International tourism, exchange rate, and renewable energy: Do they boost or burden efforts towards a low carbon economy in selected African countries?

References

• Abbasi, M. A., Parveen, S., Khan, S., & Kamal, M. A. (2020). Urbanization and energy consumption effects on carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from Asian-8 countries using panel data analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(15), 18029–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-08262-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aboagye, S. (2017). Economic expansion and environmental sustainability nexus in Ghana. African Development Review, 29(2), 155–168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abokyi, E., Appiah-Konadu, P., Abokyi, F., & Oteng-Abayie, E. F. (2019). Industrial growth and emissions of CO2 in Ghana: The role of financial development and fossil fuel consumption. Energy Reports, 5, 1339–1353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2019.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adedoyin, F. F., Ozturk, I., Bekun, F. V., Agboola, P. O., & Agboola, M. O. (2021). Renewable and non-renewable energy policy simulations for abating emissions in a complex economy: evidence from the novel dynamic ARDL. Renewable Energy, 177, 1408–1420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adjei-Mantey, K., & Adams, S. (2023). Renewable energy, foreign direct investment and carbon dioxide emissions: Do sectoral value additions and policy uncertainty matter? Energy Nexus, 10, 100193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100193
   Google Scholar
• African Development Bank. (2023). Climate change in Africa. https://www.afdb.org/en/cop25/climate-change-africa
   Google Scholar
• Agyeman, F. O., Zhiqiang, M., Li, M., Sampene, A. K., Dapaah, M. F., Kedjanyi, E. A. G., Buabeng, P., Li, Y., Hakro, S., & Heydari, M. (2022). Probing the effect of governance of tourism development, economic growth, and foreign direct investment on carbon dioxide emissions in Africa: the African experience. Energies, 15(13), 1–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akram, R., Chen, F., Khalid, F., Ye, Z., & Majeed, M. T. (2020). Heterogeneous effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy on carbon emissions: Evidence from developing countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 247, 119122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119122
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhassan, H., Kwakwa, P. A., & Donkoh, S. A. (2022). The interrelationships among financial development, economic growth and environmental sustainability: Evidence from Ghana. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(24), 37057–37070. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17963-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, Q., Yaseen, M. R., Anwar, S., Makhdum, M. S. A., & Khan, M. T. I. (2021). The impact of tourism, renewable energy, and economic growth on ecological footprint and natural resources: A panel data analysis. Resources Policy, 74, 102365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali, H. S., Zeqiraj, V., Lin, W. L., Law, S. H., Yusop, Z., Bare, U. A. A., & Chin, L. (2019). Does quality institutions promote environmental quality? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(11), 10446–10456. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04670-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altinoz, B., & Dogan, E. (2021). How renewable energy consumption and natural resource abundance impact environmental degradation? New findings and policy implications from quantile approach. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, & Policy, 16(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2021.1885527
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apergis, N., & Ozturk, I. (2015). Testing environmental kuznets curve hypothesis in Asian countries. Ecological Indicators, 52, 16–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.11.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asumadu-Sarkodie, S., & Owusu, P. A. (2017). The causal effect of carbon dioxide emissions, electricity consumption, economic growth, and industrialization in Sierra Leone. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, & Policy, 12(1), 32–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2016.1225135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azam, M., Alam, M. M., & Hafeez, M. H. (2018). Effect of tourism on environmental pollution: Further evidence from Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Journal of Cleaner Production, 190, 330–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Leitão, N. C. (2020). The role of tourism, trade, renewable energy use and carbon dioxide emissions on economic growth: Evidence of tourism-led growth hypothesis in EU-28. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(36), 45883–45896. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10375-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behera, S. R., & Dash, D. P. (2017). The effect of urbanization, energy consumption, and foreign direct investment on the carbon dioxide emission in the SSEA (South and Southeast Asian) region. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70, 96–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekun, F. V., Alola, A. A., Gyamfi, B. A., Kwakwa, P. A., & Uzuner, G. (2023). Econometrics analysis on cement production and environmental quality in European Union countries. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 20(4), 4265–4280.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjelle, E. L., Wiebe, K. S., Többen, J., Tisserant, A., Ivanova, D., Vita, G., & Wood, R. (2021). Future changes in consumption: The income effect on greenhouse gas emissions. Energy Economics, 95, 105114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105114
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bölük, G., & Mert, M. (2015). The renewable energy, growth and environmental Kuznets curve in Turkey: an ARDL approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byaro, M., Nkonoki, J., & Mafwolo, G. (2022). Exploring the nexus between natural resource depletion, renewable energy use, and environmental degradation in sub-Saharan Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(8), 19931–19945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23104-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandler, B. (2022). Spotlight: Renewable energy in Africa. https://mo.ibrahim.foundation/research-spotlight-renewable-energy-africa
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C., Pinar, M., & Stengos, T. (2022). Renewable energy and CO2 emissions: New evidence with the panel threshold model. Renewable Energy, 194, 117–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.05.095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chien, F., Anwar, A., Hsu, C. C., Sharif, A., Razzaq, A., & Sinha, A. (2021). The role of information and communication technology in encountering environmental degradation: Proposing an SDG framework for the BRICS countries. Technology in Society, 65, 101587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101587
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Climate Policy Watcher. (2023). The Top 20 carbon dioxide emitters.https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/greenhouse-gases-2/the-top-20-carbon-dioxide-emitters.html
   Google Scholar
• Deng, Q. S., Alvarado, R., Cuesta, L., Tillaguango, B., Murshed, M., Rehman, A., Işık, C., & López-Sánchez, M. (2022). Asymmetric impacts of foreign direct investment inflows, financial development, and social globalization on environmental pollution. Economic Analysis and Policy, 76, 236–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2022.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogru, T., Bulut, U., Kocak, E., Isik, C., Suess, C., & Sirakaya-Turk, E. (2020). The nexus between tourism, economic growth, renewable energy consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions: Contemporary evidence from OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(32), 40930–40948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10110-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehigiamusoe, K. U., & Dogan, E. (2022). The role of interaction effect between renewable energy consumption and real income in carbon emissions: Evidence from low-income countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 154, 111883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111883
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehigiamusoe, K. U., Shahbaz, M., & Vo, X. V. (2023). How does globalization influence the impact of tourism on carbon emissions and ecological footprint? Evidence from African countries. Journal of Travel Research, 62(5), 1010–1032.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbadawi, I. A., Kaltani, L., & Soto, R. (2012). Aid, real exchange rate misalignment, and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 40(4), 681–700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.09.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Menyari, Y. (2021). The effects of international tourism, electricity consumption, and economic growth on CO2 emissions in North Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(32), 44028–44038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fayissa, B., Nsiah, C., & Tadesse, B. (2009). Tourism and economic growth in Latin American countries (LAC): Further empirical evidence. Department of Economics and Finance working paper series, 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Guo, W., Sun, T., & Dai, H. (2016). Effect of population structure change on carbon emission in China. Sustainability, 8(3), 225. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8030225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyamfi, B. A., Kwakwa, P. A., & Adebayo, T. S. (2022). Energy intensity among European Union countries: The role of renewable energy, income and trade. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 17(4), 801–819. (ahead-of-print). https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-05-2022-0018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hao, Y. (2022). The relationship between renewable energy consumption, carbon emissions, output, and export in industrial and agricultural sectors: Evidence from China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(42), 63081–63098. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-20141-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotel Management Network. (2022). The Five Most Visited Tourism Destinations in Africa. https://www.hotelmanagement-network.com/marketdata/the-five-most-visited-tourism-destinations-africa-2022/
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, R. L., & Mohammed, A. (2023). On energy transition-led sustainable environment in COP26 era: policy implications from tourism, transportation services, and technological innovations for Gulf countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 14663–14679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IEA. (2021). World Energy Investment. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/5e6b3821-bb8f-4df4-a88b-e891cd8251e3/WorldEnergyInvestment2021.pdf
   Google Scholar
• IEA. (2022). Record clean energy spending is set to help global energy investment grow by 8% in 2022. https://www.iea.org/news/record-clean-energy-spending-is-set-to-help-global-energy-investment-grow-by-8-in-2022
   Google Scholar
• Inglesi-Lotz, R., & Dogan, E. (2018). The role of renewable versus non-renewable energy to the level of CO2 emissions: A panel analysis of sub-Saharan Africa’s big 10 electricity generators. Renewable Energy, 123, 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IRENA. (2021). The Renewable Energy transition in Africa: Powering Access, Resilience and Prosperity. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/March/Renewable_Energy_Transition_Africa_2021.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Ivanovski, K., Hailemariam, A., & Smyth, R. (2021). The effect of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Non-parametric evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286, 124956.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahanger, A., Usman, M., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). Linking institutional quality to environmental sustainability. Sustainable Development, 30(6), 1749–1765. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2345
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiaqi, Y., Yang, S., Ziqi, Y., Tingting, L., & Teo, B. S. X. (2022). The spillover of tourism development on CO2 emissions: A spatial econometric analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(18), 26759–26774. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17026-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamer, L. (2023). Leading countries in renewable energy capacity in Africa 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1278058/leading-countries-in-renewable-energy-capacity-in-africa/
   Google Scholar
• Karasoy, A., & Akçay, S. (2019). Effects of renewable energy consumption and trade on environmental pollution: The Turkish case. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 30(2), 437–455.
   Google Scholar
• Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., & Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2020). The impact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: An advanced panel data estimation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tmp.2019.100611
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., & Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2020). The impact of tourism developments on CO2 emissions: An advanced panel data estimation. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33, 100611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenker, R., & Bassett, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 46(1), 33–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwakwa, P. A. (2020). The long-run effects of energy use, urbanization and financial development on carbon dioxide emissions. International Journal of Energy Sector Management, 14(6), 1405–1424. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-01-2020-0013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwakwa, P. A. (2021). The effects of natural resource extraction and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide emissions in sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of Energy and Development, 47(1/2), 195–222.
   Google Scholar
• Kwakwa, P. A., Adjei-Mantey, K., & Adusah-Poku, F. (2022). The effect of transport services and ICTs on carbon dioxide emissions in South Africa. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 10457–10468. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22863-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwakwa, P. A., & Adu, G. (2015). Effects of income, energy consumption, and trade openness on carbon emissions in sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal Energy and Development, 41(1/2), 86–117.
   Google Scholar
• Kwakwa, P. A., & Adusah-Poku, F. (2020). The carbon dioxide emission effects of domestic credit and manufacturing indicators in South Africa. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 31(6), 1531–1548. https://doi.org/10.1108/MEQ-11-2019-0245
   Google Scholar
• Kwakwa, P. A., Adusah-Poku, F., & Adjei-Mantey, K. (2021). Towards sustainable environment: Does electricity crisis matter for the effect of industrialization and urbanization on carbon dioxide emissions? In Adae (Ed.), Responsible management in emerging markets, sustainable development goals series (pp. 297–323). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76563-7_12
   Google Scholar
• Kwakwa, P. A., & Alhassan, H. (2018). The effect of energy and urbanisation on carbon dioxide emissions: Evidence from Ghana. OPEC Energy Review, 42(4), 301–330. https://doi.org/10.1111/opec.12133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, J. W., & Brahmasrene, T. (2016). Tourism effects on the environment and economic sustainability of sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 23(3), 221–232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le, T. H., & Nguyen, C. P. (2021). The impact of tourism on carbon dioxide emissions: Insights from 95 countries. Applied Economics, 53(2), 235–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2020.1804051
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitić, P., Fedajev, A., Radulescu, M., & Rehman, A. (2023). The relationship between CO2 emissions, economic growth, available energy, and employment in SEE countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(6), 16140–16155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23356-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muhammad, F., Khan, A., Razzaq, N., & Karim, R. (2021). Influence of tourism, governance, and foreign direct investment on energy consumption and CO 2 emissions: A panel analysis of Muslim countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(1), 416–431. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10502-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murshed, M., Rahman, M., Alam, M. S., Ahmad, P., & Dagar, V. (2021). The nexus between environmental regulations, economic growth, and environmental sustainability: Linking environmental patents to ecological footprint reduction in South Asia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(36), 49967–49988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13381-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Namahoro, J. P., Wu, Q., Zhou, N., & Xue, S. (2021). Impact of energy intensity, renewable energy, and economic growth on CO2 emissions: Evidence from Africa across regions and income levels. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 147, 111233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111233
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissan, E., Galindo, M. A., & Méndez, M. T. (2011). Relationship between tourism and economic growth. The Service Industries Journal, 31(10), 1567–1572.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NOAA. (2022). Carbon dioxide now more than 50% higher than pre-industrial levels. https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/carbon-dioxide-now-more-than-50-higher-than-pre-industrial-levels
   Google Scholar
• Ofori-Abebrese, G., Ofori-Abebrese, J., & Becker Pickson, R. (2017). Commodity prices, exchange rate and economic growth in West Africa: Case study of cote d’Ivoire and Ghana.
   Google Scholar
• Ongan, S., Işık, C., Amin, A., Bulut, U., Rehman, A., Alvarado, R., Ahmad, M., & Karakaya, S. (2023). Are economic growth and environmental pollution a dilemma? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(17), 49591–49604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-25698-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Our World in Data. (2023). Cumulative CO₂ emissions by world region. https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-emissions-region?stackMode=absolute
   Google Scholar
• Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, P. C., & Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with I (1) processes. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(1), 99–125. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rafei, M., Esmaeili, P., & Balsalobre-Lorente, D. (2022). A step towards environmental mitigation: How do economic complexity and natural resources matter? Focusing on different institutional quality level countries. Resources Policy, 78, 102848. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102848
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahaman, M. A., Hossain, M. A., & Chen, S. (2022). The impact of foreign direct investment, tourism, electricity consumption, and economic development on CO2 emissions in Bangladesh. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(25), 37344–37358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-18061-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raihan, A., Begum, R. A., Said, M. N. M., & Pereira, J. J. (2022). Relationship between economic growth, renewable energy use, technological innovation, and carbon emission toward achieving Malaysia’s Paris agreement. Environment Systems and Decisions, 42(4), 586–607.
   Google Scholar
• Rehman, A., Ma, H., Ahmad, M., Irfan, M., Traore, O., & Chandio, A. A. (2021). Towards environmental sustainability: Devolving the influence of carbon dioxide emission to population growth, climate change, forestry, livestock and crops production in Pakistan. Ecological Indicators, 125, 107460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saidi, K., & Omri, A. (2020). The impact of renewable energy on carbon emissions and economic growth in 15 major renewable energy-consuming countries. Environmental Research, 186, 109567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarpong, S. Y., Bein, M. A., Gyamfi, B. A., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). The impact of tourism arrivals, tourism receipts and renewable energy consumption on quality of life: A panel study of Southern African region. Heliyon, 6(11), e05351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah, M. H., Ullah, I., Salem, S., Ashfaq, S., Rehman, A., Zeeshan, M., & Fareed, Z. (2022). Exchange rate dynamics, energy consumption, and sustainable environment in Pakistan: New evidence from nonlinear ARDL cointegration. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 814666. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.814666
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibanda, K., Ncwadi, R., & Mlambo, C. (2013). Investigating the impacts of real exchange rates on economic growth: A case study of South Africa. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(13), 261. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n13p261
   Google Scholar
• Smaili, S. M., & Gam, I. (2023). Dynamic effect of exchange rate depreciation on carbon emission in the Mediterranean basin: Fresh insights from linear and non-linear ARDL approaches. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(21), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-26674-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern, D. I. (2004). The rise and fall of the environmental Kuznets curve. World development, 32(8), 1419–1439.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sunlu, U. (2003). Environmental impacts of tourism. In D. Camarda & L. Grassini (Eds.), Local resources and global trades: Environments and agriculture in the Mediterranean region (pp. 263–270). CIHEAM. https://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/a57/04001977.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Syed, Q. R., Bhowmik, R., Adedoyin, F. F., Alola, A. A., & Khalid, N. (2022). Do economic policy uncertainty and geopolitical risk surge CO2 emissions? New insights from panel quantile regression approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(19), 27845–27861. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17707-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thi, D., Tran, V. Q., & Nguyen, D. T. (2023). The relationship between renewable energy consumption, international tourism, trade openness, innovation and carbon dioxide emissions: International evidence. International Journal of Sustainable Energy, 42(1), 397–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2023.2192827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong, Y., Zhang, R., & He, B. (2022). The carbon emission reduction effect of tourism economy and its formation mechanism: An empirical study of China’s 92 tourism-dependent cities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1824. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNWTO. (2017). UNWTO Annual Report 2016. UNWTO. https://doi.org/10.18111/9789284418725
   Google Scholar
• UNWTO. (2020). International tourism Highlights. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284422456
   Google Scholar
• Usman, M., Radulescu, M., Balsalobre-Lorente, D., & Rehman, A. (2022). Investigation on the causality relationship between environmental innovation and energy consumption: Empirical evidence from EU countries. Energy & Environment, 0958305X221120931. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221120931
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voumik, L. C., Islam, M. A., & Nafi, S. M. (2023a). Does tourism have an impact on carbon emissions in Asia? An application of fresh panel methodology. Environment Development and Sustainability, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03104-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voumik, L. C., Mimi, M. B., & Raihan, A. (2023b). Nexus between urbanization, industrialization, natural resources rent, and anthropogenic carbon emissions in South Asia: CS-ARDL approach. Anthropocene Science, 2(1), 48–61.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Q., & Zhang, F. (2021). The effects of trade openness on decoupling carbon emissions from economic growth–evidence from 182 countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 279, 123838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123838
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2022). World development indicators. https://data.worldbank.org.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators#
   Google Scholar
• World Economic Forum. (2022). Energy transition. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/09/renewables-energy-transition-africa-jobs/
   Google Scholar
• World of wanderlust. (2022).These are the Most Visited Countries in Africa. https://worldofwanderlust.com/these-are-the-most-visited-countries-in-africa/
   Google Scholar
• World Trade Organization. (2022). Policy brief number 4, the carbon content of international trade.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, X., Wei, Z., Ji, Q., Wang, C., & Gao, G. (2019). Global renewable energy development: Influencing factors, trend predictions and countermeasures. Resources Policy, 63, 101470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, Y., Qamruzzaman, M., Rehman, M. Z., & Karim, S. (2021). Do tourism and institutional quality asymmetrically effect on FDI sustainability in BIMSTEC countries: An application of ARDL, CS-ARDL, NARDL, and asymmetric causality test. Sustainability, 13(17), 9989. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13179989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, T., & Wang, Q. (2020). The nonlinear effect of population aging on carbon emission-Empirical analysis of ten selected provinces in China. Science of the Total Environment, 740, 140057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., Hou, F., & Sinha, A. (2019). From nonrenewable to renewable energy and its impact on economic growth: the role of research & development expenditures in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 212, 1166–1178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., & Chen, P. (2021). Industrialization, urbanization, and carbon emission efficiency of Yangtze River economic belt—empirical analysis based on stochastic frontier model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(47), 66914–66929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15309-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., & Zhang, S. (2018). The impacts of GDP, trade structure, exchange rate and FDI inflows on China’s carbon emissions. Energy Policy, 120, 347–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.05.056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar