Does real exchange rate matter better than trade volumes in triggering labour productivity growth? Evidence from Ethiopia

References

• Abdillahi, U. A., & Manini, M. M. (2017). Impact of trade openness on economic growth in Kenya. International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, 5(6), 109–21.
   Google Scholar
• Abendin, S., Duan, P., & Nsiah, C. (2021). International trade and economic growth in Africa: The role of the digital economy. Cogent Economics & Finance, 9(1), 1911767. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1911767
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adu-Gyamfi, G., Nketiah, E., Obuobi, B., & Adjei, M. (2020). Trade openness, inflation and GDP growth: Panel data evidence from nine (9) West Africa countries. Open Journal of Business and Management, 8(1), 314–328. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2020.81019
   Google Scholar
• Aghion, P., Bacchetta, P., Ranciere, R., & Rogoff, K. (2009). Exchange rate volatility and productivity growth: The role of financial development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 56(4), 494–513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2009.03.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al Mamun, M., Sohag, K., Uddin, G. S., & Shahbaz, M. (2015). Remittance and domestic labor productivity: Evidence from remittance recipient countries. Economic Modelling, 47, 207–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.02.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altaseb, A., & Singh, K. (2018). Economic growth determinants in Ethiopia: A literature survey. International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews, 5(4), 326–336.
   Google Scholar
• Amirkhalkhali, S., & Dar, A. (2019). Trade openness, factor productivity, and economic growth: Recent evidence from OECD countries (2000-2015). Applied Econometrics and International Development, 19(1), 5–14.
   Google Scholar
• Amna Intisar, R., Yaseen, M. R., Kousar, R., Usman, M., & Makhdum, M. S. A. (2020). Impact of trade openness and human capital on economic growth: A comparative investigation of Asian countries. Sustainability, 12(7), 2930. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12072930
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ari, Y. O., Jibir, A., & Hassan, A. A. (2022). The impact of trade openness and FDI on Nigeria’s economic growth: Revisiting the unsettled debate. Review of Market Integration, 14(2–3), 133–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/09749292221135326
   Google Scholar
• Asada, H. (2020). Effects of foreign direct investment and trade on labor productivity growth in Vietnam. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(9), 204. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13090204
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awokuse, T. O. (2008). Trade openness and economic growth: Is growth export-led or import-led? Applied Economics, 40(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600749490
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azenui, N. B., & Rada, C. (2021). Labor productivity growth in sub-Sahara African LDCs: Sectoral contributions and macroeconomic factors. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 56, 10–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2020.07.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard, A. B., & Jensen, J. B. (1999). Exporting and productivity. Working paper, 7135. http://www.nber.org/papers/w7135
   Google Scholar
• Bhagwati, J. N. (1988). Export-promoting trade strategy: Issues and evidence. The World Bank Research Observer, 3(1), 27–57. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/3.1.27
   Google Scholar
• Bond, S., Leblebicioǧlu, A., & Schiantarelli, F. (2010). Capital accumulation and growth: A new look at the empirical evidence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 25(7), 1073–1099. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.1163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bresser-Pereira, L. C., Araújo, E., & Gala, P. (2014). An empirical study of the substitution of foreign for domestic savings in Brazil. EconomiA, 15(1), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2014.04.001
   Google Scholar
• Bunje, M. Y., Abendin, S., & Wang, Y. (2022). The effects of trade openness on economic growth in Africa. Open Journal of Business and Management, 10(2), 614–642. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojbm.2022.102035
   Google Scholar
• Carrasco, C. A., & Tovar-García, E. D. (2021). Trade and growth in developing countries: The role of export composition, import composition and export diversification. Economic Change and Restructuring, 54(4), 919–941. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10644-020-09291-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang, R., Kaltani, L., & Loayza, N. V. (2009). Openness can be good for growth: The role of policy complementarities. Journal of Development Economics, 90(1), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.06.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, E. K. (1997). The total factor productivity debate: Determinants of economic growth in East Asia. Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature, 11(1), 18–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8411.00002
   Google Scholar
• Clerides, S. K., Lach, S., & Tybout, J. R. (1998). Is learning by exporting important? micro-dynamic evidence from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 113(3), 903–947. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355398555784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe, D. T., & Helpman, E. (1995). International R&D spillovers. European Economic Review, 39(5), 859–887. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(94)00100-E
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe, D. T., Helpman, E., & Hoffmaister, A. W. (1997). North-south R & D spillovers. The Economic Journal, 107(440), 134–149. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiBerardino, C., D’Ingiullo, D., & Sarra, A. (2017). Distributive trade and regional productivity growth. The Service Industries Journal, 37(13–14), 833–857. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2017.1359261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doan, H. Q. (2019). Trade, institutional quality and income: Empirical evidence for sub-Saharan Africa. Economies, 7(2), 48. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies7020048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duodu, E., Baidoo, S. T., & Lau, E. (2020). How does quality of institutions affect the impact of trade openness on economic growth of Ghana? Cogent Economics & Finance, 8(1), 1812258. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2020.1812258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, S. (1998). Openness, productivity and growth: What do we really know? The Economic Journal, 108(447), 383–398. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.00293
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eichengreen, B. (2007). The real exchange rate and economic growth. Social and Economic Studies, 564, 7–20. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27866525
   Google Scholar
• Enders, W. (2004). Applied Econometric Time (Series.“2th ed” ed.). University of Alabama.
   Google Scholar
• Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. J. (1987). Cointegration and error correction: Representation, estimation and testing. Econometrica, 55(2), 251–276. https://doi.org/10.2307/1913236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esfahani, H. S. (1991). Exports, imports, and economic growth in semi-industrialized countries. Journal of Development Economics, 35(1), 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(91)90068-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fachin, S., Gavosto, A., & Marelli, E. (2010). Trends of labour productivity in Italy: A study with panel co‐integration methods. International Journal of Manpower, 31(7), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437721011081581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farahane, M. J., & Heshmati, A. (2020). Trade and economic growth: Theories and evidence from the southern African Development community (no. 13679). Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
   Google Scholar
• Feddersen, M., Nel, H., & Botha, F. (2017). Exports, capital formation and economic growth in South Africa. African Review of Economics and Finance, 9(1), 213–244.
   Google Scholar
• Gabriel, A. A., & David, A. O. (2021). Effect of trade openness and Financial openness on economic growth in sub-Saharan African countries. African Journal of Economic Review, 9(1), 109–130.
   Google Scholar
• Geda, A. (1999). Profile of Ethiopia’s export performance. Proceedings of the Ethiopian Economic Association Annual Conference on the Ethiopian Economy. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (pp. 271–282).
   Google Scholar
• Geda, A. (2007). The political economy of growth in Ethiopia: Chapter 4 of volume 2. The Cambridge Volumes of Economic Growth in Africa, 1–25. https://eidmon.files.wordpress.com/2012/11/the-political-economy-of-growth-in-ethiopia-alex-2006.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Getinet, B., & Ersumo, F. (2020). The impact of public external debt on economic growth in Ethiopia: The ARDL approach to co-integration. Journal of Economics & Sustainable Development, 11(11), 25–39.
   Google Scholar
• Gizaw, N., Abafita, J., & Merra, T. M. (2022). Impact of coffee exports on economic growth in Ethiopia; an empirical investigation. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1), 2041260. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2041260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossman, G. M. & Helpman, E. (1991). Trade, knowledge spillovers, and growth. European economic review, 35(2–3), 517–526.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guei, K. M., & Le Roux, P. (2019). Trade openness and economic growth: Evidence from the economic community of Western African States region. Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences, 12(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4102/jef.v12i1.402
   Google Scholar
• Hausmann, R., Hwang, J., & Rodrik, D. (2007). What you export matters. Journal of Economic Growth, 12(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-006-9009-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hausmann, R., Pritchett, L., & Rodrik, D. (2005). Growth accelerations. Journal of Economic Growth, 10(4), 303–329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10887-005-4712-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrerias, M. J., & Orts, V. (2010). Is the export‐led growth hypothesis enough to account for China’s growth? China & World Economy, 18(4), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-124X.2010.01203.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzer, D., Nowak-Lehmann, D., & Siliverstovs, B. (2006). Export-led growth in Chile: Assessing the role of export composition in productivity growth. The Developing Economies, 44(3), 306–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2006.00019.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huchet‐Bourdon, M., Le Mouël, C., & Vijil, M. (2018). The relationship between trade openness and economic growth: Some new insights on the openness measurement issue. The World Economy, 41(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12586
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hye, Q. M. A., Wizarat, S., & Lau, W. Y. (2016). The impact of trade openness on economic growth in China: An empirical analysis. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business (JAFEB), 3(3), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2016.vol3.no3.27
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ijirshar, V. U. (2019). Impact of trade openness on economic growth among ECOWAS countries: 1975-2017. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 10(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.33429/Cjas.10119.4/6
   Google Scholar
• Iyoha, M., & Okim, A. (2017). The impact of trade on economic growth in ECOWAS countries: Evidence from panel data. CBN Journal of Applied Statistics, 8(1), 23–49.
   Google Scholar
• Jalil, A., & Rauf, A. (2021). Revisiting the link between trade openness and economic growth using panel methods. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(8), 1168–1187. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1938638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231–254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen, S. (1995). Likelihood-based Inference in cointegrated vector Autoregressive models – advanced texts in Econometrics. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jouini, J. (2015). Linkage between international trade and economic growth in GCC countries: Empirical evidence from PMG estimation approach. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 24(3), 341–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2014.904394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacou, K. Y. T., Kassouri, Y., Evrard, T. H., & Altuntaş, M. (2022). Trade openness, export structure, and labor productivity in developing countries: Evidence from panel VAR approach. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 60, 194–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2021.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keho, Y., & Grace Wang, M. (2017). The impact of trade openness on economic growth: The case of Cote d’Ivoire. Cogent Economics & Finance, 5(1), 1332820. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2017.1332820
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khobai, H., Kolisi, N., & Moyo, C. (2018). The relationship between trade openness and economic growth: The case of Ghana and Nigeria. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 8(1), 77–82.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Lim, H., & Park, D. (2007). The effect of imports and exports on total factor productivity in Korea. Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry Discussion Paper Series, (07–E).
   Google Scholar
• Koutima-Banzouzi, J. M. (2023). The effect of trade openness on GDP growth in Congo. Theoretical Economics Letters, 13(1), 30–47. https://doi.org/10.4236/tel.2023.131002
   Google Scholar
• Kunst, R. M., & Marin, D. (1989). On exports and productivity: A causal analysis. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 71(4), 699–703. https://doi.org/10.2307/1928115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lartey, E. K., Mandelman, F. S., & Acosta, P. A. (2012). Remittances, exchange rate regimes and the Dutch disease: A panel data analysis. Review of International Economics, 20(2), 377–395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9396.2012.01028.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence, R. Z., & Weinstein, D. (1999). Trade and growth: Import-led or export-led? Evidence from Japan and Korea.
   Google Scholar
• Levy-Yeyati, E., Sturzenegger, F., & Gluzmann, P. A. (2013). Fear of appreciation. Journal of Development Economics, 101, 233–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2012.11.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J. Y., & Monga, C. (2010). The growth report and new structural economics. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, (5336).
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, R. E., Jr. (1988). On the mechanics of economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 22(1), 3–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald, J. M. (1994). Does import competition force efficient production? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 76(4), 721–727. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacKinnon, J. G. (1996). Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11(6), 601–618.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddala, G. S., & Kim, I. M. (1999). Unit roots, cointegration, and structural change. Cambridge Books.
   Google Scholar
• Malawi, A. I., & AlMansi, M. (2014). Economic Globalization and Labor Productivity: An Application of Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Testing Approach. International Journal of Business and Statistical Analysis, 1(1), 49–55. https://doi.org/10.12785/ijbsa/010105
   Google Scholar
• Malefane, M. R. (2018). Impact of trade openness on economic growth: Empirical evidence from South Africa. UNISA Economic Research Working paper 05.
   Google Scholar
• Manwa, F., & Wijeweera, A. (2016). Trade liberalisation and economic growth link: The case of Southern African Custom Union countries. Economic Analysis and Policy, 51, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2016.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manwa, F., Wijeweera, A., & Kortt, M. A. (2019). Trade and growth in SACU countries: A panel data analysis. Economic Analysis and Policy, 63, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2019.05.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marin, D. (1992). Is the export-led growth hypothesis valid for industrialized countries? The Review of Economics and Statistics, 74(4), 678–688. https://doi.org/10.2307/2109382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazumdar, J. (2001). Imported machinery and growth in LDCs. Journal of Development Economics, 65(1), 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(01)00134-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMillan, M. S., & Rodrik, D. (2011). Globalization, structural change and productivity growth. National Bureau of Economic Research. Working Paper 17143. Available online: http://www.nber.org/papers/w17143
   Google Scholar
• McMillan, M., Rodrik, D., & Verduzco-Gallo, Í. (2014). Globalization, structural change, and productivity growth, with an update on Africa. World Development, 63, 11–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melitz, M. J. (2003). The impact of trade on intra‐industry reallocations and aggregate industry productivity. Econometrica, 71(6), 1695–1725. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00467
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Finance and Economic Development. (2020). A homegrown economic reform agenda: A pathway to prosperity. FDRE, Minstry of Finance & Economic development.
   Google Scholar
• Naz, A., Ahmad, N., & Naveed, A. (2015). Total factor productivity and trade: A panel data analysis. Forman Journal of Economic Studies, 11, 103–128. https://doi.org/10.32368/FJES.20151107
   Google Scholar
• Negera, M. (2021). Macroeconomic determinants of economic growth in Ethiopia. Innovations, 66(4), 810–788.
   Google Scholar
• Onafowora, O. A., Owoye, O., & Nyatepe-Coo, A. A. (1996). Trade policy, export performance and economic growth: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 5(3), 341–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199600000019
   Google Scholar
• Osińska, M. (2011). On the interpretation of causality in Granger’s sense. Dynamic Econometric Models, 11, 129–140. https://doi.org/10.12775/DEM.2011.009
   Google Scholar
• Panta, H., Devkota, M. L., & Banjade, D. (2022). Exports and imports-led growth: Evidence from a Small developing economy. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 15(1), 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15010011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Policy Studies Institute. (2020). Ethiopia productivity Report. Addis Ababa,
   Google Scholar
• Rajan, R. G., & Subramanian, A. (2011). Aid, Dutch disease, and manufacturing growth. Journal of Development Economics, 94(1), 106–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramzan, M., Sheng, B., Shahbaz, M., Song, J., & Jiao, Z. (2019). Impact of trade openness on GDP growth: Does TFP matter? The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 28(8), 960–995. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2019.1616805
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao, T. K., & Bedada, L. S. (2017). Macroeconomic determinants of economic growth in Ethiopia. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 6(5), 27–48.
   Google Scholar
• Rapetti, M. (2020). The real exchange rate and economic growth: A survey. Journal of Globalization and Development, 11(2), 20190024. https://doi.org/10.1515/jgd-2019-0024
   Google Scholar
• Rapetti, M., Skott, P. & Razmi, A. (2012). The real exchange rate and economic growth: Are developing countries different?. International Review of Applied Economics, 26(6), 735–753.
   Google Scholar
• Ratanapakorn, O., & Sharma, S. C. (2007). Dynamic analysis between the US stock returns and the macroeconomic variables. Applied Financial Economics, 17(5), 369–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603100600638944
   Google Scholar
• Rath, B. N., & Ridhwan, M. M. (2020). The nexus among employment, productivity and trade openness: Evidence from Brics and Indonesia. Buletin Ekonomi Moneter dan Perbankan, 23(4), 463–484. https://doi.org/10.21098/bemp.v23i4.1363
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, F., & Rodrik, D. (2000). Trade policy and economic growth: A skeptic’s guide to the cross-national evidence. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 15, 261–325. https://doi.org/10.1086/654419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodrik, D. (2008). The real exchange rate and economic growth. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2008(2), 365–412. https://doi.org/10.1353/eca.0.0020
   Google Scholar
• Romer, P. M. (1986). Increasing returns and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 94(5), 1002–1037. https://doi.org/10.1086/261420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samargandi, N. (2018). Determinants of labor productivity in MENA countries. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(5), 1063–1081. https://doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2017.1418658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senbeta, S. (2008). The nexus between FDI and total factor productivity growth in sub Saharan Africa. Munich Personal RePec Archive, 1–31. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/31067/1/MPRA_paper_31067.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sghaier, I. M. (2020). Does financial development affect the economic growth gains from trade openness?. Economic Alternatives, 4, 666–682. https://doi.org/10.37075/EA.2020.4.10
   Google Scholar
• Siyakiya, P. (2017). Can trade openness stimulate output performance? A case of selected African countries. Journal of International and Global Economic Studies, 10(2), 55–67.
   Google Scholar
• Sjöholm, F. (1999). Exports, imports and productivity: Results from Indonesian establishment data. World Development, 27(4), 705–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00160-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Söderbom, M., & Teal, F. (2003). Openness and human capital as sources of productivity growth: An empirical investigation. Centre for the Study of African Economies. Available on line: https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu
   Google Scholar
• Stock, J. H., & Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61(4), 783–820. https://doi.org/10.2307/2951763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thangavelu, S. M., & Rajaguru, G. (2004). Is there an export or import-led productivity growth in rapidly developing Asian countries? A multivariate VAR analysis. Applied Economics, 36(10), 1083–1093. https://doi.org/10.1080/0003684042000246795
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1–2), 225–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01616-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trejos, S., & Barboza, G. (2015). Dynamic estimation of the relationship between trade openness and output growth in Asia. Journal of Asian Economics, 36, 110–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2014.10.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada, H. (1998). A note on the causality between export and productivity: An empirical re-examination. Economics Letters, 61(1), 111–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0165-1765(98)00154-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zahonogo, P. (2017). Trade and economic growth in developing countries: Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of African Trade, 3(1–2), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joat.2017.02.001
   Google Scholar
• Zelleke, G., & Sraiheen, A. (2012). Sources of economic growth in 31 sub-Sahara African countries for the period 1975–2008: A growth accounting approach. International Journal of Economics and Finance, 4(10), 54–68. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v4n10p54
   Google Scholar