Workplace incivility to predict employee silence: Mediating and moderating roles of job embeddedness and power distance

References

• Achmadi, A., Hendryadi, H., Siregar, A. O., & Hadmar, A. S. (2022). How can a leader’s humility enhance civility climate and employee voice in a competitive environment? Journal of Management Development, 41(4), 257–15. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-11-2021-0297
   Google Scholar
• Alola, U. V., Olugbade, O. A., Avci, T., & Öztüren, A. (2019). Customer incivility and employees’ outcomes in the hotel: Testing the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2018.10.004
   Google Scholar
• Boadi, E. A., He, Z., Boadi, E. K., Antwi, S., & Say, J. (2020). Customer value co-creation and employee silence: Emotional intelligence as explanatory mechanism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 91, 102646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102646
   Google Scholar
• Boukis, A., Koritos, C., Daunt, K. L., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2020). Effects of customer incivility on frontline employees and the moderating role of supervisor leadership style. Tourism Management, 77, 103997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.103997
   Google Scholar
• Brinsfield, C. T. (2013). Employee silence motives: Investigation of dimensionality and development of measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(5), 671–697. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1829
   Google Scholar
• Cahyadi, A., Hendryadi, H., & Mappadang, A. (2021). Workplace and classroom incivility and learning engagement: The moderating role of locus of control. International Journal for Educational Integrity, 17(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40979-021-00071-z
   Google Scholar
• Chen, H.-T., & Wang, C.-H. (2019). Incivility, satisfaction and turnover intention of tourist hotel chefs. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(5), 2034–2053. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2018-0164
   Google Scholar
• Chou, S. Y., & Chang, T. (2020). Employee silence and silence antecedents: A theoretical classification. International Journal of Business Communication, 57(3), 401–426. https://doi.org/10.1177/2329488417703301
   Google Scholar
• Chou, S. Y., & Chang, T. (2021). Feeling capable and worthy? Impact of employee silence on self-concept: Mediating role of organizational citizenship behaviors. Psychological Reports, 124(1), 266–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294120901845
   Google Scholar
• Cortina, L., & Magley, V. (2009). Patterns and profiles of response to incivility in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(3), 272–288. Educational Publishing Foundation. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014934
   Google Scholar
• Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Williams, J. H., & Langhout, R. D. (2001). Incivility in the workplace: Incidence and impact. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 6(1), 64–80. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.1.64
   Google Scholar
• Crossley, C. D., Bennett, R. J., Jex, S. M., & Burnfield, J. L. (2007). Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(4), 1031–1042. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.4.1031
   Google Scholar
• Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B., & Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 442–458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130
   Google Scholar
• Hamstra, M. R. W., Schreurs, B., Jawahar, I. M. (Jim), Laurijssen, L. M., & Hünermund, P. (2021). Manager narcissism and employee silence: A socio‐analytic theory perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 94(1), 29–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12337
   Google Scholar
• Hao, L., Zhu, H., He, Y., Duan, J., Zhao, T., & Meng, H. (2022). When is silence golden? A meta-analysis on antecedents and outcomes of employee silence. Journal of Business and Psychology, 37(5), 1039–1063. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-021-09788-7
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, S., DeHart‐Davis, L., & Jiang, Z. (2019). How empowering leadership reduces employee silence in public organizations. Public Administration, 97(1), 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/padm.12571
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approac. Guilford publications.
   Google Scholar
• Hershcovis, M. S., Ogunfowora, B., Reich, T. C., & Christie, A. M. (2017). Targeted workplace incivility: The roles of belongingness, embarrassment, and power. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(7), 1057–1075. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2183
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337–421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062
   Google Scholar
• Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2005). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (2nd) ed.). Mcgraw-hill.
   Google Scholar
• Hur, W.-M., Kim, B.-S., & Park, S.-J. (2015). The relationship between coworker incivility, emotional exhaustion, and organizational outcomes: the mediating role of emotional exhaustion. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 25(6), 701–712. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20587
   Google Scholar
• Hur, W.-M., Moon, T., & Jun, J.-K. (2016). The effect of workplace incivility on service employee creativity: The mediating role of emotional exhaustion and intrinsic motivation. Journal of Services Marketing, 30(3), 302–315. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSM-10-2014-0342
   Google Scholar
• Jha, N., Potnuru, R. K. G., Sareen, P., & Shaju, S. (2019). Employee voice, engagement and organizational effectiveness: A mediated model. European Journal of Training and Development, 43(7/8), 699–718. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-10-2018-0097
   Google Scholar
• Ju, D., Ma, L., Ren, R., & Zhang, Y. (2019). Empowered to break the silence: Applying self-determination theory to employee silence. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00485
   Google Scholar
• Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003). Power, approach, and inhibition. Psychological review. Psychological Review, 110(2), 265–284. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.110.2.265
   Google Scholar
• Khalid, J., & Ahmed, J. (2016). Perceived organizational politics and employee silence: Supervisor trust as a moderator. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 21(2), 174–195. https://doi.org/10.1080/13547860.2015.1092279
   Google Scholar
• Khan, R., Murtaza, G., Neveu, J. P., & Newman, A. (2022). Reciprocal relationship between workplace incivility and deviant silence—The moderating role of moral attentiveness. Applied Psychology, 71(1), 174–196. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12316
   Google Scholar
• Kock, N. (2017). Common method bias: A full collinearity assessment method for PLS-SEM BT - partial least squares path modeling: Basic concepts, methodological issues and applications. In H. Latan & R. Noonan (Eds.), Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (pp. 245–257). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64069-3_11
   Google Scholar
• Lam, L. W., & Xu, A. J. (2019). Power imbalance and employee silence: The role of abusive leadership, power distance orientation, and perceived organisational politics. Applied Psychology, 68(3), 513–546. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12170
   Google Scholar
• Law, K. S., Wong, C.-S., Yan, M., & Huang, G. (2016). Asian researchers should be more critical: The example of testing mediators using time-lagged data. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 33(2), 319–341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-015-9453-9
   Google Scholar
• Liu, P., Xiao, C., He, J., Wang, X., & Li, A. (2020). Experienced workplace incivility, anger, guilt, and family satisfaction: The double-edged effect of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 154, 109642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109642
   Google Scholar
• Madhan, K., Shagirbasha, S., & Iqbal, J. (2022). Does incivility in quick service restaurants suppress the voice of employee? A moderated mediation model. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 103, 103204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103204
   Google Scholar
• Madrid, H. P., Patterson, M. G., & Leiva, P. I. (2015). Negative core affect and employee silence: How differences in activation, cognitive rumination, and problem-solving demands matter. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(6), 1887–1898. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039380
   Google Scholar
• Mao, C., Chang, C.-H., Johnson, R. E., & Sun, J. (2019). Incivility and employee performance, citizenship, and counterproductive behaviors: Implications of the social context. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 24(2), 213–227. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000108
   Google Scholar
• Maqbool, S., Černe, M., & Bortoluzzi, G. (2019). Micro-foundations of innovation. European Journal of Innovation Management, 22(1), 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-01-2018-0013
   Google Scholar
• Marasi, S., Cox, S. S., & Bennett, R. J. (2016). Job embeddedness: Is it always a good thing? Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(1), 141–153. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-05-2013-0150
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, T. R., Holtom, B. C., Lee, T. W., Sablynski, C. J., & Erez, M. (2001). Why people stay: Using job embeddedness to predict voluntary turnover. Academy of Management Journal, 44(6), 1102–1121. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069391
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, E. W. (2014). Employee voice and silence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1(1), 173–197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091328
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, E. W., See, K. E., & Pan, C. (2015). An approach-inhibition model of employee silence: The joint effects of personal sense of power and target openness. Personnel Psychology, 68(3), 547–580. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12087
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, E. W., Wheeler-Smith, S. L., & Kamdar, D. (2011). Speaking up in groups: A cross-level study of group voice climate and voice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(1), 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020744
   Google Scholar
• Namin, B. H., Øgaard, T., & Røislien, J. (2022). Workplace incivility and turnover intention in organizations: A meta-analytic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010025
   Google Scholar
• Nazir, S., Shafi, A., Asadullah, M. A., Qun, W., & Khadim, S. (2021). Linking paternalistic leadership to follower’s innovative work behavior: The influence of leader–member exchange and employee voice. European Journal of Innovation Management, 24(4), 1354–1378. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-01-2020-0005
   Google Scholar
• Ng, T. W. H., & Feldman, D. C. (2010). The impact of job embeddedness on innovation-related behaviors. Human Resource Management, 49(6), 1067–1087. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20390
   Google Scholar
• Park, Y., & Haun, V. C. (2018). The long arm of email incivility: Transmitted stress to the partner and partner work withdrawal. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(10), 1268–1282. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2289
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, C. M., Andersson, L. M., & Wegner, J. W. (2001). When workers flout convention: A study of workplace incivility. Human Relations, 54(11), 1387–1419. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187267015411001
   Google Scholar
• Pearson, C. M., & Porath, C. L. (2005). On the nature, consequences and remedies of workplace incivility: no time for “nice”? Think again. Academy of Management Perspectives, 19(1), 7–18. https://doi.org/10.5465/ame.2005.15841946
   Google Scholar
• Peltokorpi, V. (2019). Abusive supervision and emotional exhaustion: The moderating role of power distance orientation and the mediating role of interaction avoidance. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 57(3), 251–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-7941.12188
   Google Scholar
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It. Annual Review of Psychology, 63(1), 539–569. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100452
   Google Scholar
• Porath, C. L., & Pearson, C. M. (2012). Emotional and behavioral responses to workplace incivility and the impact of hierarchical status. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(S1), E326–E357. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.01020.x
   Google Scholar
• Porath, C., Spreitzer, G., Gibson, C., & Garnett, F. G. (2012). Thriving at work: Toward its measurement, construct validation, and theoretical refinement. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(2), 250–275. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.756
   Google Scholar
• Rai, A., & Agarwal, U. A. (2018). Workplace bullying and employee silence. Personnel Review, 47(1), 226–256. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2017-0071
   Google Scholar
• Reisig, M. D., & Cancino, J. M. (2004). Incivilities in nonmetropolitan communities: The effects of structural constraints, social conditions, and crime. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32(1), 15–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2003.10.002
   Google Scholar
• Rhee, S.-Y., Hur, W.-M., & Kim, M. (2017). The relationship of coworker incivility to job performance and the moderating role of self-efficacy and compassion at work: The job demands-resources (jd-r) approach. Journal of Business and Psychology, 32(6), 711–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-016-9469-2
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava, S., Jain, A. K., & Sullivan, S. (2019). Employee silence and burnout in India: The mediating role of emotional intelligence. Personnel Review, 48(4), 1045–1060. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-03-2018-0104
   Google Scholar
• Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008a). Employee silence on critical work issues: The cross level effects of procedural justice climate. Personnel Psychology, 61(1), 37–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2008.00105.x
   Google Scholar
• Tangirala, S., & Ramanujam, R. (2008b). Exploring nonlinearity in employee voice: The effects of personal control and organizational identification. Academy of Management Journal, 51(6), 1189–1203. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2008.35732719
   Google Scholar
• Tan, A. J. M., Loi, R., Lam, L. W., & Zhang, L. L. (2019). Do embedded employees voice more? Personnel Review, 48(3), 824–838. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-05-2017-0150
   Google Scholar
• Tricahyadinata, I., Hendryadi, S., Zainurossalamia, Z. A., Riadi, S. S., & Riadi, S. S. (2020). Workplace incivility, work engagement, and turnover intentions: Multi-group analysis. Cogent Psychology, 7(1), 1743627. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311908.2020.1743627
   Google Scholar
• Ugwu, F. O., Onyishi, E. I., Anozie, O. O., & Ugwu, L. E. (2022). Customer incivility and employee work engagement in the hospitality industry: Roles of supervisor positive gossip and workplace friendship prevalence. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 5(3), 515–534. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-06-2020-0113
   Google Scholar
• Van Dyne, L., Ang, S., & Botero, I. C. (2003). Conceptualizing employee silence and employee voice as multidimensional constructs*. Journal of Management Studies, 40(6), 1359–1392. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6486.00384
   Google Scholar
• Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998). Helping and voice extra-role behaviors: Evidence of construct and predictive validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 108–119. https://doi.org/10.5465/256902
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C.-H., & Chen, H.-T. (2020). Relationships among workplace incivility, work engagement and job performance. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 3(4), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-09-2019-0105
   Google Scholar
• Wang, -C.-C., Hsieh, -H.-H., & Wang, Y.-D. (2020). Abusive supervision and employee engagement and satisfaction: The mediating role of employee silence. Personnel Review, 49(9), 1845–1858. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-04-2019-0147
   Google Scholar
• Wu, M., Peng, Z., & Estay, C. (2018). How role stress mediates the relationship between destructive leadership and employee silence: The moderating role of job complexity. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 12, e19. https://doi.org/10.1017/prp.2018.7
   Google Scholar
• Wu, M., Wang, R., Estay, C., & Shen, W. (2022). Curvilinear relationship between ambidextrous leadership and employee silence: Mediating effects of role stress and relational energy. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 37(8), 746–764. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-07-2021-0418
   Google Scholar
• Yao, L., Ayub, A., Ishaq, M., Arif, S., Fatima, T., & Sohail, H. M. (2022). Workplace ostracism and employee silence in service organizations: The moderating role of negative reciprocity beliefs. International Journal of Manpower, 43(6), 1378–1404. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-04-2021-0261
   Google Scholar
• Yoo, B., Donthu, N., & Lenartowicz, T. (2011). Measuring hofstede’s five dimensions of cultural values at the individual level: Development and validation of CVSCALE. Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 23(3–4), 193–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/08961530.2011.578059
   Google Scholar
• Yue, Y., Nguyen, H., Groth, M., Johnson, A., & Frenkel, S. (2021). When heroes and villains are victims: how different withdrawal strategies moderate the depleting effects of customer incivility on frontline employees. Journal of Service Research, 24(3), 435–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094670520967994
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., Wu, Z., Liang, D., Jia, R., Wang, M., Chen, C., & Lu, G. (2021). Nurses’ voice behaviour: The influence of humble leadership, affective commitment and job embeddedness in China. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(6), 1603–1612. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13306
   Google Scholar