A Relative Age Effect (RAE) analysis of top European football clubs segmented by ownership models

References

• Aglietta, M., Andreff, W., & Drut, B. (2008). Bourse et Football. Revue d’économie politique, 118, 255–12. https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.182.0255
   Google Scholar
• Barba Sanchez, V., Salinero Martin, M. Y., & Jimenez Estevez, P. (2021). Monetising the social value of inclusive entrepreneurship: The case of the Abono Café social economy enterprise. CIRIEC - España, Revista de Economía Pública, Social y Cooperativa, 101, 115–141. https://doi.org/10.7203/CIRIEC-E.101.18158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnsley, R. H., & Thompson, A. H. (1988). Birthdate and success in minor hockey: The key to the NHL. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science / Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 20(2), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0079927
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnsley, R. H., Thompson, A. H., & Legault, P. (1992). Family planning: Football style. The relative age effect in football. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 1(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269029202700105
   Google Scholar
• Baur, D., & McKeating, C. (2011). Do football clubs benefit from initial public offerings? International Journal of Sport Finance, 6(1), 40–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benkraiem, R., Le Roy, F., & Louhichi, W. (2011). Sporting performances and the volatility of listed football clubs. International Journal of Sport Finance, 6(4), 283–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonal, J. R., León Quismondo, J., Burillo, P., Pérez-González, B., & Fernández-Luna, Á. (2020). Non-professional sport academies in Spain: The parents perspective. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 20(5/6), 428–444. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2020.115127
   Google Scholar
• Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brustio, P. R., Lupo, C., Ungureanu, A. N., Frati, R., Rainoldi, A., Boccia, G., & Ardigò, L. P. (2018). The relative age effect is larger in Italian soccer top-level youth categories and smaller in Serie a. PloS One, 13(4), 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0196253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brustio, P. R., Modena, R., Boccia, G., Vogliazzo, M., & Kelly, A. L. (2023). Youth-to-senior transition in women’s and girls’ football: Towards a better understanding of relative age effects and gender-specific considerations. PloS One, 18(5), e0283781. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0283781
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calderón-Milán, M.-J., Calderón-Milán, B., & Barba-Sánchez, V. (2020). Labour inclusion of people with disabilities: What role do the social and solidarity economy entities play? Sustainability, 12(3), 1079. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031079
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castillo, D., Pérez-González, B., Raya-González, J., Fernández-Luna, Á., Burillo, P., Lago-Rodríguez, Á., & Clemente, F. M. (2019). Selection and promotion processes are not associated by the relative age effect in an elite Spanish soccer academy. PloS One, 14(7), e0219945. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobley, S., Baker, J., Wattie, N., & McKenna, J. (2009). Annual age-grouping and athlete development: A meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport. Sports Medecine, 39(3), 235–256. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200939030-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloitte. 2021. Football money league 2021: Testing times.
   Google Scholar
• Delorme, N., Boiché, J., & Raspaud, M. (2009). The relative age effect in elite sport. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 80(2), 336–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2009.10599568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolles, H., & Söderman, S. (2013). The network of value captures in football club management: A framework to develop and analyse competitive advantage in professional team sports. In Dolles & Söderman (Eds.), Handbook of research on sport and business (pp. 295–311). Edward Elgar publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, J. R., Bottomley, P. A., & Ardigò, L. P. (2018). Relative age effect in elite soccer: More early-born players, but no better valued, and no paragon clubs or countries. PloS One, 13(2), e0192209. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, J. R., Bottomley, P. A., & Ardigò, L. P. (2019). The relative age effect in European elite soccer: A practical guide to Poisson regression modelling. PloS One, 14(4), e0213988. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213988
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort, R. (2019). Diferencias entre el deporte europeo y el norteamericano: una mirada retrospectiva. Papeles de Economía Española, Deporte y Economía, (159), 61–71. https://www.funcas.es/articulos/diferencias-entre-el-deporte-europeo-y-el-norteamericano-una-mirada-retrospectiva-deporte-y-economia/
   Google Scholar
• Gerdin, G., Hedberg, M., & Hageskog, C.-A. (2018). Relative age effect in Swedish male and female tennis players born in 1998–2001. Sports, 6(2), 38. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020038
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Víllora, S., Pastor-Vicedo, J. C., & Cordente, D. (2015). Relative age effect in UEFA Championship soccer players. Journal of Human Kinetics, 47(1), 237–248. https://doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Götze, M., & Hoppe, M. W. (2021). Relative age effect in elite German soccer: Influence of gender and competition level. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.587023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouguet, J.-J., & Primault, D. (2006). The French exception. Journal of Sports Economics, 7(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527002505282912
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, D. J., Adler, A. L., & Côté, J. (2013). A proposed theoretical model to explain relative age effects in sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 13(6), 630–637. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.775352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill, B., & Sotiriadou, P. (2016). Coach decision-making and the relative age effect on talent selection in football. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(3), 292–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2015.1131730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, A. L., Wilson, M. R., Gough, L. A., Knapman, H., Morgan, P., Cole, M., Jackson, D. T., & Williams, C. A. (2020). A longitudinal investigation into the relative age effect in an English professional football club: Exploring the ‘underdog hypothesis’. Science and Medicine in Football, 4(2), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1694169
   Google Scholar
• Lagestad, P., Steen, I., & Dalen, T. (2018). Inevitable relative age effects in different stages of the selection process among male and female youth soccer players. Sports, 6(2), 29. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports6020029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, S., & Szymanski, S. (2015). Making money out of football. Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 62(1), 25–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjpe.12065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesma, M. L., Pérez-González, B., & Salinero, J. J. (2011). El efecto de la edad relativa (RAE) en la liga de fútbol española. Journal of Sport and Health Research, 3(1), 35–46. http://www.journalshr.com/papers/Vol%203_N%201/V03_1_5.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Lleó, B., & Cardona, P. (2011). La Masia, a school of talent. IESE, 216. https://www.iesepublishing.com/la-masia-escuela-de-talento-espanol.html
   Google Scholar
• Lupo, C., Boccia, G., Ungureanu, A. N., Frati, R., Marocco, R., & Brustio, P. R. (2019). The beginning of senior career in team sport is affected by relative age effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McFadden, D. (1974). Conditional logit analysis of qualitative choice behavior. In P. Zarembka (Ed.), Frontiers in econometrics (pp. 104–142). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Newell, K. M. (1986). Constraints on the development of coordination. In M. G. Wade & H. T. A. Whiting (Eds.), Motor development in children aspects of coordination and control (pp. 341–360). Martinus Nijhoff.
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-González, B., Fernández-Luna, Á., Castillo, D., & Burillo, P. (2020). Are European soccer players worth more if they are born Early in the Year? Relative age effect on player market value. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3301. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-González, B., Fernández-Luna, Á., Vega, P., & Burillo, P. (2018). The relative age effect: Does it also affect the perceived market value? The case of the Spanish LFP (professional football League). Journal of Physical Education & Sport, 18(3), 1408–1411. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2018.s3208
   Google Scholar
• Pérez-González, B., León-Quismondo, J., Bonal, J., Burillo, P., & Fernández-Luna, Á. (2021). The new generation of professional soccer talent is born under the bias of the RAE: Relative age effect in International male youth soccer championships. Children, 8(12), 1117. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8121117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rađa, A., Padulo, J., Jelaska, I., Ardigò, L. P., Fumarco, L., & Papadopoulou, V. (2018). Relative age effect and second-tiers: No second chance for later-born players. PloS One, 13(8), e0201795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohde, M., & Breuer, C. (2018). Competing by investments or efficiency? Exploring financial and sporting efficiency of club ownership structures in European football. Sport Management Review, 21(5), 563–581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2018.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Palomino, P., Martínez-Ruiz, M. P., & Martinez-Cañas, R. (2013). Assessing ethical behaviours in the Spanish banking and insurance industries: Evidence and challenges. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 24(11), 2173–2196. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2012.725065
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz, P., Ruiz, C., & Martinez, R. (2011). The cascading effect of top management’s ethical leadership: Supervisors or other lower-hierarchichal level individuals. African Journal of Business Management, 5(12), 4755–4764.
   Google Scholar
• Salinero, J. J., Pérez-González, B., Burillo, P., & Lesma, M. L. (2013a). El efecto de la edad relativa en el fútbol español. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes, 114(114), 53–57. https://doi.org/10.5672/apunts.2014-0983.es.(2013/4).114.05
   Google Scholar
• Salinero, J. J., Pérez-González, B., Burillo, P., & Lesma, M. L. (2013b). Relative age effect in European professional football. Analysis by position. Journal of Human Sport & Exercise, 8(4), 966–973. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2013.84.07
   Google Scholar
• Salinero, J. J., Pérez-González, B., Burillo, P., Lesma, M. L., & Herrero, H. (2014). El efecto de la edad relativa en el fútbol profesional español/Relative age effect in Spanish professional football. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, 14, 591–601. https://cdeporte.rediris.es/revista/revista56/artefecto514.htm
   Google Scholar
• Torres-Puñonosa, J., Plaza-Navas, M. Á., Díez-Martín, F., & Prado-Román, C. (2020). The sources of knowledge of the Economic and social value in sport Industry Research: A co-citation analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 629951. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.629951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Transfermarkt. (2021). Retrieved March 10, 2021, from https://www.transfermarkt.es/
   Google Scholar
• UEFA. (2018). Club Licensing. https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/OfficialDocument/uefaorg/Clublicensing/02/64/06/95/2640695_DOWNLOAD.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• UEFA. (2021). Ranking de coeficiente de clubes UEFA [Online]. Retrieved March 15, 2021, from https://es.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/#/yr/2021
   Google Scholar
• Wattie, N., Schorer, J., & Baker, J. 2014. The relative age effect in sport: A developmental systems model.
   Google Scholar
• Yagüe, J. M., De la Rubia, A., Sánchez Molina, J., Maroto-Izquierdo, S., & Molinero, O. (2018). The relative age effect in the 10 best leagues of male professional football of the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA). Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 17(3), 409–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, D., Takafuji, J., Kato, T., Kawai, K., & Shimizu, C. (2021). The relative age and birth order effect in Japanese professional football. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 17(5), 1059–1070. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211054239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoghbi-Manrique de Lara, P., & Ruiz-Palomino, P. (2019). How servant leadership creates and accumulates social capital personally owned in hotel firms. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(8), 3192–3211. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-09-2018-0748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar