30,228
Views
40
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Effect of employee empathy on customer satisfaction and loyalty during employee–customer interactions: The mediating role of customer affective commitment and perceived service quality

ORCID Icon, & | (Reviewing editor)
Article: 1491780 | Received 18 Apr 2018, Accepted 19 Jun 2018, Published online: 10 Jul 2018

References

  • Abbasi, A. S., & Alvi, A. K. (2013). Impact of employee characteristics and their performance on customer satisfaction. Science International, 25(2), 387–394.
  • Agnihotri, R., & Krush, M. T. (2015). Salesperson empathy, ethical behaviors, and sales performance: The moderating role of trust in one’s manager. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 35(2), 164–174. doi:10.1080/08853134.2015.1010541
  • Aksoy, L. (2013). How do you measure what you can’t define? The current state of loyalty measurement and management. Journal of Service Management, 24(4), 356–381. doi:10.1108/JOSM-01-2013-0018
  • Anderson, E. W., & Sullivan, M. W. (1993). The antecedents and consequences of customer satisfaction for firms. Marketing Science, 12(2), 125–143. doi:10.1287/mksc.12.2.125
  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
  • Arbuckle, J. (2003). Amos 5.0 update to the Amos user’s guide. Chicago, IL: Smallwaters Corporation.
  • Bagozzi, R. P. (2006). The role of social and self-conscious emotions in the regulation of business-to-business relationships in salesperson-customer interactions. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 21(7), 453–457. doi:10.1108/08858620610708948
  • Balmer, J. M. T. (2010). Explicating corporate brands and their management: Reflections and directions from 1995. Journal of Brand Management, 18(3), 180–196. doi:10.1057/bm.2010.46
  • Bansal, H., Irving, P. G., & Taylor, S. F. (2004). A three-component model of customer commitment to service providers. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 32, 234–250. doi:10.1177/0092070304263332
  • Barnes, B. R., Leonidou, L. C., Siu, N. Y. M., & Leonido, C. N. (2015). InterpersonalFactors as drivers of quality and performance in Western–Hong Kong interorganizational business relationships. Journal of International Marketing, 23, 23–49. doi:10.1509/jim.14.0008
  • Barnes, D. C., Collier, J. E., Howe, V., & Douglas Hoffman, K. (2016). Multiple paths to customer delight: The impact of effort, expertise and tangibles on joy and surprise. Journal of Services Marketing, 30, 277–289. doi:10.1108/JSM-05-2015-0172
  • Baumann, C., Hoadley, S., Hamin, H., & Nugraha, A. (2017). Competitiveness vis-à-vis service quality as drivers of customer loyalty mediated by perceptions of regulation and stability in steady and volatile markets. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 36, 62–74. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.12.005
  • Bearden, W. O., Sharma, S., & Teel, J. E. (1982). Sample size effects on Chi-square and other statistics used in evaluating causal models. Journal of Marketing Research, 19(4), 246–425. doi:10.2307/3151716
  • Bernardo, M., Llach, J., Marimon, F., & Alonso-Almeida, M. M. (2013). The balance of the impact of quality and recovery on satisfaction: The case of e-travel. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 24(12), 1390–1404. doi:10.1080/14783363.2013.799327
  • Bitner, M. J. (1990). Evaluating service encounters: The effects of physical surroundings and employee responses. Journal of Marketing, 54(2), 69–82. doi:10.2307/1251871
  • Bolton, R. N., & Drew, J. H. (1991). A multistage model of customers’ assessments of service quality and value. Journal of Consumer Research, 17(4), 375–384. doi:10.1086/jcr.1991.17.issue-4
  • Bowden, J. L. H. (2011). Engaging the student as a customer: A relationship marketing approach. Marketing Education Review, 21(3), 211–228. doi:10.2753/MER1052-8008210302
  • Brislin, R. (1980). Oral & written materials: Content analysis and translation. In H. Triandis & J. Berry (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 389-444). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
  • Byrne, B. M. (1994). Structural equation modeling with EQS and EQS/Windows: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Thousand Oaks, London: SAGE Publications.
  • Carman, J. M. (1990). Consumer perceptions of service quality: An assessment of the SERVQUAL dimension. Journal of Retailing, 66(1), 33–56.
  • Casidy, R., & Wymer, W. (2015). The impact of brand strength on satisfaction, loyalty and WOM: An empirical examination in the higher education sector. Journal of Brand Management, 22(2), 117–135. doi:10.1057/bm.2015.6
  • Chakrabarty, S., Brown, G., & Widing, R. E. (2012). The role of top management in developing a customer-oriented sales force. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 32(4), 437–450. doi:10.2753/PSS0885-3134320403
  • Chen, C. J., Chen, C. C., & Wu, J. C. (2014). How customer participation can drive repurchase intent. In K. Siau, Q. Li, & X. Guo (Eds.), PACIS 2014. Proceeding of the 19th Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS 2014) (pp. 207). Chengdu, China: AIS Electronic Library (AISeL).
  • Chen, P. T., & Hu, H. H. S. (2013). The mediating role of relational benefit between service quality and customer loyalty in airline industry. Total Quality Management and Business Excellence, 24(9), 1084–1095. doi:10.1080/14783363.2012.661130
  • China Statistical Yearbook. (2016). China statistical yearbook. Retrieved October 15, 2017, from https://www.chinayearbooks.com/china-statistical-yearbook-2016.html
  • Chitty, B., Ward, S., & Chua, C. (2007). An application of the ECSI model as a predictor of satisfaction and loyalty for backpacker hostels. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 25, 563–580. doi:10.1108/02634500710819941
  • Chomvilailuk, R., & Butcher, K. (2014). Effects of quality and corporate social responsibility on loyalty. The Service Industries Journal, 34, 938–954. doi:10.1080/02642069.2014.915952
  • Choudhury, K. (2014). Service quality and word of mouth: A study of the banking sector. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 32(7), 612–627. doi:10.1108/IJBM-12-2012-0122
  • Cronin, J. J., Brady, M. K., & Hult, G. T. M. (2000). Assessing the effects of quality, value, and customer satisfaction on consumer behavioral intentions in service environments. Journal of Retailing, 76(2), 193–218. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(00)00028-2
  • Dagger, T. S., David, M. E., & Ng, S. (2011). Do relationship benefits and maintenance drive commitment and loyalty? Journal of Services Marketing, 25(4), 273–281. doi:10.1108/08876041111143104
  • Daniels, K., Glover, J., & Mellor, N. (2014). An experience sampling study of expressing affect, daily affective well-being, relationship quality, and perceived performance. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 87(4), 781–805. doi:10.1111/joop.2014.87.issue-4
  • De Ruyter, K., Bloemer, J., & Peeters, P. (1997). Merging service quality and service satisfaction: An empirical test of an integrative model. Journal of Economic Psychology, 18(4), 387–406. doi:10.1016/S0167-4870(97)00014-7
  • Deng, Z., Lu, Y., Wei, K. K., & Zhang, J. (2010). Understanding customer satisfaction and loyalty: An empirical study of mobile instant messages in China. International Journal of Information Management, 30(4), 289–300. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2009.10.001
  • Donio’, J., Massari, P., & Passiante, G. (2006). Customer satisfaction and loyalty in a digital environment: An empirical test. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 23(7), 445–457. doi:10.1108/07363760610712993
  • Drollinger, T., & Comer, L. B. (2013). Salesperson’s listening ability as an antecedent to relationship selling. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 28(1), 50–59. doi:10.1108/08858621311285714
  • Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1992). A primer for soft modeling. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press.
  • Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. doi:10.2307/3151312
  • Giovanis, A. N., & Athanasopoulou, P. (2018). Consumer-brand relationships and brand loyalty in technology-mediated services. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 40, 287–294. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2017.03.003
  • Gordon, R., Zainuddin, N., & Magee, C. (2016). Unlocking the potential of branding in social marketing services: Utilising brand personality and brand personality appeal. Journal of Services Marketing, 30, 48–62. doi:10.1108/JSM-02-2015-0105
  • Gorry, G. A., & Westbrook, R. A. (2011). Once more, with feeling: Empathy and technology in customer care. Business Horizons, 54(2), 125–134. doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2010.10.003
  • Grace, D., & O’Cass, A. (2005). Service branding: Consumer verdicts on service brands. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 12(2), 125–139. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2004.05.002
  • Guenzi, P., De Luca, L. M., & Troilo, G. (2011). Organizational drivers of salespeople’s customer orientation and selling orientation. Journal of Personal Selling & Sales Management, 31(3), 269–285. doi:10.2753/PSS0885-3134310305
  • Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (1998). Multivariate data analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
  • Harwood, T., & Garry, T. (2015). An investigation into gamification as a customer engagement experience environment. Journal of Services Marketing, 29(6/7), 533–546. doi:10.1108/JSM-01-2015-0045
  • He, H., & Li, Y. (2011). CSR and service brand: The mediating effect of brand identification and moderating effect of service quality. Journal of Business Ethics, 100(4), 673–688. doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0703-y
  • Hennig-Thurau, T. (2004). Customer orientation of service employees: Its impact on customer satisfaction, commitment, and retention. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 15(5), 460–478. doi:10.1108/09564230410564939
  • Hightower, R., Brady, M. K., & Baker, T. L. (2002). Investigating the role of the physical environment in hedonic service consumption: An exploratory study of sporting events. Journal of Business Research, 55(9), 697–707. doi:10.1016/S0148-2963(00)00211-3
  • Hu, -H.-H., Kandampully, J., & Juwaheer, T. D. (2009). Relationships and impacts of service quality, perceived value, customer satisfaction, and image: An empirical study. The Service Industries Journal, 29(2), 111–125. doi:10.1080/02642060802292932
  • Huang, C. S. (2011). Some insights into customer orientation: An investigation of sales-people in Taiwan. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22(12), 2647–2663. doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.599945
  • Hur, W. M., Kim, Y., & Park, K. (2013). Assessing the effects of perceived value and satisfaction on customer loyalty: A ‘Green’perspective. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 20, 146–156. doi:10.1002/csr.1280
  • Hwang, K., & Kim, H. (2016). Are ethical consumers happy? Effects of ethical consumers' motivations based on empathy versus self-orientation on their happiness. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-20. doi: 10.1007/s10551-016-3236-1
  • Iglesias, O., & Saleem, F. Z. (2015). How to support consumer-brand relationships: The role of corporate culture and human resource policies and practices. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 33(2), 216–234. doi:10.1108/MIP-10-2014-0196
  • Iglesias, O., Singh, J. J., & Batista-Foguet, J. M. (2011). The role of brand experience and affective commitment in determining brand loyalty. Journal of Brand Management, 18(8), 570–582. doi:10.1057/bm.2010.58
  • Iqbal, M. S., UI Hassan, M., & Habibah, U. (2018). Impact of self-service technology (SST) service quality on customer loyalty and behavioral intention: The mediating role of customer satisfaction. Cogent Business & Management, 5. doi:10.1080/23311975.2018.1423770
  • Itani, O. S., & Inyang, A. E. (2015). The effects of empathy and listening of salespeople on relationship quality in the retail banking industry. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33(6), 692–716. doi:10.1108/IJBM-06-2014-0076
  • Jiang, H., & Zhang, Y. (2016). An investigation of service quality, customer satisfaction and loyalty in China’s airline market. Journal of Air Transport Management, 57, 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.07.008
  • Johnson, M. S., Sivadas, E., & Garbarino, E. (2008). Customer satisfaction, perceived risk and affective commitment: An investigation of directions of influence. Journal of Services Marketing, 22(5), 353–362. doi:10.1108/08876040810889120
  • Jones, J. L., & Shandiz, M. (2015). Service quality expectations: Exploring the importance of SERVQUAL dimensions from different nonprofit constituent groups. Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing, 27(1), 48–69. doi:10.1080/10495142.2014.925762
  • Jones, T., & Taylor, S. F. (2007). The conceptual domain of service loyalty: How many dimensions? Journal of Services Marketing, 21, 36–51. doi:10.1108/08876040710726284
  • Kasiri, L. A., Cheng, K. T. G., Sambasivan, M., & Sidin, S. M. (2017). Integration of standardization and customization: Impact on service quality, customer satisfaction, and loyalty. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 35, 91–97. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.11.007
  • Kassim, N., & Abdullah, N. A. (2010). The effect of perceived service quality dimensions on customer satisfaction, trust, and loyalty in e-commerce settings. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 22(3), 351–371. doi:10.1108/13555851011062269
  • Khan, Z., Ferguson, D., & Pérez, A. (2015). Customer responses to CSR in the Pakistani banking industry. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33(4), 471–493. doi:10.1108/IJBM-07-2014-0097
  • Kim, M. K., Wong, S. F., Chang, Y., & Park, J. H. (2016). Determinants of customer loyalty in the Korean smartphone market: Moderating effects of usage characteristics. Telematics and Informatics, 33, 936–949. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2016.02.006
  • Kim, S. B., & Kim, D. Y. (2016). The impacts of corporate social responsibility, service quality, and transparency on relationship quality and customer loyalty in the hotel industry. Asian Journal of Sustainability and Social Responsibility, 1–17. doi:10.1186/s41180-016-0004-1
  • Kurniati, R. R., Suharyono, H., & Arifin, Z. (2015). The effect of customer relationship marketing (CRM) and service quality to corporate image, value, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty. European Journal of Business and Management, 7, 107–120.
  • Lee, S., Comer, L. B., Dubinsky, A. J., & Scbafer, K. (2011). The role of emotion in the relationship between customers and automobile salespeople. Journal of Managerial Issues, 23(2), 206–226.
  • Lewis, J. R. (1993). Multipoint scales: Mean and median differences and observed significance levels. International Journal of Human‐Computer Interaction, 5(4), 383–392. doi:10.1080/10447319309526075
  • Loureiro, S. M. C., & Kaufmann, H. R. (2017). Advertising and country-of-origin images as sources of brand equity and the moderating role of brand typicality. Baltic Journal of Management, 12(2), 153–170. doi:10.1108/BJM-11-2015-0226
  • MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., & Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39, 99–128. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4
  • Malik, S. U. (2012). Customer satisfaction, perceived service quality and mediating role of perceived value. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 4(1), 68–76. doi:10.5539/ijms.v4n1p68
  • Mandhachitara, R., & Poolthong, Y. (2011). A model of customer loyalty and corporate social responsibility. Journal of Services Marketing, 25(2), 122–133. doi:10.1108/08876041111119840
  • Marakanon, L., & Panjakajornsak, V. (2017). Perceived quality, perceived risk and customer trust affecting customer loyalty of environmentally friendly electronics products. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 38, 24–30. doi:10.1016/j.kjss.2016.08.012
  • Marinkovic, V., & Obradovic, V. (2015). Customers’ emotional reactions in the banking industry. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 33(3), 243–260. doi:10.1108/IJBM-09-2013-0107
  • Markovic, S., Iglesias, O., Singh, J. J., & Sierra, V. (2015). How does the perceived ethicality of corporate services brands influence loyalty and positive word-of-mouth? Analyzing the roles of empathy, affective commitment, and perceived quality. Journal of Business Ethics. doi:10.1007/s10551-015-2985-6
  • Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1988). A new, more powerful approach to multitraitmultimethod analyses: Application of second-order confirmatory factor analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 107–117. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.73.1.107
  • Mayshak, R., Sharman, S. J., Zinkiewicz, L., & Hayley, A. (2017). The influence of empathy and self-presentation on engagement with social networking website posts. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 362–377. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.026
  • Meesala, A., & Paul, J. (2018). Service quality, consumer satisfaction and loyalty in hospitals: Thinking for the future. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 40, 261–269. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.10.011
  • Mende, M., & Bolton, R. N. (2011). Why attachment security matters: How customers’ attachment styles influence their relationships with service firms and service employees. Journal of Service Research, 14(3), 285–301. doi:10.1177/1094670511411173
  • Meneses, R. W., & Larkin, M. (2012). Edith stein and the contemporary psychological study of empathy. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 43(2), 151–184. doi:10.1163/15691624-12341234
  • Meneses, R. W., & Larkin, M. (2017). The experience of empathy: Intuitive, syspathetic and itnellectual aspects of social understanding. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57(1), 3–32. doi:10.1177/0022167815581552
  • Meyer, J. P., & Allen, N. J. (1991). A three-component conceptualization of organizational commitment. Human Resource Management Review, 1(1), 61–89. doi:10.1016/1053-4822(91)90011-Z
  • Nyadzayo, M. W., & Khajehzadeh, S. (2016). The antecedents of customer loyalty: A moderated mediation model of customer relationship management quality and brand image. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 30, 262–270. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.02.002
  • Oh, H., & Kim, K. (2017). Customer satisfaction, service quality, and customer value: Years 2000-2015. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(1), 2–29. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-10-2015-0594
  • Olander, H., Vanhala, M., Hurmelinna-Laukkanen, P., & Blomqvist, K. (2016). Preserving prerequisites for innovation: Employee-related knowledge protection and organizational trust. Baltic Journal of Management, 11(4), 493–515. doi:10.1108/BJM-03-2015-0080
  • Oliver, R. L. (1997). Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence consumer loyalty. Journal of Marketing, 63(4), 33–44. doi:10.2307/1252099
  • Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1988). SERVQUAL: A multiple-item scale for measuring consumer perceptions of service quality. Journal of Retailing, 64(1), 12–40.
  • Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. A., & Berry, L. L. (1994). Reassessment of expectations as a comparison standard in measuring service quality: Implications for further research. Journal of Marketing, 58(1), 111–124. doi:10.2307/1252255
  • Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J.-Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
  • Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891.
  • Puccinelli, N. M., Andrzejewski, S. A., Markos, E., Noga, T., & Motyka, S. (2013). The value of knowing what customers really want: The impact of salesperson ability to read non-verbal cues of affect on service quality. Journal of Marketing Management, 29(3–4), 356–373. doi:10.1080/0267257X.2013.766631
  • Qu, H., Kim, L. H., & Im, H. H. (2011). A model of destination branding: Integrating the concepts of the branding and destination image. Tourism Management, 32(3), 465–476. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.03.014
  • Ratcliffe, M. (2012). Phenomenology as a form of empathy. Inquiry, 55, 473–495. doi:10.1080/0020174X.2012.716196
  • Richard, E. M., Bupp, C. P., & Alzaidalsharief, R. G. (2016). Supervisor empathy moderates the negative effects of customer injustice. Emotions and Organizational Governance, 12, 117–140.
  • Rust, R. T. (1994). Service quality: Insights and managerial implications from the frontier. In R. T. Rust & R. L. Oliver (Ed.), Service quality: New directions in theory and practice (pp. 1–19). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Shiu, E., Hair, J. F., Bush, R. P., & Ortinao, D.J. (2009). Marketing research. London, UK: McGraw Hill Education.
  • Smith, A. (2006). Cognitive empathy and emotional empathy in human behavior and evolution. The Psychological Record, 56(1), 3–21. doi:10.1007/BF03395534
  • Srivastava, M., & Kaul, D. (2016). Exploring the link between customer experience–Loyalty–Consumer spend. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 31, 277–286. doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2016.04.009
  • Srivastava, M., & Rai, A. K. (2014). An investigation into service quality–Customer loyalty relationship: The moderating influences. Decision, 41, 11–31. doi:10.1007/s40622-014-0025-5
  • Srivastava, N., Dash, S. B., & Mookerjee, A. (2016). Determinants of brand trust in high inherent risk products. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 34, 394–420. doi:10.1108/MIP-01-2015-0004
  • Stock, R. M. (2016). Understanding the relationship between frontline employee boreout and customer orientation. Journal of Business Research, 69, 4259–4268. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.037
  • Story, J., & Hess, J. (2010). Ethical brand management: Customer relationships and ethical duties. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 19(4), 240–249. doi:10.1108/10610421011059568
  • Su, L., Swanson, S. R., & Chen, X. (2015). Social responsibility and reputation influences on the intentions of Chinese Huitang Village tourists: Mediating effects of satisfaction with lodging providers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(8), 1750–1771. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-06-2014-0305
  • Su, L., Swanson, S. R., Chinchanachokchai, S., Hsu, M. K., & Chen, X. (2016). Reputation and intentions: The role of satisfaction, identification, and commitment. Journal of Business Research, 69(9), 3261–3269. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.02.023
  • Toufaily, E., Ricard, L., & Perrien, J. (2013). Customer loyalty to a commercial website: Descriptive meta-analysis of the empirical literature and proposal of an integrative model. Journal of Business Research, 66, 1436–1447. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.05.011
  • Tsoukatos, E., & Rand, G. K. (2006). Path analysis of perceived service quality, satisfaction and loyalty in Greek insurance. Managing Service Quality: An International Journal, 16(5), 501–519. doi:10.1108/09604520610686746
  • Van de Vijver, F. J., & Leung, K. (1997). Methods and data analysis for cross-cultural research. Thousand Oaks, London: SAGE Publications.
  • Van Doorn, J., Lemon, K. N., Mittal, V., Nass, S., Pick, D., Pirner, P., & Verhoef, P. C. (2010). Customer engagement behavior: Theoretical foundations and research directions. Journal of Service Research, 13(3), 253–266. doi:10.1177/1094670510375599
  • Van Lierop, D., & El-Geneidy, A. (2016). Enjoying loyalty: The relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intentions in public transit. Research in Transportation Economics, 59, 50–59. doi:10.1016/j.retrec.2016.04.001
  • Vera, J., & Trujillo, A. (2017). Searching most influential variables to brand loyalty measurements: An exploratory study. Contaduría Y Administración, 62, 600–624. doi:10.1016/j.cya.2016.04.007
  • Verhoef, P. C., Reinartz, W. J., & Krafft, M. (2010). Customer engagement as a new perspective in customer management. Journal of Service Research, 13(3), 247–252. doi:10.1177/1094670510375461
  • Walonick, D. S. (1997). Survival statistics: Master statistical analysis techniques without pain. Bloomington, MN: StatPac Incorporation.
  • Wang, Y., Lo, H., & Yang, Y. (2004). An integrated framework for service quality, customer value, satisfaction: Evidence from china’s telecommunication industry. Information Systems Frontiers, 6(4), 325–340.
  • Wieseke, J., Geigenmüller, A., & Kraus, F. (2012). On the role of empathy in customer-employee interactions. Journal of Service Research, 15(3), 316–331. doi:10.1177/1094670512439743
  • Xie, Y., Batra, R., & Peng, S. (2015). An extended model of preference formation between global and local brands: The roles of identity expressiveness, trust, and affect. Journal of International Marketing, 23, 50–71. doi:10.1509/jim.14.0009
  • Zeithaml, V. A., Berry, L. L., & Parasuraman, A. (1996). The behavioral consequences of service quality. Journal of Marketing, 60(2), 31–46. doi:10.2307/1251929