5,064
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS

Determinants of rural households’ livelihood diversification strategies: In the case of north Wollo zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia

&
Article: 2185347 | Received 28 Oct 2022, Accepted 23 Feb 2023, Published online: 15 Mar 2023

References

  • Abdulai, A., & CroleRees, A. (2001). Determinants of income diversification amongst rural households in Southern Mali. Food Policy, 26(4), 437–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(01)00013-6
  • Adams, R. H., & He, J. J. (1995). Sources of income inequality and poverty in rural Pakistan. Research Report 102. International Food Policy Research Institute.
  • Adem, M., & Tesafa, F. (2020). Intensity of income diversification among small-holder farmers in Asayita Woreda, Afar Region, Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 8, 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1759394
  • Adepoju, A. O., & Obayelu, O. A. (2013). Livelihood diversification and welfare of rural households in Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 5(12), 482–489. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2013.0497
  • Afifi, A., Clark, V. A., & May, S. (2004). Computer-aided multivariate analysis, fourth edition. Boca Raton: Chapman & Hall/CRC. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 16(1), 67–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/09622802070160010604
  • Ahmad, D., & Afzal, M. (2020). Flood hazards and factors influencing house-hold food perception and mitigation strategies in Pakistan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(13), 15375–15387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08057-z
  • Ahmed, B. (2016). What factors contribute to the smallholder farmers’ farm income differential? Evidence from east Hararghe, Oromia, Ethiopia. Journal of Asian Scientific Research, 6(7), 112–119. www.aessweb.com
  • Akhtar, S., Li, G. C., Nazir, A., Razzaq, A., Ullah, R., Faisal, M., Naseer, M. A. U. R., & Raza, M. H. (2019). Maize production under risk: The simultaneous adoption of off-farm income diversification and agricultural credit to manage risk. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 18(2), 460–470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-3119(18)61968-9
  • Alam, M. S. U., Ahmed, J. U., Mannaf, M., Fatema, K., & Mozahid, M. N. (2017). Farm and non-farm income diversification in selected Areas of Sunamganj district of Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics and Sociology, 27(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJAEES/2017/36873
  • Amevenku, F. K. Y., Asravor, R. K., & Kuwornu, J. K. M. (2019). Determinants of livelihood strategies of fishing households in the volta Basin, Ghana. Cogent Economics & Finance, 7(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2019.1595291
  • Amsalu, B., Kindie, G., Belay, K., & Chaurasia, S. P. R. (2014). The role of rural labor market in reducing poverty in West Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 6(7), 299–308. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2013.0518
  • Aniah, P., Kaunza-Nu-Dem, M. K., & Ayembilla, J. A. (2019). Smallholder farmers’ livelihood adaptation to climate variability and ecological changes in the Savanna agroecological zone of Ghana. Heliyon, 5(4), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01492
  • Asfaw, S., McCarthy, N., Paolantonio, A., Cavatassi, R., Amare, M., & Lipper, L. (2015). Diversification, climate risk and vulnerability to poverty: Evidence from rural Malawi. FAO-ESA Working Paper, 2015, 15–22.
  • Asfaw, A., Simane, B., Hassen, A., & Bantider, A. (2017). Determinants of non-farm livelihood diversification: Evidence from rain-fed dependent smallholder farmers in north central Ethiopia (Woleka sub-basin). Development Studies Research, 4(1), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2017.1413411
  • Asmah, E. E. (2011). Rural livelihood diversification and agricultural household welfare in Ghana. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 3(7), 325–334. http://www.academicjournals.org/JDAE
  • Baird, T. D., & Hartter, J. (2017). Livelihood diversification, mobile phones and information diversity in Northern Tanzania. Land Use Policy, 67, 460–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.05.031
  • Barrett, C. B., Reardon, T., & Webb, P. (2001). Nonfarm income diversification and household livelihood strategies in rural Africa: Concepts, dynamics, and policy implications. Food Policy, 26(4), 315–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0306-9192(01
  • Brouwer, R., Akter, S., Brander, L., & Haque, E. (2007). Socioeconomic vulnerability and adaptation to environmental risk: A case study of climate change and flooding in Bangladesh. Risk Analysis, 27(2), 313–326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2007.00884.x
  • Central Statistical Authority. (2007). Population And Housing Census Of Ethiopia: Administrative Report.
  • Chambers, R., & Conway, R. (1992). Sustainable rural livelihood: Practical concept for the 21st century, Discussion paper, IDS No. 296. Institute of Development Studies.
  • Cheung, K. L. A. (2014). Structured questionnaires. In Encyclopedia of quality of life and well-being research (pp. 6399–6402). Springer.
  • Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd) ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Corral, P., & Radchenko, N. (2017). What’s so spatial about diversification in Nigeria? World Development, 95, 231–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.028
  • Corral, L., & Reardon, T. (2001). Rural nonfarm incomes in Nicaragua. World Development, 29(3), 427–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00109-1
  • Davis, B., Winters, P., Carletto, G., Covarrubias, K., Quiñones, E. J., Zezza, A., Stamoulis, K., Azzarri, C., & Di Giuseppe, S. (2010). A cross-country comparison of rural income generating activities. World Development, 38(1), 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.01.003
  • Degefa, T. (2005. Rural Livelihoods, Poverty and Food Insecurity in Ethiopia: A Case Study at Erenssa and Garbi Communities in Oromiya Zone, Amhara National Regional State. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, Trondheim.
  • Demeke, M., & Regassa, T. (1996). Non-farm activities in Ethiopia: The case of North Shoa. In B. Kebede & M. Taddesse (Eds.), The Ethiopian Economy, poverty and poverty Alleviation proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference on the Ethiopian Economy (pp. 39–62). Ethiopian Economic Association.
  • Dercon, S., & Krishnan, P. (1996). Income portfolios in rural Ethiopia and Tanzania: Choices and constraints. Journal of Development Studies, 32(6), 850–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389608422443
  • Dev, U. K., Rao, G. D. N., Rao, Y. M., & Slater, R. (2002). Diversification and livelihood d options: A study of two villages in Andhra Pradesh, India 1975-2001. ODI Working Paper No. 178.
  • DFID (Department for International Development). (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheets (Sections 1 & 2). (Accessed November 24, 2016). http://www.eldis.org/go/topics/dossiers/livelihoods
  • Dinku, A. M. (2018). Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in Borena pastoralist communities of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. Agriculture & Food Security, 7(41), 2–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0192-2
  • Dzanku, F. M. (2015). Transient rural livelihoods and poverty in Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 102–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.06.009
  • Elbers, C., & Lanjouw, P. (2001). Intersectoral transfer, growth, and inequality in rural Ecuador. World Development, 29(3), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00110-8
  • Ellis, F. (1998). Household strategies and rural livelihood diversification. Journal of Development Studies, 35(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389808422553
  • Ellis, F. (1999). Rural Livelihood Diversity In Developing Countries: Evidence And Policy Implications. Overseas Institute Development, 40, 1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/42765249
  • Ellis, F., & Freeman, H. A. (2005). Comparative evidence from four African countries. In F. Ellis & H. A. Freeman (Eds.), Rural Livelihoods and Poverty Reduction Policies (pp. 31–47). Rutledge.
  • Escobal, J. (2001). The determinants of non-farm income diversification in rural Peru. World Development, 29(3), 497–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00104-2
  • Eshetu, F., & Mekonnen, E. (2016). Determinants of of farm income diversification and its effect on rural household poverty in Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 8(10), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE2016-0736
  • Ferdushi, K. F., Ismail, M. T., & Kamil, A. A. (2019). Perceptions, knowledge and adaptation about climate change: A study on farmers of haor areas after a flash flood in Bangladesh. Climate, 7(7), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7070085
  • Gautam, Y., & Andersen, P. (2016). Rural livelihood diversification and household well-being: Insights from Humla, Nepal. Journal of Rural Studies, 44, 239–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.02.001
  • Gebrehiwot, W., & Fekadu, B. (2012). Rural household livelihood strategies in drought-prone areas: A case of Gulomekeda District, the eastern zone of Tigray, Ethiopia. Journal of Development and Agricultural Economics, 4(6), 158–168. https://doi.org/10.5897/JDAE12.026
  • Gebru, G. W., Ichoku, H. E., & Phil-Eze, P. O. (2018). Determinants of livelihood diversification strategies in Eastern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Agriculture Food Security, 7(62), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-018-0214-0
  • Greene, W. (2000). Econometric analysis. Prentice Hall.
  • Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric Analysis (7th) ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Haggblade, S., Hazell, P., & Reardon, T. (2010). The rural non-farm economy: Prospects for growth and poverty reduction. World Development, 38(10), 1429–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.06.008
  • Idowu, A. O., Aihonsu, J. O. Y., Olubanjo, O. O., & Shittu, A. M. (2011). Determinants of income diversification amongst rural farm households in South West Nigeria. Economics and Finance Review, 1(5), 31–43.
  • Imane, H. (2020). Livelihood Diversification Strategies: Resisting Vulnerability in Egypt, GLO Discussion Paper, No. 441, Global Labor Organization (GLO). http://hdl.handle.net/10419/210455
  • Islam, M. R., Hoque, M. N., Galib, S. M., & Rahman, M. A. (2013). Livelihood of the fishermen in Monirampur upazila of Jessore district Bangladesh. J Fish, 1(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.17017/j.fish.72
  • Ismail, N., Okazaki, K., Ochiai, C., & Fernandez, G. (2018). Livelihood strategies after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Procedia Engineering, (212), 551–558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2018.01.071
  • Janvry, A., & Sadoulet, E. (2001). Income strategies among rural households in Mexico: The role of off-farm activities. World Development, (29)(3), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00113-3
  • Jiao, X., Pouliot, M., & Walelign, S. Z. (2017). Livelihood strategies and dynamics in rural Cambodia. World Develop, 97, 266–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.04.019
  • Kabir, M. J., Cramb, R., Alauddin, M., Roth, C., & Crimp, S. (2017). Farmers’ perceptions of and responses to environmental change in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 58(3), 362–378. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12165
  • Kassie, G. W. (2017). The Nexus between livelihood diversification and farmland management strategies in rural Ethiopia. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2016.1275087
  • Kassie, G. W., Kim, S., Francisco, P., & Fellizar, J. R. (2017). Determinant factors of livelihood diversification: Evidence from Ethiopia. Cogent Social Sciences, 3(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2017.1369490
  • Khatiwada, S. P., Deng, W., Paudel, P., Khatiwada, J. R., Zhang, J., & Su, Y. (2017). Household livelihood strategies and implication for poverty reduction in rural areas of central Nepal. Sustainability, 9(612), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9040612
  • Khatun, D., & Roy, B. C. (2012). Rural livelihood diversification in West Bengal: Determinants and constraints. Agricultural Economics and Resource Review, 251, 115–124.
  • Lanjouw, P. (1998). Poverty and the non-farm economy in Mexico’s ejidos: 1994–1997. In Background Paper Prepared for Economic Adjustment and Institutional Reform: Mexico’s Ejido Sector Responds. World Bank.
  • Lay, J., Mahmood, T. O., & M’mukaria, G. M. (2008). Few opportunities, much desperation: The dichotomy of non-agricultural activities and inequality in western Kenya. World Development, 36(12), 2713–2732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.12.003
  • Loison, S. A. (2019). Household livelihood diversification and gender: Panel evidence from rural Kenya. Journal of Rural Studies, 69, 156–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.03.001
  • Losch, B., Freguin-Gresh, S., & White, E. T. (2012). Structural transformation and rural change revisited: Challenges for late developing countries in a globalizing world. Agence Française de Development and the World Bank. World Bank Publications.
  • Maertens, M. (2000). Activity Portfolios in Rural Ethiopia: Choices and Constraints. A Paper Presented at the American Agricultural Economics Association 2000 Annual Meeting.
  • Martin, S. M., & Lorenzen, K. A. I. (2016). Livelihood diversification in rural Laos. World Development, (83), 231– 243, 83, 231–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01.018
  • Meena, P. C., Kumar, R., Sivaramane, N., Kumar, S., Srinivas, K., Dhandapani, A., & Khan, E. (2017). Non-Farm Income as an Instrument for Doubling Farmers’ Income: Evidences from Longitudinal Household Survey. Agricultural Economic Research Review, 30, 127–137. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0279.2017.00027.1
  • Micevska, M., & Rahut, D. B. (2008). Rural nonfarm employment and incomes in the Himalayas. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 57(1), 163–193. https://doi.org/10.1086/590460
  • Office of Habru District Agricultural & Rural Development. (2019). Annual report of the Woreda. North Wollo Zone, Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia.
  • Pagnani, T., Gotor, E., & Caracciolo, F. (2020). Adaptive strategies enhance smallholders’ livelihood resilience in Bihar India. Food Security, 13, 419–437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01110-2
  • Pritchard, B., Rammohan, A., & Vicol, M. (2019). The importance of non-farm livelihoods for household food security and dietary diversity in rural Myanmar. Journal of Rural Studies, (67), 89–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.02.017
  • Rahman, S., & Akter, S. (2014). Determinants of Livelihood Choices: An Empirical Analysis from Rural Bangladesh. Journal of South Asian Development, 9(3), 287–308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973174114549101
  • Rahman, H. M. T., & Hickey, G. M. (2020). An analytical framework for assessing context-specific rural livelihood vulnerability. Sustainability, 12(14), 5654. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145654
  • Rahut, D. B., & Scharf, M. M. (2012a). Livelihood diversification strategies in the Himalayas. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, (56)(4), 558–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8489.2012.00596.x
  • Rahut, D. B., & Scharf, M. M. (2012b). Non-farm employment and incomes in rural Cambodia. Asian-Pacific Economic Literature, (26)(2), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8411.2012.01345.x
  • Reardon, T., Berdegue, J., & Escobar, G. (2001). Rural nonfarm employment and incomes in Latin America: Overview and policy implications. World Development, 29(3), 395–409. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00112-1
  • Richard, K. A. (2017). Livelihood diversification strategies to climate change among smallholder farmers In Northern Ghana. Journal of International Development, 30, 8. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3330
  • Riithi, N. A. (2015). Determinants of choice of alternative livelihood diversification strategies in solio resettlement scheme, Kenya. A thesis submitted to the Department of Agricultural Economics in partial fulfillment for the award of a Master of Science degree in Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Nairobi.
  • Roy, B. C., Khatun, D., & Roy, A. (2018). Rural Livelihood Diversification in West Bengal; Study No.- 189 (pp. xiii+85). Agro-Economic Research Centre.
  • Sallawu, H., Tanko, L., Nmadu, J. N., & Ndanitsa, A. M. (2016). Determinants of income diversification among farm households in Niger state, Nigeria. Russian Journal of Agricultural and Socio-Economic Sciences, 2(50), 55–65. https://doi.org/10.18551/rjoas.2016-02.07
  • Scoones, I. (1998). Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: A Framework for Analysis. Working Paper 72, Institute for Development Studies, Brighton, UK.
  • Seid, Y. (2011). Small-Scale Irrigation and Household Food Security: A Case Study of Three Irrigation Schemes in Gubalafto Woreda of North Wollo Zone, Amhara Region”. Master’s Thesis Graduate School of the University of Addis. 34–42.
  • Singh, R. D., Tewari, P., Dhaila, P., & Tamta, K. K. (2018). Diversifying livelihood options of timberline resource dependent communities in Uttarakhand Himalayas: Conservation and development implications. Tropical Ecology, 59(2), 327–338. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329128792
  • Start, D. (2001). The rise and fall of the rural non-farm economy: Poverty impacts and policy options. Development Policy Review, 19(4), 491–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00147
  • Tesfaye, Y., Roos, A., Campbell, B. M., & Bohlin, F. (2011). Livelihood strategies and the role of forest income in participatory-managed forests of Dodola area in the bale highlands, southern Ethiopia. Policy Economics, (3)(4), 258–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2011.01.002
  • Tsegaye, M. (2012). Vulnerability, Land, Livelihoods and Migration Nexus in Rural Ethiopia: A Case Study in South Gondar Zone of Amhara Regional State. International institute of social studies.
  • Tuan, F., Somwaru, A., & Diao, X. (2000). Rural Labor Migration, Characteristics, and Employment Patterns. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
  • Uddin, M. T., Dhar, A. R., & Hossain, N. (2018). A socioeconomic study on farming practices and livelihood status of haor farmers in kishoreganj District: Natural calamities perspective. Bangladesh Journal of Extension Education, 30(1), 27–42. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/335160930
  • Wegedie, K. T., Lankoande, Y. B., Sanogo, S., Compaore, Y., & Senderowicz, L. (2018). Determinants of peri-urban households’ livelihood strategy choices: An empirical study of Bahir Dar city, Ethiopia. Cogent Social Sciences, 4, 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2018.1514688
  • Yishak, G. (2017). Rural farm households’ income diversification: The Case of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Social science, 6(2), 45–46. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ss.20170602.12
  • Yishak, G., Gezahegn, A., Tesfaye, L., & Dawit, A. (2014). Rural household livelihood strategies: Options and determinants in the case of Wolaita Zone, Southern Ethiopia. Journal of Social Sciences, 3(3), 92–104.
  • Zerai, B., & Gebreegziabher, Z. (2011). Effect of nonfarm income on household food security in Eastern Tigrai. Ethiopia: An Entitlement Approach. Food Science and Quality Management, 1, 1–22.