2011). Growth, yield and fibre morphology of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) grown on sandy bris soil as influenced by different levels of carbon. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(50), 10087–10094.
  • Ibrahim, G. S. A., Karim, R., Saari, N., Wan Abdullah, W. Z., Zawawi, N., Ab Razak, A. F., Hamim, N. A., & Umar, R. A. (2019). Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L .) Seed and its Potential Food Applications: A Review. Journal of Food Science, 84(8), 2015–2023. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14714
  • III, C. L. W., White Jr, P. M., Dalley, C., Petrie, E. C., Viator, R. P., & Shrefler, J. W. (2016). Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) as sugarcane cover crops. Journal of Agricultural Science, 8(8). https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v8n8p13
  • Ijinu, T. P., George, V., & Pushpangadan, P. (2022). History of research on medicinal plants in India. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of India, 1, 35–61.
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). (2007). Intergovernmental panel on climate change fourth assessment report. Cambridge University Press.
  • Jin, C. W., Ghimeray, A. K., Wang, L., Xu, M. L., Piao, J. P., & Cho, D. H. (2013). Far infrared assisted kenaf leaf tea preparation and its effect on phenolic compounds, antioxidant and ACE inhibitory activity. 2013. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7, 1121–1128. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR11.1431
  • Jin, C. W., Sun, Y. L., & Cho, D. H. (2012). Changes in photosynthetic rate, water potential, and proline content in kenaf seedlings under salt stress. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 92(2), 311–319. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-144
  • Jones, M. D., Puentes, C., & Suarez, R. (1955). Isolation of Kenaf for Seed Increase 1. Agronomy Journal, 47(6), 256–257. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1955.00021962004700060005x
  • Karim, R., Noh, N. A. M., Ibrahim, S. G., Ibadullah, W. Z. W., Zawawi, N., & Saari, N. (2020 Ed.). Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed extract as a new plant-based milk alternative and its potential food uses. Milk Substitutes - Selected Aspects (pp. 136). Intech Open. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94067
  • Khare, C. P. (2007). Indian medicinal plants; An illustrated dictionary. Springer-verlag. London, 309.
  • Kim, D., Ryu, J., Lee, M., Kim, J. M., Ahn, J., Kim, J., Kang, S., Bae, C., & Kwon, S. (2018). Nutritional properties of various tissues from new Kenaf cultivars. Journal of Science and Biotechnology, 21(3), 229–239.
  • Kipriotis, E., Heping, X., Vafeiadakis, T., Kiprioti, M., & Alexopoulou, D. E. (2015). Ramie and kenaf as feed crops. Industrial Crops and Products, 68, 126–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.002
  • Kobaisy, M., Tellez, M. R., Webber, C. L., Dayan, F. E., Schrader, K. K., & Wedge, D. E. (2001). Phytotoxic and fungitoxic activities of the essential oil of Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) leaves and its composition. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 49(8), 3768–3771. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0101455
  • Kozlowski, R., Baraniecki, P., & Barriga-Bedoya, J. (2005). Bast fibres (flax, hemp, jute, ramie, kenaf, abaca). Biodegradable and Sustainable Fibres, 36–88.
  • Kubmarawa, D., Andenyang, I. F. H., & Magomya, A. M. (2009). Proximate composition and amino acid profile of two non-conventional leafy vegetables (Hibiscus cannabinus L. and Haematostaphis barteri). African Journal of Food Science, 3(9), 233–236. http://www.academicjournals.org/ajfs
  • Kuroda, K., Akiko, N., Bibhuti, B. M., Yoshito, O., & Kazuhiko, S. (2005). Evaluation of chemical composition of the core and bast lignins of variety Chinpi-3 kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and cupric oxide oxidation. Industrial Crops and Products, 22(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2005.01.002
  • Kwari, I. D., Igwebuike, J. U., Mohammrd, I. D., & Diarra, S. S. (2011). Growth, hermatology and serum chemistry of broiler chickens raw or differently processed sorrel (Hibiscuss sabdariffa) seed meal in semi-arid environment. International Journal of Science, 2(1), 22–27.
  • Lauriault, L. M., & Puppala, N. (2009). The influence of rainfed and limited irrigation conditions and early vs. late plantings on kenaf as a potential industrial crop in the southern High Plains, USA. Industrial Crops and Products, 29(2–3), 549–553. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.10.006
  • LeMahieu, P. J., Oplinger, E. S., & Putnam, D. H. (2003). Kenaf. In alternative field crops manual. University of wisconsin-extension. Cooperative Extension; University of Minnesota, Center for Alternative Plant and Animal Products and the Minnesota Extension Service.
  • Liliana, H. (2005). The food gaps: The impacts of climate change on food production: A 2020 perspective, universal ecological fund USA.
  • Lin, S., Huff, H. E., & Hsieh, F. (2002). Extrusion process parameters, sensory characteristics, and structural properties of a high moisture soy protein meat analogy. Journal of Food Science, 67(3), 1066–1072. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09454.x
  • Lin, P., Lin, L., Wu, J., & Lin, N. (2004). Breeding of Fu Hong 4, a kenaf variety with high yielding and resistance. Plant Fibre Production, 26, 1–4.
  • Liu, Y. (2005). Diallel and stability analysis of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) in South Africa. Master of Science in Agriculture Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences South Africa (November), 83.
  • Liu, Y., & Labuschagne, M. T. (2009). The influence of environment and season on stalk yield in kenaf. Industrial Crops and Products, 29(2–3), 377–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2008.07.005
  • Maganha, E. G., Halmenschlager, R. C., Rosa, R. M., Henriques, J. A., Ramos, A. L., & Saffi, J. (2010). Pharmacological evidence for the extracts and secondary metabolites from plants of the genus. Hibiscus. Food Chemistry, 118(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.04.005
  • Mariod, A. A., Fathy, S. F., & Ismail, M. (2010). Preparation and characterization of protein concentrates from defatted kenaf seed. Food Chemistry, 123,747–752. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.05.045
  • Masipa, T. S. (2017). The impact of climate change on food security in South Africa: Current realities and challenges ahead. Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 9(1),411. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-a876c549f
  • Mohamed, A., Bhardwaj, H., Hamama, A. & Webber, C. (1995). Chemical composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil. Industrial Crops and Products, 4, 157–165.
  • Monti, A., & Alexopoulou, E. (2013). Kenaf: A multi-purpose crop for several industrial applications; springer. Germany.
  • Nandagopalan, V., Gritto, M. J., & Doss, A. (2015). GC-MS analysis of bioactive components of the methanol extract of Hibiscus tiliaceus Linn. Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research, 5(3), 6–10. http://www.pelagiaresearchlibrary.com/
  • Neto, C. P., Seca, A., Fradinho, D., Coimbra, M. A., Domingues, F., Evtuguin, D., Silvestre, A., & Cavaleiro, J. A. S. (1996). Chemical composition and structural features of the macromolecular components of Hibiscus cannabinus grown in Portugal. Industrial Crops and Products, 5(3), 189–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-6690(96)89448–9
  • Obouayeba, A. P., Diarrassouba, M., Soumahin, E. F., & Kouakou, T. H. (2015). Phytochemical analysis, purification and identification of Hibiscus anthocyanins. Journal of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Biological Science, 3, 156–168.
  • Odetola, O. M., & Eruvbetine, D. (2012). Nutritional evaluation of whole kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed meal in Rats. Journal of Advanced Laboratory Research, 3(3), 215–220. www.sospublication.co.za
  • Oh, S., Mbiriri, D. T., Ryu, C., Lee, K., Cho, S., & Choi, N. (2018). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as a roughage source for beef cattle. Asian-Australas Journal of Animal Science, 31(10), 1598–1603. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0871
  • Okello, M., Lamo, J., Ochwo-Ssemakula, M., & Onyilo, F. (2017). Challenges and innovations in achieving zero hunger and environmental sustainability through the lens of sub-Saharan Africa. Outlook on Agriculture, 50(2), 141–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030727020975778j
  • Olanipekun, S. O. (2019). Growth and yield of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as influenced by fertilisers. spacings and sowing dates in Ibadan, Nigeria (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and development (OECD). (2022). OECD economic outlook, interim report march 2022: Economic and social impacts and policy implications of the War in Ukraine, OECD Publishing.
  • Owoade, A. O., Adetutu, A., & Olorunnisola, O. S. (2019). Biosciences and plant biology. International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences and Plant Biology, 6(4), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcrbp.2019.604.006
  • Patanè, C., & Sortino, O. (2010). Seed yield in kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) as affected by sowing time in South Italy. Industrial Crops and Products, 32(3), 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.06.002
  • Paul, D. M., & Smith, C. A. (2003). Kenaf seed storage duration on germination, emergence, and yield. Industrial Crops and Products, 17(1), 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6690(02)00052-3
  • Qammar, G., Mohy-ud-Din, G., Huma, N., Sameen, A., & Issa Khan, M. (2010). Textured soy protein (TSP) as pizza topping. Nutrition and Food Science, 40(6), 551–556. https://doi.org/10.1108/00346651011090356
  • Rajashekher, A. R., Rao, P. V., & Reddy, V. R. (1993). Chemical composition and nutritive value of ambadi (Hibiscus cannabinus) meal for layers. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 44(1–2), 151–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(93)90044-K
  • Rauter, C., Oehme, R., Diterich, I., Engele, M., & Hartung, T. (2002). Distribution of clinically relevant Borrelia genospecies in ticks assessed by a novel, single-run, real-time PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 40(1), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.40.1.36-43.2002
  • Ryu, J., Ha, B. K., Kim, D. S., Kim, J. B., Kim, S. H., & Kang, S. Y. (2013). Assessment of growth and seed oil composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) germplasm. Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology, 16, 297–302.
  • Ryu, J., Kwon, S. J., Ahn, J. W., Jo, Y. D., Kim, S. H., Jeong, S. W., Kang, S. Y., Kim, J.-B., & Kang, S.-Y. (2017). Phytochemicals and antioxidant activity in the kenaf plant (Hibiscus cannabinus L.). Journal of Plant Biotechnology, 44(2), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2017.44.2.191
  • Saba, N., Jawaid, M., Hakeem, K. R., Paridah, M. T., Khalina, A., & Alothman, O. Y. (2015). Potential of bioenergy production from industrial kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) based on Malaysian perspective. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 42, 446–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.029
  • Salem, M. Z. M., Abdel-Megeed, A., & Ali, H. M. (2014). Stem wood and bark extracts of Delonix regia (Boj. Ex. Hook): Chemical analysis and antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties. Bioresources, 9(2), 2382–2395. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.9.2.2382-2395
  • Salih, R. F. (2016). Influence of potassium, boron and zinc on growth, yield and fiber quality of two kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Varieties. Ph.D study.
  • Sato, E. (2017). The effect of preparation conditions on the rheological properties of Gomatofu (Sesame Tofu). In I. Kaneda (Ed.), Rheology of biological soft matter (pp. 265–292). Springer.
  • Stricker, J. A., Prine, G. M., & Riddle, T. C. (2001). Kenaf-A possible new crop for central Florida. In Agronomy Department, Florida cooperative extension service, institute of food and agricultural sciences. University of Florida. Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS.
  • Sullivan, P. (2003). Kenaf production. Appropriate Technology Transfer for Rural Areas (ATTRA). National Center for Appropriate Technology.
  • Suriyajantratong, W., Tucker, R. E., Sigafus, R. E., & Mitchell Jr, G. E. (1973). Kenaf and rice straw for sheep. Journal of Animal Science, 37(5), 1251–1254. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1973.3751251x
  • Swingle, R. S., Urias, A. R., Doyle, J. C., & Voigt, R. L. (1978). Chemical composition of kenaf forage and its digestibility by lambs and in vitro. Journal of Animal Science, 46(5), 1346–1350. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1978.4651346x
  • Tahir, P. M., Ahmed, B. A., Saiful Azry, S. O. A., & Ahmed, Z. (2011). Retting process of some bast plant fibers and its effect on fiber quality: A review. Bioresources, 6(4), 5260–5281.
  • Uddin, Q., Samiulla, L., Singh, V. K., & Jamil, S. S. (2012). Phytochemical and pharmacological profile of Withania somnifera Dunal: A review. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 2(1), 170–175. www.japsonline.com
  • Vanholme, R., Demedts, B., Morreel, K., Ralph, J., & Boerjan, W. (2010). Lignin biosynthesis and structure. Plant Physiology, 153(3), 895–905. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.155119
  • Vogel, C. (2005). Usable Science: An assessment of long-term seasonal forecasts among farmers in rural areas of South Africa. South African Geographical Journal, 82(2), 107–116. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2000.9713700
  • Webber, C. L., Bhardwaj, H. L., & Bledsoe, V. K. (2002). Kenaf production: Fiber, feed and seed. In J. Janick & A. Whipkey (Eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses (pp. 327–339). ASHS Press.
  • Webber, C. L., & Bledsoe, V. K. (2002). Kenaf yield components and plant composition. In J. Janick & A. Whipkey (Eds.), Trends in new crops and new uses (pp. 348–357). ASHS Press.
  • Webber III, C. L. (1993). Crude protein and yield components of six kenaf cultivars as affected by crop maturity. Industrial Crops and Products, 2(1), 27–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-6690(93)90007-V
  • Wongsrisiri, S., & Luangsakul, N. (2017). Effect of setting agent on quality of tubed-package sesame tofu. International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 13(7.1), 1517–1526. http://www.ijat-aatsea.com/
  • Wong, Y. H., Tan, W. Y., Tan, C. P., Long, K., & Nyam, K. L. (2014). Cytotoxic activity of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed extract and oil against human cancer cell lines. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4(1), 510–515. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1090
  • Wood, I. (2003). Kenaf: The forgotten fiber crop. The Australian new crops newsletter, 10. http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/newslett/ncn10212.htm.
  • World Bank. (2016). Arable land (hectares per person), World Bank, viewed 10 April 2022, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC
  • Xu, J., Tao, A., Qi, J., & Wang, Y. (2020). Bast fibres: Kenaf. Handbook of natural fibres (pp. 71–92).
  • Yazan, L. S., Abd Rahman, N., Chan, K. W., Wan Abd Ghani, W. N. H., Tor, Y. S., & Foo, J. B. (2016). Phenolics-saponins rich fraction of defatted kenaf seed meal exhibits cytotoxicity towards cancer cell lines. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(5), 404–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.03.007
  • Yazan, L. S., Foo, J. B., Chan, K. W., Tahir, P. M., & Ismail, M. (2011). Kenaf seed oil from supercritical carbon dioxide fluid extraction shows cytotoxic effects towards various cancer cell lines. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(27), 381–5388. http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB
  • Zaini, N. S., Karim, R., Razis, A. F. A., Hamid, N. F. S., & Zawawi, N. (2022). pilot study of toxicological safety evaluation in acute and subacute (28-day) oral assessments of kenaf seed beverage in rats. Food Research International, 162(2022), 111988. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111988
  • Zhang, T. (2003). Improvement of kenaf yarn for apparel application (Master dissertation of Louisiana State University, US).
  • Zhao, S., Li, X., Cho, D. H., Arasu, M. V., Al-Dhabi, N. A., & Park, S. U. (2014). Accumulation of kaempferitrin and expression of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic Genes in Kenaf(Hibiscus cannabinus). Molecules, 19(10), 16987–16997. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules191016987
  • Zuo, F., Chen, Z., Shi, X., Wang, R., & Guo, S. (2016). Yield and textural properties of tofu as affected by soymilk coagulation prepared by a high-temperature pressure cooking process. Food Chemistry, 213, 561–566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.07.008