Structural and stochastic poverty, shocks, and resilience capacity in rural Ethiopia

References

• RM-TWG. (2014). Resilience measurement principles: Toward an agenda for measurement design. Resilience, No. 1; Food Security Information Network Technical Working Series, Issue 1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Food Programme (WFP).
   Google Scholar
• Abebaw, S., Betru, T., & Wollie, G. (2020). Prevalence of household food insecurity in Ethiopia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from panel data. Scientific African, 16(January), e01141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01141
   Google Scholar
• Akresh, R., Lucchetti, L., & Thirumurthy, H. (2012). Wars and child health: Evidence from the Eritrean-Ethiopian conflict. Journal of Development Economics, 99(2), 330–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alem, Y., & Söderbom, M. (2012). Household-level consumption in urban Ethiopia: The effects of a large food price shock. World Development, 40(1), 146–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.04.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alem, Y., & Tato, G. L. (2022). Shocks and mental health panel data Evidence from South Africa ( No. 22–01; Environment for Development EfD Discussion Paper Series, Issue February).
   Google Scholar
• Angelsen, A., & Dokken, T. (2018). Climate exposure, vulnerability and environmental reliance: A cross-section analysis of structural and stochastic poverty. Environment and Development Economics, 23(3), 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355770X18000013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bader, C., Bieri, S., Wiesmann, U., & Heinimann, A. (2016). Differences between monetary and multidimensional poverty in the Lao PDR: Implications for targeting of poverty reduction policies and interventions. Poverty and Public Policy A Global Journal of Social Security, Income, Aid, and Welfare, 8(2), 171–197. https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.140
   Google Scholar
• Barrett, C. B. (2005). Rural poverty dynamics: Development Policy implications. Agricultural Economics, 32(s1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0169-5150.2004.00013.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett, C. B., & Constas, M. A. (2014). Toward a theory of resilience for international development applications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(40), 14625–14630. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320880111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barua, S., & Banerjee, A. (2020). Impact of climatic shocks on household well-being: Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Asia-Pacific Journal of Rural Development, 30(1–2), 89–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/1018529120977246
   Google Scholar
• Bayudan-Dacuycuy, C., & Lim, J. A. (2013). Family size, household shocks and chronic and transient poverty in the Philippines. Journal of Asian Economics, 29, 101–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2013.10.001
   Google Scholar
• Bekele, Y. W. (2018). The political economy of poverty in Ethiopia: Drivers and challenges. African Review, 10(1), 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/09744053.2017.1399561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Béné, C., Cannon, T., Gupte, J., Metha, L., & Tanner, T. (2014). Exploring the potential and limits of the resilience agenda in rapidly urbanizing contexts. IDS Evidence Report, (63). https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/3621
   Google Scholar
• Béné, C., Headey, D., Haddad, L., & von Grebmer, K. (2016). Is resilience a useful concept in the context of food security and nutrition programmes? Some conceptual and practical considerations. Food Security, 8(1), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0526-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benti, D. W., Biru, W. T., & Nd Tessema, W. K. (2022). The effects of commercial orientation on (agro) pastoralists’ household Food Security: Evidence from (agro) pastoral communities of Afar, Northeastern Ethiopia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14020731
   Google Scholar
• Berkes, F., & Ross, H. (2013). Community resilience: Toward an integrated approach. Society and Natural Resources, 26(April 2013), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2012.736605
   Google Scholar
• Bezu, S., & Holden, S. (2014). Are rural youth in Ethiopia abandoning agriculture? World Development, 64, 259–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2014.06.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boansi, D., Owusu, V., Tambo, J. A., Donkor, E., & Asante, B. O. (2021). Rainfall shocks and household welfare: Evidence from Northern Ghana. Agricultural Systems, 194(September), 103267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2021.103267
   Google Scholar
• Borgomeo, E., Vadheim, B., Woldeyes, F. B., Alamirew, T., Tamru, S., Charles, K. J., Kebede, S., & Walker, O. (2018). The distributional and multi-sectoral impacts of rainfall shocks: Evidence from computable general equilibrium modelling for the awash basin, Ethiopia. Ecological Economics, 146(April 2017), 621–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.038
   Google Scholar
• Brück, T., & Workneh Kebede, S. (2013). Dynamics and drivers of consumption and multidimensional poverty: Evidence from rural Ethiopia. IZA Discussion Paper Series, (7364), IZA Discussion Paper. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2263600
   Google Scholar
• Burney, J. A., & Naylor, R. L. (2012). Smallholder irrigation as a poverty alleviation tool in sub-Saharan Africa. World Development, 40(1), 110–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos, A. P. O., Villani, C., Davis, B., & Takagi, D. (2014). Ending extreme poverty: Sustaining livelihoods to leave No one behind. The World Bank. http://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/global-monitoring-report/report-card/twin-goals/ending-extreme-poverty
   Google Scholar
• Carter, M. R., & Barrett, C. B. (2006). The Economics of poverty traps and persistent poverty: An asset-based approach. The Journal of Development Studies, 42(2), 178–199. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380500405261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, M. R., & Lybbert, T. J. (2012). Consumption versus asset smoothing: Testing the implications of poverty trap theory in Burkina Faso. Journal of Development Economics, 99(2), 255–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, M. R., & May, J. (1999). Poverty, livelihood and class in rural South Africa. World Development, 27(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00129-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cazzuffi, C., Mckay, A., & Perge, E. (2020). The impact of agricultural commercialisation on household welfare in rural Vietnam. Food Policy, 94(November), 101811. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2019.101811
   Google Scholar
• CEPHEUS. (2020). Macroeconomic impacts of the corona virus: A preliminary assessment for Ethiopia. Macro Research Ethiopia.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, D. R. (1972). Regression models and Life-Tables. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 1, 34(2), 187–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1972.tb00899.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CSA and World Bank. (2017). Ethiopia socioeconomic survey (ESS) wave three (2015/2016) basic information document. Central Statistical Agency & Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS). World Bank, Addis Ababa. https://doi.org/10.48529/ampf-7988
   Google Scholar
• Dagunga, G., Ayamga, M. A., & Danso-Abbeam, G. (2020). To what extent should farm households diversify? Implications on multidimensional poverty in Ghana. World Development Perspectives, 20(September), 100264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100264
   Google Scholar
• Danso-Abbeam, G., Dagunga, G., & Ehiakpor, D. S. (2020). Rural non-farm income diversification: Implications on smallholder farmers’ welfare and agricultural technology adoption in Ghana. Heliyon, 6(11), e05393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Das, P., Paria, B., & Firdaush, S. (2021). Juxtaposing consumption poverty and multidimensional poverty: A study in Indian context. Social Indicators Research, 153(2), 469–501. Springer Netherland. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02519-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, S. (2010). Do shocks have a persistent impact on consumption? The case of rural Malawi. Progress in Development Studies, 10(1), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.1177/146499340901000105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, M., Béné, C., Arnall, A., Tanner, T., Newsham, A., & Coirolo, C. (2013). Promoting resilient livelihoods through adaptive social protection: Lessons from 124 programmes in South Asia. Development Policy Review, 31(1), 27–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7679.2013.00600.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demeke, A. B., Keil, A., & Zeller, M. (2011). Using panel data to estimate the effect of rainfall shocks on smallholders food security and vulnerability in rural Ethiopia. Climatic Change, 108(1), 185–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-010-9994-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dercon, S., & Porter, C. (2014). Live aid revisited: Long-term impacts of the 1984 Ethiopian famine on children. Journal of the European Economic Association, 12(4), 927–948. https://doi.org/10.1111/jeea.12088
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diao, X., Magalhaes, E., & Silver, J. (2019). Cities and rural transformation: A spatial analysis of rural livelihoods in Ghana. World Development, 121, 141–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimitrova, A. (2021). Seasonal droughts and the risk of childhood undernutrition in Ethiopia. World Development, 141, 105417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105417
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diwakar, V., & Shepherd, A. (2018). Sustaining escapes from poverty (No. (539); Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Working Paper, Issue October).
   Google Scholar
• Dutta, S. (2021). Structural and stochastic transitions of poverty using household panel data in India. Poverty & Public Policy, 13(1), 8–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.299
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, S., & Kumar, L. (2015). Is poverty stochastic or structural in nature? Evidence from rural India. Social Indicators Research, 128(3), 957–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1064-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutta, S., & Kumar, L. (2016). Is poverty stochastic or structural in nature? Evidence from rural India. Social Indicators Research, 128(3), 957–979. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1064-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social-ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster, J., Greer, J., & Thorbecke, E. (1984). A class of decomposable poverty measures. Econometrica, 52(3), 761. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebrechorkos, S. H., Hülsmann, S., & Bernhofer, C. (2020). Analysis of climate variability and droughts in East Africa using high- resolution climate data products. Global and Planetary Change, 186(January), 103130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2020.103130
   Google Scholar
• Gebregziabher, G., Namara, R. E., & Holden, S. (2009). Poverty reduction with irrigation investment: An empirical case study from Tigray, Ethiopia. Agricultural Water Management, 96(12), 1837–1843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebremariam, G., & Nd Tesfaye, W. (2018). The heterogeneous effect of shocks on Agricultural innovations adoption: Microeconometric Evidence from rural Ethiopia. Food Policy, 74(April 2016), 154–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2017.12.010
   Google Scholar
• Gorst-Rasmussen, A. (2012). Tt: Treelet transform with Stata. The Stata Journal, 12(1), 130–146. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X1201200108
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene, W. H. (2018). Econometric analysis (8th ed.). Pearson Education, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Habtewold, T. M. (2021). Impacts of COVID-19 on Food Security, employment and education: An empirical assessment during the early phase of the pandemic. Clinical Nutrition Open Science, 38, 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutos.2021.06.002
   Google Scholar
• Haile, D., Seyoum, A., & Azmeraw, A. (2021). Does building the resilience of rural households reduce multidimensional poverty? Analysis of panel data in Ethiopia. Scientific African, 12, e00788. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2021.e00788
   Google Scholar
• Hanjra, M. A., Ferede, T., & Gutta, D. G. (2009). Pathways to breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia: Investments in agricultural water, education, and markets. Agricultural Water Management, 96(11), 1596–1604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2009.06.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, J., Hellin, J., Rosenstock, T., Fisher, E., Cairns, J., Stirling, C., Lamanna, C., van Etten, J., Rose, A., & Campbell, B. (2019). Climate risk Management and rural poverty reduction. Agricultural Systems, 172(January 2018), 28–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.01.019
   Google Scholar
• Hill, R. V., & Porter, C. (2017). Vulnerability to drought and food price shocks: Evidence from Ethiopia. World Development, 96, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirvonen, K., Sohnesen, T. P., & Bundervoet, T. (2020). Impact of Ethiopia’s 2015 drought on child undernutrition. World Development, 131, 104964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.104964
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Q., Rozelle, S., Lohmar, B., Huang, J., & Wang, J. (2006). Irrigation, Agricultural performance and poverty reduction in China. Food Policy, 31(1), 30–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.06.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulme, D., & Shepherd, A. (2003). Conceptualizing chronic poverty. World Development, 31(3), 403–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00222-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IFRC, and RCS. (2016). Resilience: Saving lives Today, investing for tomorrow. World Disaster Report 2016. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
   Google Scholar
• Kawasaki, A., Kawamura, G., & Zin, W. W. (2020). A local level relationship between floods and poverty: A case in Myanmar. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 42, 101348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ketema, M., & Diriba, G. (2021). The state of Ethiopian economy 2020/21: Population dynamics and economic Development. In M. Ketema & G. Diriba (Eds.), The state of Ethiopia economy 2020/21. Ethiopian Economics Association (EEA). Issue February. https://doi.org/10.3934/dcdsb.2021178.
   Google Scholar
• Krishna, A. (2007). For reducing poverty faster: Target reasons before people. World Development, 35(11), 1947–1960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2006.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna, A., & Krishna, A. (2017). The dynamics of poverty. In L. M. Burton (Ed.), The oxford handbook of the social science of poverty (oxford Han (pp. 1–30). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199914050.013
   Google Scholar
• Letta, M., Montalbano, P., & Tol, R. S. J. (2018). Temperature shocks, short-term growth and poverty thresholds: Evidence from rural Tanzania. World Development, 112, 13–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.07.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libois, F., & Somville, V. (2018). Fertility, household size and poverty in Nepal. World Development, 103, 311–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maganga, A. M., Chiwaula, L., & Kambewa, P. (2021). Climate induced vulnerability to poverty among Smallholder farmers: Evidence from Malawi. World Development Perspectives, 21(May), 100273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100273
   Google Scholar
• Mariotti, C., & Diwakar, V. (2016). Ensuring escape from poverty are sustained in rural Ethiopia, leveraging economic opportunities (LEO) report number 36 (Issue August).
   Google Scholar
• Martin-Shields, C., & Stojetz, W. (2018). Food Security and conflict. Empirical challenges and future opportunities for Research and Policy making on Food Security and conflict. FAO Agricultural Development Economics, 66(1), 18–04. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2970936
   Google Scholar
• MoFED. (2012). Ethiopia’s Progress towards eradicating poverty: An interim report on poverty analysis study (2010/11) (Issue March).
   Google Scholar
• MoFED. (2017). Ethiopia’s Progress towards eradicating poverty: An interim report on 2015/16 poverty analysis study (Issue March).
   Google Scholar
• Moser, C., Stein, A., Norton, A., & Georgieva, S. (2010). Pro-poor adaptation to climate change in urban centers: Case Studies of vulnerability and resilience in Kenya and Nicaragua. Report No 54947-GLB.
   Google Scholar
• Ngoma, H., Mulenga, B. P., & Banda, A. (2019). Poverty and weather shocks: A Panel data analysis of structural and stochastic poverty in Zambia ( No. 150; IAPRI Wprking Paper, Issue November). https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14838.55363
   Google Scholar
• Ngoma, H., Mulenga, B. P., Snyder, J., Banda, A., & Chapoto, A. (2019). Poverty and weather shocks: A panel data analysis of structural and stochastic poverty in Zambia. In Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Food Security Policy ( No. 154; Research Paper Series, Issue November).
   Google Scholar
• OPHI Issue July . (2019). “Ethiopia country briefing”, multidimensional poverty index data Bank. Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI), Oxford, University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Phadera, L., Michelson, H., Winter-Nelson, A., & Goldsmith, P. (2019). Do asset transfers build household resilience? Journal of Development Economics, 138(January), 205–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.01.003
   Google Scholar
• Planning and Development Commission. (2018). Poverty and economic growth in Ethiopia (1995/96-2015/16). United Nations Development Program, (December).
   Google Scholar
• Postek, P., Len, P., & Strek, Z. (2019). The proposed indicator of fragmentation of Agricultural land. Ecological Indicators, 103(March), 581–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.04.023
   Google Scholar
• Pradhan, K. C., & Mukherjee, S. (2018). Covariate and idiosyncratic shocks and coping strategies for poor and non-poor rural households in India. Journal of Quantitative Economics, 16(1), 101–127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40953-017-0073-8
   Google Scholar
• Radeny, M., van den Berg, M., & Schipper, R. (2012). Rural poverty dynamics in Kenya: Structural declines and stochastic escapes. World Development, 40(8), 1577–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.04.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravallion, M. (2016). The Economics of poverty: History, measurement, and Policy. The Social Science Journal, 55(2). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2018.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royston, P. (2001). Flexible parametric Alternatives to the Cox model, and more. The Stata Journal, 1(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867X0100100101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schotte, S. (2019). Structural poverty dynamics in urban South Africa a mixed-methods investigation (No. 100; UNU-WIDER Working Paper, Issue December). https://doi.org/10.35188/UNU-WIDER/2019/736-1
   Google Scholar
• Shehu, A., & Sidique, S. F. (2020). The effect of shocks on household consumption in rural Nigeria. The Journal of Developing Areas, 49(3), 353–364. https://doi.org/10.1353/jda.2015.0163
   Google Scholar
• Sou, G. (2019). Sustainable resilience? Disaster recovery and the Marginalization of Sociocultural needs and concerns. Progress in Development Studies, 19(2), 144–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464993418824192
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stifel, D., & Woldehanna, T. (2017). Estimating utility-consistent poverty in Ethiopia, 2000–11. In C. Arndt & F. Tarp (Eds.), Measuring poverty and wellbeing in developing countries (pp. 55–73). Oxford University Press (OUP).
   Google Scholar
• Swanepoel, C. (2005). Poverty and poverty dynamics in Ethiopia ( No. 3). Stellenbosch Economic Working Papers).
   Google Scholar
• Tefera, S. A., Tadese, T. B., & Asmare, G. W. (2020). Prevalence of Household Food Insecurity in Ethiopia during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from Panel Data. Scientific African, 16(2022), e01141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01141
   Google Scholar
• Tonini, F., Lasinio, G. J., & Hochmair, H. H. (2012). Mapping return levels of absolute NDVI variations for the assessment of drought risk in Ethiopia. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 18(1), 564–572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2012.03.018
   Google Scholar
• Tran, Q., Alkire, S., & Klasen, S. (2014). Disparities between monetary and multidimensional measurements of poverty. In IARIW 33rd General Conference. Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Tsehay, A. S., & Bauer, S. (2012). Poverty and vulnerability dynamics: Empirical Evidence from smallholders in Northern Highlands of Ethiopia. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 51(4), 301–332. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.155481
   Google Scholar
• Weldeegzie, S. G. (2017). Growing-up unfortunate: War and human capital in Ethiopia. World Development, 96, 474–489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.03.030
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2015). Ethiopia poverty assessment: Poverty global Practice Africa region. http://hdl.handle.net/10986/21323
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2018). Poverty and shared prosperity: Piecing together poverty puzzle. World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank. (2020). Ethiopia poverty assessment: Harnessing continued growth for accelerated poverty reduction. www.worldbank.org
   Google Scholar
• Wossen, T., & Berger, T. (2015). Climate variability, food security and poverty: Agent-based assessment of policy options for farm households in Northern Ghana. Environmental Science and Policy, 47, 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2014.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wulff, J. N. (2015). Interpreting results from the multinomial logit model: Demonstrated by foreign market entry. Organizational Research Methods, 18(2), 300–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428114560024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zewdie, M. C., Van Passel, S., Cools, J., Tenessa, D. B., Ayele, Z. A., Tsegaye, E. A., Minale, A. S., & Nyssen, J. (2019). Direct and indirect effect of irrigation water availability on crop revenue in Northwest Ethiopia: A structural equation model. Agricultural Water Management, 220(July), 27–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.04.013
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., & Zhang, B. (2019). The responses of natural vegetation dynamics to drought during the growing season across China. Journal of Hydrology, 574(January), 706–714. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.084
   Google Scholar