Microfoundations of technology cluster emergence in emerging economies: Mindsets of natives and non-natives in Johannesburg, South Africa

References

• Aldrich, H. (1999). Organizations evolving. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Aldrich, H. E., & Fiol, C. M. (1994). Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation. Academy of Management Review, 19(4), 645–670. doi: 10.2307/258740
   Google Scholar
• Allen, J., Cochrane, A., & Massey, D. (1998). Rethinking the region. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, C. A., & Godfrey, S. S. (1987). Thoughts about actions: The effects of specificity and availability of imagined behavioral scripts on expectations about oneself and others. Social Cognition, 5, 238–258. doi: 10.1521/soco.1987.5.3.238
   Google Scholar
• Appold, S. (1998). Labor-market imperfections and the agglomeration of firms: Evidence from the emergent period of the US semiconductor industry. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 30(3), 439–462. doi: 10.1068/a300439
   Google Scholar
• Asheim, B. T., Lawton-Smith, H., & Oughton, C. (2011). Regional innovation systems: Theory, empirics and policy. Regional Studies, 45, 875–891. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2011.596701
   Google Scholar
• Audretsch, D. B., & Keilbach, M. (2007). The localisation of entrepreneurship capital: Evidence from Germany. Papers in Regional Science, 86(3), 351–365. doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2007.00131.x
   Google Scholar
• Barney, J. A. Y., & Felin, T. (2013). What are microfoundations? Academy of Management Perspectives, 27(2), 138–155. doi: 10.5465/amp.2012.0107
   Google Scholar
• Bathelt, H. (2002). The re-emergence of a media industry cluster in Leipzig. European Planning Studies, 10(5), 583–611. doi: 10.1080/09654310220145341
   Google Scholar
• Baycan-Levent, T., & Nijkamp, P. (2009). Characteristics of migrant entrepreneurship in Europe. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 21(4), 375–397. doi: 10.1080/08985620903020060
   Google Scholar
• Bergek, A., Jacobsson, S., Carlsson, B., Lindmark, S., & Rickne, A. (2008). Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: A scheme of analysis. Research Policy, 37, 407–429. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2007.12.003
   Google Scholar
• Berry, C. R., & Glaeser, E. L. (2005). The divergence of human capital levels across cities. Papers in Regional Science, 84(3), 407–444. doi: 10.1111/j.1435-5957.2005.00047.x
   Google Scholar
• Bolton, D. L., & Lane, M. D. (2012). Individual entrepreneurial orientation: Development of a measurement instrument. Education + Training, 54(2/3), 219–233. doi: 10.1108/00400911211210314
   Google Scholar
• Bonnet, N. (2010). The functional resilience of an innovative cluster in the Montpellier urban area (South of France). European Planning Studies, 18(9), 1345–1363. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2010.492580
   Google Scholar
• Boschma, R. A., & Lambooy, J. G. (2002). Knowledge, market structure, and economic coordination: Dynamics of industrial districts. Growth and Change, 33, 291–311. doi: 10.1111/1468-2257.00192
   Google Scholar
• Bresnahan, T., Gambardella, A., & Saxenian, A. (2001). ‘Old economy’ inputs for ‘new economy’ outcomes: Cluster formation in the new Silicon Valleys. Industrial and Corporate Change, 10(4), 835–860. doi: 10.1093/icc/10.4.835
   Google Scholar
• Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 267–283. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.56.2.267
   Google Scholar
• Chan, K. Y., & Drasgow, F. (2001). Toward a theory of individual differences and leadership: Understanding the motivation to lead. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(3), 481–498. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.86.3.481
   Google Scholar
• Chanda, B., Mutamba, B., Yavuz, H., Donald, J., Kaneye, K., & Kuboshima, N. (2017). The Johannesburg software cluster. Report. Boston: Harvard Business School.
   Google Scholar
• Coenen, L., Moodysson, J., & Asheim, B. T. (2004). Nodes, networks and proximities: On the knowledge dynamics of the Medicon Valley Biotech cluster. European Planning Studies, 12(7), 1003–1018. doi: 10.1080/0965431042000267876
   Google Scholar
• Colyvas, J. A., & Maroulis, S. (2015). Moving from an exception to a rule: Analyzing mechanisms in emergence-based institutionalization. Organization Science, 26(2), 601–621. doi: 10.1287/orsc.2014.0948
   Google Scholar
• Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlberg, S. T. (1997). Aging: A migratory experience, migrant aging. International centre for creativity and imagination. Minnesota: Phoenix.
   Google Scholar
• Docquier, F., Lohest, O., & Marfouk, A. (2007). Brain drain in developing countries. The World Bank Economic Review, 21(2), 193–218. doi:10.1093/wber/lhm008
   Google Scholar
• Elola, A., Valdaliso, J. M., Lopez, S. M., & Aranguren, M. J. (2012). Cluster life cycles, path dependency and regional economic development: Insights from a meta-study on Basque clusters. European Planning Studies, 20(2), 257–279. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2012.650902
   Google Scholar
• Feld, B. (2012). Startup communities: Building an entrepreneurial ecosystem in your city. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, M. P., & Francis, J. L. (2002). The entrepreneurial spark: Individual agents and the formation of innovative clusters. In A. Q. Curzio & M. Fortis (Eds.), Complexity and industrial clusters (pp. 301–330). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlang.
   Google Scholar
• Feldman, M. P., & Francis, J. L. (2003). Fortune favours the prepared region: The case of entrepreneurship and the capital region biotechnology cluster. European Planning Studies, 11(7), 765–788. doi: 10.1080/0965431032000121337
   Google Scholar
• Felin, T., & Hesterly, W. S. (2007). The knowledge-based view, nested heterogeneity, and new value creation: Philosophical considerations on the locus of knowledge. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 195–218. doi: 10.5465/amr.2007.23464020
   Google Scholar
• Felin, T., Foss, N. J., Heimeriks, K. H., & Madsen, T. L. (2012). Microfoundations of routines and capabilities: Individuals, processes, and structure. Journal of Management Studies, 49(8), 1351–1374. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6486.2012.01052.x
   Google Scholar
• Felin, T., Foss, N. J., & Ployhart, R. E. (2015). The microfoundations movement in strategy and organization theory. Academy of Management Annals, 9(1), 575–632. doi:10.1080/19416520.2015.1007651
   Google Scholar
• Finegold, D., Wong, P.-K., & Cheah, T.-C. (2004). Adapting a foreign direct investment strategy to the knowledge economy: The case of Singapore's emerging biotechnology cluster. European Planning Studies, 12(7), 921–941. doi: 10.1080/0965431042000267830
   Google Scholar
• Fischer, R., Smith, P. B., Richey, B. E., Ferreira, M. C., Assmar, E. M. L., Maes, J., & Stumpf, S. (2004). Organizational reward allocation principles: Testing organizational and cross-cultural differences. International Journal for Intercultural Relations, 28(1), 151–164. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2004.03.002
   Google Scholar
• Florida, R. (2005). Cities and the creative class. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Furnham, A., Johnson, C., & Rawles, R. (1985). The determinants of beliefs in human nature. Personality and Individual Differences, 6, 675–684. doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(85)90078-9
   Google Scholar
• Giblin, M. (2011). Managing the global-local dimensions of clusters and the role of “lead” organizations: The contrasting cases of the software and medical technology clusters in the West of Ireland. European Planning Studies, 19(1), 23–42. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2011.530529
   Google Scholar
• Gilbert, B. A. (2017). Agglomeration, industrial districts and industry clusters: Trends of the 21st century literature. Foundations and Trends® in Entrepreneurship, 13(1), 1–80. doi: 10.1561/0300000069
   Google Scholar
• Gillwald, A., Mothobi, O., & Rademan, B. (2017). The state of ICT in South Africa. (Policy Paper No. 5; Series 5: After Access-Assessing Digital Inequality in Africa). Cape Town: Research ICT Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Hekkert, M., Suurs, R. A. A., Negro, S., Kuhlmann, S., & Smits, R. (2007). Functions of innovation systems: A new approach for analysing technological change. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 74(4), 413–432. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2006.03.002
   Google Scholar
• Henn, S. (2013). Transnational entrepreneurs and the emergence of clusters in peripheral regions: The case of the diamond cutting cluster in Gujarat (India). European Planning Studies, 21(11), 1779–1795. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2012.753690
   Google Scholar
• Heppner, P. P., & Petersen, C. H. (1982). The development and implications of a personal problem-solving inventory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 29(1), 66–75. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.29.1.66
   Google Scholar
• Herrington, M., & Kew, J. (2015-2016). GEM South African Report: Is South Africa heading for an economic meltdown? Cape Town: The UCT Development Unit for Enterprise.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs, J. (1969). The life of cities. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Jokela, M. (2009). Personality predicts migration within and between US states. Journal of Research in Personality, 43(1), 79–83. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.09.005
   Google Scholar
• Kalitanyi, V., & Visser, K. (2010). African immigrants in South Africa: Job takers or job creators? South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 13(4), 376–390. doi: 10.4102/sajems.v13i4.91
   Google Scholar
• Karlsen, A. (2011). "Cluster” creation by reconfiguring communities of practice. European Planning Studies, 19(5), 753–773. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2011.561035
   Google Scholar
• Katila, R., & Ahuja, G. (2002). Something old, something new: A longitudinal study of search behavior and new product introduction. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1183–1194. doi: 10.2307/3069433
   Google Scholar
• Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutoff criteria. What did they really say? Organizational Research Methods, 9, 202–220. doi: 10.1177/1094428105284919
   Google Scholar
• Landau, L. (2011). Contemporary migration to South Africa: A regional development issue. Washington DC: World Bank Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, K. (2016). Industrial upgrading and innovation capability for inclusive growth: Lessons from East Asia. In A. Foxley & B. Stallings (Eds.), Innovation and inclusion in Latin America: Strategies to avoid the middle income trap (pp. 59–88). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Lehohla, P. (2013). South African statistics. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Levie, J. (2007). Immigration, in-migration, ethnicity and entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom. Small Business Economics, 28(2-3), 143–169. doi: 10.1007/s11187-006-9013-2
   Google Scholar
• Lucas, M., Sands, A., & Wolfe, D. A. (2009). Regional clusters in a global industry: ICT clusters in Canada. European Planning Studies, 17(2), 189–210. doi: 10.1080/09654310802553415
   Google Scholar
• Markard, J., & Truffer, B. (2008). Technological innovation systems and the multi-level perspective: Towards an integrated framework. Research Policy, 37, 596–615. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2008.01.004
   Google Scholar
• Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986). Possible selves. American Psychologist, 41, 954–969. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.41.9.954
   Google Scholar
• Mayer, R. E., & Wittrock, M. C. (1996). Problem-solving transfer. In D. C. Berliner & R. C. Calfee (Eds.), Handbook of educational psychology (pp. 47–62). New York: Macmill.
   Google Scholar
• Maznevski, M. L., & DiStefano, J. J. (1995). Measuring culture in international management: The cultural perspectives questionnaire. Working Paper Series, The University of Western Ontario, 95-139.
   Google Scholar
• Maznevski, M. L., DiStefano, J. J., Gomez, C. B., Noorderhaven, N. G., & Wu, P. (1997). The cultural orientations framework and international management research. Paper presented at the Academy of International Business annual meeting, Guadalajara, Mexico.
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally, J. C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• OECD/ILO. (2018). How immigrants contribute to South Africa’s economy. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:10.1787/9789264085398-en
   Google Scholar
• Oz, O., & Ozkaracalar, K. (2011). What accounts for the resilience and vulnerability of clusters? The case of Istanbul's film industry. European Planning Studies, 19(3), 361–378. doi: 10.1080/09654313.2011.548355
   Google Scholar
• Pamuk, A. (2004). Geography of immigrant clusters in global cities: A case study of San Francisco. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 28(2), 287–307. doi: 10.1111/j.0309-1317.2004.00520.x
   Google Scholar
• Parilla, J., & Trujillo, J. L. (2015). South Africa’s global gateway: Profiling the Gauteng City-Region’s international competitiveness and connections. Global Cities Initiative, a Joint Project of Brookings and JP Morgan Chase.
   Google Scholar
• Prevezer, M. (2008). Technology policies in generating biotechnology clusters: A comparison of China and the US. European Planning Studies, 16(3), 359–374. doi: 10.1080/09654310801920615
   Google Scholar
• Raphasha, P. I. (2015). Integrating national and regional innovation policy: The case of Gauteng in South Africa. Master's Thesis submitted to the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Rogerson, C. M. (1999). International migration, immigrant entrepreneurs and South Africa's small enterprise economy. Retrieved from http://www.queensu.ca/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/policy3.htm
   Google Scholar
• Romanelli, E., & Khessina, O. M. (2005). Regional industrial identity: Cluster configurations and economic development. Organization Science, 16(4), 344–358. doi: 10.1287/orsc.1050.0131
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld, S. A. (2003). Expanding opportunities: Cluster strategies that reach more people and more places. European Planning Studies, 11(4), 359–376. doi: 10.1080/09654310303643
   Google Scholar
• Safa, H. I. (1981). Runaway shops and female employment: The search for cheap labor. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 7(2), 418–433. doi: 10.1086/493889
   Google Scholar
• Sagie, A. (2002). Taking another look at the need for achievement: Expanding the construct meaning and testing its structural equivalence. The Journal of Business Perspective, 6(1), 1–12. doi: 10.1177/097226290200600101
   Google Scholar
• Sagie, A., Elizur, D., & Yamauchi, H. (1996). The structure and strength of achievement motivation: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 17(5), 431–444. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199609)17:5<431::AID-JOB771>3.0.CO;2-X
   Google Scholar
• Sagie, A., & Koslowsky, M. (1998). Extra- and intra-organizational work values and behavior: A multiple-level model. In C. L. Cooper & D. M. Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in organizational behavior (Vol. 5, pp. 155–176). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Sayce, R. U. (1928). The dissemination and agglomeration of habitations in South Africa. Geography, 14(4), 303–307.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider, B. (1987). The people make the place. Personnel Psychology, 40, 437–453. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1987.tb00609.x
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Beyond individualism/collectivism: New cultural dimensions of values. In U. Kim, H. C. Triandis, C. Kagitcibasi, C. S. Choi, & G. Yoon (Eds.), Individualism and collectivism: Theory, methods and applications (pp. 85–119). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, S. H. (1999). A theory of cultural values and some implications for work. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48(1), 23–47. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.1999.tb00047.x
   Google Scholar
• Segatti, A., & Landau, L. B. (2011). Contemporary migration to South Africa. Washington, DC: World Bank Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., & Gilbert, B. A. (2011). Resource orchestration to create competitive advantage: Breadth, depth and life cycle effects. Journal of Management, 37(5), 1390–1412. doi: 10.1177/0149206310385695
   Google Scholar
• Stallings, B. (2016). Innovation, inclusion, and institutions: East Asian lessons for Latin America. In A. Foxley, & B. Stallings (Eds.) Innovation and inclusion: Strategies to avoid the middle income trap in Latin America (pp. 1–32). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Stam, E. (2007). Why butterflies don't leave: Locational behavior of entrepreneurial firms. Economic Geography, 83(1), 27–50. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2007.tb00332.x
   Google Scholar
• Stinchcombe, A. L. (1965). Social structure and organizations. In J. G. March (Ed.), Handbook of organizations (pp. 142–193). New York: Routledge Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Tallman, S., Jenkins, M., Henry, N., & Pinch, S. (2004). Knowledge, clusters, and competitive advantage. Academy of Management Review, 29(2), 258–271. doi: 10.5465/amr.2004.12736089
   Google Scholar
• Tan, J. (2006). Growth of industry clusters and innovation: Lessons from Beijing Zhongguancun Science Park. Journal of Business Venturing, 21, 827–850. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.06.006
   Google Scholar
• Wickham, J., & Vecchi, A. (2008). Local firms and global reach: Business air travel and the Irish Software cluster. European Planning Studies, 16(5), 693–710. doi: 10.1080/09654310802049315
   Google Scholar
• Yukl, G., Kim, H., & Falbe, C. M. (1996). Antecedents of influence outcomes. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 309–317. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.81.3.309
   Google Scholar
• Yukl, G., Seifert, C. F., & Chavez, C. (2008). Validation of the extended influence behavior questionnaire. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(5), 609–621. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.07.006
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y., & Xin, T. (2003). An innovative region in China: Interaction between multinational corporations and local firms in a high-tech cluster in Beijing. Economic Geography, 79(2), 129–152. doi: 10.1111/j.1944-8287.2003.tb00205.x
   Google Scholar