3,807
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
MARKETING

What makes Gen Y and Z feel stressed, anxious and interested in doing social tourism when pandemic?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Article: 2084973 | Received 04 Apr 2022, Accepted 29 May 2022, Published online: 07 Jun 2022

References

  • Abbas, J., Mubeen, R., Iorember, P. T., Raza, S., & Mamirkulova, G. (2021). Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on tourism: Transformational potential and implications for a sustainable recovery of the travel and leisure industry. Current Research in Behavioral Sciences, 21, 100033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbeha.2021.100033
  • Adwas, A. A., Jbireal, J. M., & Azab, A. E. (2019). Anxiety: Insights into signs, symptoms, etiology, pathophysiology, and treatment. East African Scholars Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(10), 580–24. https://doi.org/10.36349/EASMS.2019.v02i10.006
  • Ágoston, C., Csaba, B., Nagy, B., Kőváry, Z., Dúll, A., Rácz, J., & Demetrovics, Z. (2022). Identifying types of eco-anxiety, eco-guilt, eco-grief, and eco-coping in a climate-sensitive population: A qualitative study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042461
  • Andronie, M., Lăzăroiu, G., Ștefănescu, R., Ionescu, L., & Cocoșatu, M. (2021). Neuromanagement decision-making and cognitive algorithmic processes in the technological adoption of mobile commerce apps. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(4), 863–888. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.034
  • Ayandele, O., Popoola, O. A., & Oladiji, T. O. (2020). Addictive use of smartphone, depression and anxiety among female undergraduates in Nigeria: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Health Research, 34(5), 443–453. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHR-10-2019-0225
  • Berto, R. (2014). The role of nature in coping with psycho-physiological stress: A literature review on restorativeness. Behavioral Sciences, 4(4), 394–409. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs4040394
  • Birtus, M., & Lăzăroiu, G. (2021). The neurobehavioral economics of the COVID-19 pandemic: Consumer cognition, perception, sentiment, choice, and decision-making. Analysis and Metaphysics, 20, 89–101. https://doi.org/10.22381/am2020216
  • Brown, L. (2014). Memorials to the victims of Nazism: The impact on tourists in Berlin. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 13(3), 244–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2014.946423
  • Bykov, A. (2017). Altruism: New perspectives of research on a classical theme in sociology of morality. Current Sociology, 65(6), 797–813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392116657861
  • Bystritsky, A., Khalsa, S. S., Cameron, M. E., & Schiffman, J. (2013). Current diagnosis and treatment of anxiety disorders. P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal For Formulary Management, 38(1), 30–57. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3628173/
  • Cavagnaro, E., Staffieri, S., & Postma, A. (2018). Understanding millennials’ tourism experience: Values and meaning to travel as a key for identifying target clusters for youth (sustainable) tourism. Journal of Tourism Futures, 4(1), 31–42. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-12-2017-0058
  • Chen, -C.-C., Petrick, J. F., & Shahvali, M. (2016). Tourism experiences as a stress reliever: Examining the effects of tourism recovery experiences on life satisfaction. Journal of Travel Research, 55(2), 150–160. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287514546223
  • Cisneros-Martínez, J. D., Mccabe, S., & Fernández-Morales, A. (2017). The contribution of social tourism to sustainable tourism: A case study of seasonally adjusted programmes in Spain. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(1), 85–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1319844
  • Conte, B., Hahnel, U. J. J., & Brosch, T. (2021). The dynamics of humanistic and biospheric altruism in conflicting choice environments. Personality and Individual Differences, 173, 110599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110599
  • Corrigan, P. W., Druss, B. G., & Perlick, D. A. (2014). The impact of mental illness stigma on seeking and participating in mental health care. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 15(2), 37–70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100614531398
  • Coulombe, S., Pacheco, T., Cox, E., Khalil, C., Doucerain, M. M., Auger, E., & Meunier, S. (2020). Risk and resilience factors during the COVID-19 pandemic: A snapshot of the experiences of Canadian workers early on in the crisis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 580702. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580702
  • Crosswell, A. D., & Lockwood, K. G. (2020). Best practices for stress measurement: How to measure psychological stress in health research. Health Psychology Open, 7(2), 2055102920933072. https://doi.org/10.1177/2055102920933072
  • de Groot, J. I. M., & Steg, L. (2008). Value orientations to explain beliefs related to environmental significant behavior: How to measure egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric value orientations. Environment and Behavior, 40(3), 330–354. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916506297831
  • Dimitriou, C. K., & AbouElgheit, E. (2019). Understanding generation Z’s travel social decision-making. Tourism and Hospitality Management, 25(2), 311–334. https://doi.org/10.20867/thm.25.2.4
  • Dwidienawati, D., & Gandasari, D. (2018). Understanding Indonesia’s generation Z. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(3.25), 245–252. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.25.17556
  • Egilmez, E., & Naylor-Tincknell, J. (2017). Altruism and popularity. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 3(2), 65–74. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.3.2.65
  • Epel, E. S., Crosswell, A. D., Mayer, S. E., Prather, A. A., Slavich, G. M., Puterman, E., & Mendes, W. B. (2018). More than a feeling: A unified view of stress measurement for population science. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 49, 146–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.03.001
  • Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American Journal of Theoretical and Applied Statistics, 5(1), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11
  • Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L., & Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-020-00329-3
  • Filkowski, M. M., Cochran, R. N., & Haas, B. W. (2016). Altruistic behavior: Mapping responses in the brain. Neuroscience and Neuroeconomics, 5, 65–75. https://doi.org/10.2147/NAN.S87718
  • Fink, G. (2016). Chapter 1 - stress, definitions, mechanisms, and effects outlined: Lessons from anxiety. Stress: Concepts, Cognition, Emotion, and Behavior (Handbook of Stress Series, 1, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800951-2.00001-7
  • Flint, D. (2003). What is the relationship between indicators of stress and academic performance in third year university students: A follow up study. Coursework Master Thesis, Victoria University.
  • Frajtova Michalikova, K., Blazek, R., & Rydell, L. (2022). Delivery apps use during the COVID-19 pandemic: Consumer satisfaction judgments, behavioral intentions, and purchase decisions. Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, 17(1), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.22381/emfm17120225
  • Füller, H., & Michel, B. (2014). ‘Stop being a tourist!’ new dynamicsof urban tourism in Berlin-Kreuzberg. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1304–1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12124
  • Garcia, L.-M. (2016). Techno-tourism and post-industrial neo-romanticism in Berlin’s electronic dance music scenes. Tourist Studies, 16(3), 276–295. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468797615618037
  • Ghazali, E. M., Nguyen, B., Mutum, D. S., & Yap, S.-F. (2019). Pro-environmental behaviours and value-belief-norm theory: Assessing unobserved heterogeneity of two ethnic groups. Sustainability, 11(12), 3237. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123237
  • Godoy, L. D., Rossignoli, M. T., Delfino-Pereira, P., Garcia-Cairasco, N., & de Lima Umeoka, E. H. (2018). A comprehensive overview on stress neurobiology: Basic concepts and clinical implications. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 12, 127. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00127
  • Gössling, S., & Schweiggart, N. (2022). Two years of COVID-19 and tourism: What we learned, and what we should have learned. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 30(4), 915–931. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2029872
  • Grupe, D. W., & Nitschke, J. B. (2013). Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: An integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, 14(7), 488–501. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3524
  • Guo, K., Zhang, X., Bai, S., Minhat, H. S., Nazan, A., Feng, J., Li, X., Luo, G., Zhang, X., Feng, J., Li, Y., Si, M., Qiao, Y., Ouyang, J., Saliluddin, S., & West, J. C. (2021). Assessing social support impact on depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate students in Shaanxi province during the COVID-19 pandemic of China. PloS One, 16(7), e0253891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253891
  • Gupta, V. K., Atav, G., & Dutta, D. K. (2019). Market orientation research: A qualitative synthesis and future research agenda. Review of Managerial Science, 13(4), 649–670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11846-017-0262-z
  • Haddouche, H., & Salomone, C. (2018). Generation Z and the tourist experience: Tourist stories and use of social networks. Journal of Tourism Futures, 4(1), 69–79. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-12-2017-0059
  • Haller, E., Lubenko, J., Presti, G., Squatrito, V., Constantinou, M., Nicolaou, C., Papacostas, S., Aydın, G., Chong, Y. Y., Chien, W. T., Cheng, H. Y., Ruiz, F. J., García-Martín, M. B., Obando-Posada, D. P., Segura-Vargas, M. A., Vasiliou, V. S., McHugh, L., Höfer, S., Baban, A., … Gloster, A. T. (2022). To help or not to help? Prosocial behavior, its association with well-being, and predictors of prosocial behavior during the coronavirus disease pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 775032. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.775032
  • Han, H., Lee, S., & Hyun, S. S. (2020). Tourism and altruistic intention: Volunteer tourism development and self-interested value. Sustainability, 12(5), 2152. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052152
  • Harahap, D. A., & Amanah, D. (2018). Online purchasing decisions of college students in Indonesia. International Journal of Latest Engineering Research and Applications, 3(10), 5–15. http://www.ijlera.com/papers/v3-i10/2.201810138.pdf
  • Helmi, A., Sarasi, V., Kaltum, U., & Suherman, Y. (2021). Discovering the values of generation X and millennial consumers in Indonesia. Innovative Marketing, 17(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.21511/im.17(2).2021.01
  • House, A., & Stark, D. (2002). Anxiety in medical patients. British Medical Journal, 325(7357), 207–209. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7357.207
  • Hu, T. Y., Li, J., Jia, H., & Xie, X. (2016). Helping others, warming yourself: Altruistic behaviors increase warmth feelings of the ambient environment. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1349. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01349
  • Hysa, B., Karasek, A., & Zdonek, I. (2021). Social media usage by different generations as a tool for sustainable tourism marketing in society 5.0 idea. Sustainability, 13(3), 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031018
  • Ifdil, I., Yuca, V., & Yendi, F. M. (2020). Stress and anxiety among late adulthood in Indonesia during COVID-19 outbreak. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Indonesia, 6(2), 31–46. https://doi.org/10.29210/02020612
  • Iqbal, T., Elahi, A., Redon, P., Vazquez, P., Wijns, W., & Shahzad, A. (2021). A review of biophysiological and biochemical indicators of stress for connected and preventive healthcare. Diagnostics, 11(3), 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11030556
  • Israelashvili, J. (2021). More positive emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic are associated with better resilience, especially for those experiencing more negative emotions. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 648112. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.648112
  • Jablonska, J., Jaremko, M., & M, T. G. (2016). Social tourism, its clients and perspectives. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 7(3), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n3s1p42
  • Jacob, K. S. (2015). Recovery model of mental illness: A complementary approach to psychiatric care. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 37(2), 117–119. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7176.155605
  • Kang, S.-E., Park, C., Lee, C.-K., & Lee, S. (2021). The stress-induced impact of COVID-19 on tourism and hospitality workers. Sustainability, 13(3), 1327. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031327
  • Karakaya, Ç., Badur, B., & Aytekin, C. (2011). Analyzing the effectiveness of marketing strategies in the presence of word of mouth: Agent-based modeling approach. Journal of Marketing Research and Case Studies, 2011, 421059. https://doi.org/10.5171/2011.421059
  • Kemp, E., Bui, M., & Porter, I. I. I. M. (2021). Preparing for a crisis: Examining the influence of fear and anxiety on consumption and compliance. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 38(3), 282–292. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-05-2020-3841
  • Ketter, E. (2021). Millennial travel: Tourism micro-trends of European generation Y. Journal of Tourism Futures, 17(2), 192–196. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-10-2019-0106
  • Khoshaim, H. B., Al-Sukayt, A., Chinna, K., Nurunnabi, M., Sundarasen, S., Kamaludin, K., Baloch, G. M., & Hossain, S. (2020). Anxiety level of university students during COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 579750. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579750
  • Kroenke, K., Wu, J., Yu, Z., Bair, M. J., Kean, J., Stump, T., & Monahan, P. O. (2016). Patient health questionnaire anxiety and depression scale: Initial validation in three clinical trials. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78(6), 716–727. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000322
  • Kusumaningrum, D. A., & Wachyuni, S. S. (2020). The shifting trends in travelling after the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews, 7(2), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2020.724
  • Kusumawati, W., & Indriani, Y. D. (2019). Altruism as perspective of medical students. Jurnal Medicoeticolegal Dan Manajemen Rumah Sakit, 8(3), 224–233. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmmr.83110
  • Kuswoyo, Tentama, F., & Muhopilah, P. (2020). Altruism scale: A psychometric study for junior high school student. International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 51(2), 208–219. https://gssrr.org/index.php/JournalOfBasicAndApplied/article/view/10818
  • Lestari, D., Tricahyadinata, I., Rahmawati, R., Darma, D. C., Maria, S., & Heksarini, A. (2021). The concept of work-life balance and practical application for customer services of bank. Jurnal Minds: Manajemen Ide Dan Inspirasi, 8(1), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.24252/minds.v8i1.21121
  • Levit, L. Z. (2014). Egoism and altruism: The “antagonists” or the “brothers”? Journal of Studies in Social Sciences, 7(2), 164–188. https://infinitypress.info/index.php/jsss/article/view/713
  • Liu, X., Cao, H., Zhu, H., Zhang, H., Niu, K., Tang, N., Cui, Z., Pan, L., Yao, C., Gao, Q., Wang, Z., Sun, J., He, H., Guo, M., Guo, C., Liu, K., Peng, H., Peng, W., Sun, Y., and Zhang, L. (2021). Association of chronic diseases with depression, anxiety and stress in Chinese general population: The CHCN-BTH cohort study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282(4), 1278–1287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.040
  • Locke, A. B., Faafp, M. D., Kirst, N., & Shultz, C. G. (2015). Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in adults. American Family Physician, 91(9), 617–624. https://www.aafp.org/afp/2015/0501/p617.html
  • Luo, J. M., & Lam, C. F. (2020). Travel anxiety, risk attitude and travel intentions towards “travel bubble” destinations in Hong Kong: Effect of the fear of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7859. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217859
  • Maison, D., Jaworska, D., Adamczyk, D., Affeltowicz, D., & Atiqul Haq, S. M. (2021). The challenges arising from the COVID-19 pandemic and the way people deal with them. a qualitative longitudinal study. PloS One, 16(10), e0258133. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258133
  • Memar, M., & Mokaribolhassan, A. (2021). Stress level classification using statistical analysis of skin conductance signal while driving. SN Applied Sciences, 3(64), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-04134-7
  • Monaco, S. (2018). Tourism and the new generations: Emerging trends and social implications in Italy. Journal of Tourism Futures, 4(1), 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/JTF-12-2017-0053
  • Nicomedes, C., & Avila, R. (2020). An analysis on the panic during COVID-19 pandemic through an online form. Journal of Affective Disorders, 276, 14–22. https://doi/org/10 .1016/j/jad/2020/06.046
  • Oakley, B. A. (2013). Concepts and implications of altruism bias and pathological altruism. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 110(2), 10408–10415. https://doi/org/10 .1073/pnas/13025.47110
  • Ohrnberger, J., Fichera, E., & Sutton, M. (2017). The relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 195, 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.008
  • Othman, C. N., Farooqui, M., Yusoff, M. S. B., & Adawiyah, R. (2013). Nature of stress among health science students in a Malaysian University. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 105(3), 249–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.11.026
  • Palinkas, L. A., Horwitz, S. M., Green, C. A., Wisdom, J. P., Duan, N., & Hoagwood, K. (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research. Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 42(5), 533–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10488-013-0528-y
  • Paraskevaidis, P., & Andriotis, K. (2017). Altruism in tourism: Social exchange theory vs altruistic surplus phenomenon in host volunteering. Annals of Tourism Research, 62, 26–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.11.002
  • Pedrosa, A. L., Bitencourt, L., Fróes, A., Cazumbá, M., Campos, R., de Brito, S., Simões, E., & Silva, A. C. (2020). Emotional, behavioral, and psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 566212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.021
  • Petcharat, T., & Leelasantitham, A. (2021). A retentive consumer behavior assessment model of the online purchase decision-making process. Heliyon, 7(10), e08169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08169
  • Pfattheicher, S., Nielsen, Y. A., & Thielmann, I. (2022). Prosocial behavior and altruism: A review of concepts and definitions. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 124–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.08.021
  • Pocinho, M., Garcês, S., & de Jesus, S. N. (2022). Wellbeing and resilience in tourism: A systematic literature review during COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 748947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.748947
  • Rafique, N., Al-Asoom, L. I., Latif, R., Al Sunni, A., & Wasi, S. (2019). Comparing levels of psychological stress and its inducing factors among medical students. Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, 14(6), 488–494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2019.11.002
  • Rahayu, G., Kurniati, D., & Suharyani, A. (2020). The influence of psychological factors on the buying decision process of tropicana slim sweetener products. SOCA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 14(2), 253–264. https://doi.org/10.24843/SOCA.2020.v14.i02.p06
  • Rahman, M. K., Gazi, M., Bhuiyan, M. A., Rahaman, M. A., & Xue, B. (2021). Effect of covid-19 pandemic on tourist travel risk and management perceptions. PloS One, 16(9), e0256486. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256486
  • Rahmawati, R., Achmad, G. N., & Adhimursandi, D. (2021). Do Indonesians dare to travel during this pandemic? Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites, 38(4), 1256–1264. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.38433-767
  • Rahmawati, R., Oktora, K., Ratnasari, S. L., Ramadania, R., & Darma, C. D. (2021). Is it true that Lombok deserves to be a halal tourist destination in the world? A perception of domestic tourists. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, 34(1), 94–101. https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.34113-624
  • Ratnasari, S. L., Rahmawati, R., Ramadania, R., Sutjahjo, G., & Darma, D. C. (2021). Ethical work climate in motivation and moral awareness perspective: The dilemma by the covid-19 crisis?*. Public Policy and Administration, 20(4), 398–409. https://doi.org/10.13165/VPA-21-20-4-04
  • Rodríguez, M., Pérez, L. M., & Alonso, M. (2021). The impact of egoistic and social-altruistic values on consumers’ intention to stay at safe hotels in the COVID-19 era: A study in Spain. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2021.2008881
  • Rodríguez-Rey, R., Garrido-Hernansaiz, H., & Collado, S. (2020). Psychological impact and associated factors during the initial stage of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic among the general population in Spain. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1540. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01540
  • Roerig, J. L. (1999). Diagnosis and management of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association, 39(6), 811–879. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10609447/
  • Rokni, L. (2021). The psychological consequences of COVID-19 pandemic in tourism sector: A systematic review. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 50(9), 1743–1756. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v50i9.7045
  • Roy, J., Hasid, Z., Lestari, D., Darma, D. C., & Kurniawan, A., . E. (2021). Covid-19 maneuver on socio-economic: Exploitation using correlation. Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 9(2), 146–162. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPEB.009.2.6
  • Rydell, L., & Kucera, J. (2021). Cognitive attitudes, behavioral choices, and purchasing habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 9(4), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.22381/jsme9420213
  • Saeed, B. A., Shabila, N. P., Aziz, A. J., & Lahiri, A. (2021). Stress and anxiety among physicians during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Iraqi Kurdistan region: An online survey. PloS One, 16(6), e0253903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253903
  • Salleh, M. R. (2008). Life event, stress and illness. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences, 15(4), 9–18. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22589633/
  • Schmid, H. (2010). Philosophical egoism: Its nature and limitations. Economics and Philosophy, 26(2), 217–240. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266267110000209
  • Schneiderman, N., Ironson, G., & Siegel, S. D. (2005). Stress and health: Psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1(1), 607–628. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144141
  • Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychological Bulletin, 130(4), 601–630. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.130.4.601
  • Segerstrom, S. C., & O’Connor, D. B. (2012). Stress, health and illness: Four challenges for the future. Psychology & Health, 27(2), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2012.659516
  • Şengel, Ü., Genç, G., Işkın, M., Çevrimkaya, M., Zengin, B., & Sarıışık, M. (2022). The impact of anxiety levels on destination visit intention in the context of COVID-19: The mediating role of travel intention. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-10-2021-0295
  • Shahsavarani, A., Azad Marz Abadi, E., & Hakimi Kalkhoran, M. (2015). Stress: Facts and theories through literature review. International Journal of Medical Reviews, 2(2), 230–241. http://www.ijmedrev.com/article_68654.html
  • Shahzalal, M., & Font, X. (2018). Influencing altruistic tourist behaviour: Persuasive communication to affect attitudes and self-efficacy beliefs. International Journal of Tourism Research, 20(3), 326–334. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2184
  • Shallcross, A. J., Troy, A. S., Boland, M., & Mauss, I. B. (2010). Let it be: Accepting negative emotional experiences predicts decreased negative affect and depressive symptoms. Behaviour Research And Therapy, 48(9), 921–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.025
  • Sibona, C., & Walczak, S. (2012). Purposive sampling on twitter: A case study. The 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences 04-07 January 2012, IEEE Xplore, Maui, HI, USA, pp. 3510–3519. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2012.493.
  • Slivar, I., Aleric, D., & Dolenec, S. (2019). Leisure travel behavior of generation Y & Z at the destination and post-purchase. E-Journal of Tourism, 6(2), 147–159. https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v6i2.53470
  • Snelson, C. L. (2016). Qualitative and mixed methods social media research: A review of the literature. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 15(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406915624574
  • Spinelli, M., Lionetti, F., Pastore, M., & Fasolo, M. (2020). Parents’ stress and children’s psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713
  • Steimer, T. (2002). The biology of fear- and anxiety-related behaviors. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 4(3), 231–249. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2002.4.3/tsteimer
  • Stuart, G. W., & Laraia, M. T. (1998). Stuart & Sundeen’s principles and practice of psychiatric nursing (6th Ed. St ed.). Mosby Year Book.
  • Szuster, A. (2016). Crucial dimensions of human altruism. affective vs. conceptual factors leading to helping or reinforcing others. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 519. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00519
  • Tepavčević, J., Blešić, I., Petrović, M. D., Vukosav, S., Bradić, M., Garača, V., Gajić, T., & Lukić, D. (2021). Personality traits that affect travel intentions during pandemic COVID-19: The case study of Serbia. Sustainability, 13(22), 12845. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132212845
  • Tsigos, C., Kyrou, I., Kassi, E., Chrousos, G. P. et. al. (2020). Stress: Endocrine physiology and pathophysiology. In K. R. Feingold (Ed.), Endotext. MDText.com, Inc.
  • Tyng, C. M., Amin, H. U., Saad, M., & Malik, A. S. (2017). The influences of emotion on learning and memory. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1454. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01454
  • van Oort, F. V., Greaves-Lord, K., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Huizink, A. C. (2011). Risk indicators of anxiety throughout adolescence: The TRAILS study. Depression and Anxiety, 28(6), 485–494. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20818
  • Wang, C., & Zhao, H. (2020). The impact of COVID-19 on anxiety in Chinese university students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1168. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01168
  • Watson, R., & Popescu, G. H. (2021). Will the COVID-19 pandemic lead to long-term consumer perceptions, behavioral intentions, and acquisition decisions? Economics, Management, and Financial Markets, 16(4), 70–83. https://doi.org/10.22381/emfm16420215
  • Williams, D. R. (2018). Stress and the mental health of populations of color: Advancing our understanding of race-related stressors. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 59(4), 466–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022146518814251
  • Willman-Iivarinen, H. (2017). The future of consumer decision making. European Journal of Futures Research, 5(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40309-017-0125-5
  • The World Inequality Report. (2022). Presentation of the world inequality report 2022. https://wir2022.wid.world/www-site/uploads/2022/03/0098-21_WIL_RIM_RAPPORT_A4.pdf
  • Wuryaningrat, N. F., Alqurbani, I., Mambu, R., & Watung, S. R. (2021). Social perception on new normal (case Study on millennial generations at North Sulawesi Indonesia). Journal of International Conference Proceedings, 4(1), 192–196. https://doi.org/10.32535/jicp.v4i1.1140
  • Xu, Z., Zhang, D., Xu, D., Li, X., Xie, Y. J., Sun, W., Lee, E. K., Yip, B. H., Xiao, S., Wong, S. Y., & Cheung, J. C. S. (2021). Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey. PloS One, 16(10), e0259012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259012
  • Yang, C., Chen, A., Chen, Y., & Lin, C.-Y. (2021). College students’ stress and health in the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of academic workload, separation from school, and fears of contagion. PloS One, 16(2), e0246676. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246676
  • Yıldırım, M., Arslan, G., & Özaslan, A. (2022). Perceived risk and mental health problems among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the mediating effects of resilience and coronavirus fear. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(2), 1035–1045. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00424-8
  • Yulia, Y. A., Widianto, T., Pamastutiningtyas, T. S., Imron, P., & A, L. (2022). The tourism management information searching during pandemic COVID-19. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Jagaditha, 9(1), 57–65 https://doi.org/10.22225/jj.9.1.2022.57-65.
  • Zhang, T., & Zhang, D. (2007). Agent-based simulation of consumer purchase decision-making and the decoy effect. Journal of Business Research, 60(8), 912–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2007.02.006
  • Zhuang, X., Yao, Y., & Li, J. (Justin). (2019). Sociocultural impacts of tourism on residents of world cultural heritage sites in China. Sustainability, 11(3), 840. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030840
  • Zvarikova, K., Gajanova, L., & Higgins, M. (2022). Adoption of delivery apps during the COVID-19 crisis: Consumer perceived value, behavioral choices, and purchase intentions. Journal of Self-Governance and Management Economics, 10(1), 69–81. https://doi.org/10.22381/jsme10120225