132
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Ethnic obligation and employee well-being: The moderating role of relative deprivation

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 423-454 | Received 07 Sep 2023, Accepted 03 Oct 2023, Published online: 01 Dec 2023

References

  • Abraham, K. M., & Stein, C. H. (2010). Staying connected: Young adults’ felt obligation toward parents with and without mental illness. Journal of Family Psychology, 24(2), 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018973
  • Agnew, R. (1985). Social control theory and delinquency: A longitudinal test. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 23(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1985.tb00325.x
  • Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 30(1), 47–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1992.tb01093.x
  • Akay, A., Constant, A., Giulietti, C., & Guzi, M. (2017). Ethnic diversity and well-being. Journal of Population Economics, 30, 265–306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-016-0618-8
  • Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R. (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 155–194. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024471506938
  • Alesina, A., Michalopoulos, S., & Papaioannou, E. (2016). Ethnic inequality. Journal of Political Economy, 124(2), 428–488. https://doi.org/10.1086/685300
  • Alimo-Metcalfe, B., Alban-Metcalfe, J., Bradley, M., Mariathasan, J., & Samele, C. (2008). The impact of engaging leadership on performance, attitudes to work and wellbeing at work: A longitudinal study. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 22(6), 586–598. https://doi.org/10.1108/14777260810916560
  • Anderson, E., & Weitz, B. (1989). Determinants of continuity in conventional industrial channel dyads. Marketing Science, 8(4), 310–323. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.8.4.310
  • Appiah, K. A. (2005). The ethics of identity. Princeton University Press.
  • Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989). Social identity theory and organization. Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.2307/258189
  • Asikainen, A., Iñiguez, G., Ureña-Carrión, J., Kaski, K., & Kivelä, M. (2020). Cumulative effects of triadic closure and homophily in social networks. Science Advances, 6(19), Article eaax7310. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aax7310
  • Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 16(3), 397–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510903008204
  • Awedoba, A. K. (2010). An ethnographic study of northern Ghanaian conflicts: Towards a sustainable peace. Sub-Saharan Publishers.
  • Barkema, H. G., Bindl, U. K., & Tanveer, L. (2023). How entrepreneurs achieve purpose beyond profit: The case of women entrepreneurs in Nigeria. Organization Science, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.15341
  • Bartels, A. L., Peterson, S. J., & Reina, C. S. (2019). Understanding well-being at work: Development and validation of the eudaimonic workplace well-being scale. PLoS ONE, 14(4), Article e0215957. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215957
  • Barth, F. (ed.). (1969). Ethnic groups and boundaries: The social organization of culture difference. Waveland Press.
  • Bates, R. H., & Yackovlev, I. (2002). Ethnicity, capital formation, and conflict: Evidence from Africa. In C. Grootaert, & T. van Bastelaer (Eds.), The role of social capital in development: An empirical assessment (pp. 310–340). Cambridge University Press.
  • Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social–psychological answer. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Bengtsson, O., & Hsu, D. H. (2015). Ethnic matching in the U.S. Venture capital market. Journal of Business Venturing, 30(2), 338–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2014.09.001
  • Bentley, T., Olapade, M., Wambua, P. M., & Charron, N. (2015). Where to start? Aligning sustainable development goals with citizen priorities (Dispatch No. 67). Afrobarometer.
  • Bilge, N., Marino, M. I., & Webb, L. M. (2021). Definitions of ethnicity in communication scholarship: A new perspective. Howard Journal of Communications, 32(3), 213–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646175.2021.1871869
  • Brehm, J. W. (1966). A theory of psychological reactance. Academic Press.
  • Brehm, S. S., & Brehm, J. W. (1981). Psychological reactance: A theory of freedom and control. Academic Press.
  • Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86(2), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.2.307
  • Broersen, J., Dignum, F., Dignum, V., & Meyer, J. J. (2004). Designing a deontic logic of deadlines. In A. Lomuscio, & D. Nute (Eds.), Deontic logic in computer science (pp. 43–56). Springer.
  • Broidy, L. M. (2001). A test of general strain theory. Criminology; An interdisciplinary Journal, 39(1), 9–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00915.x
  • Burstein, N. R. (2007). Economic influences on marriage and divorce. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 26(2), 387–429. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20257
  • Castles, S. (2000). Ethnicity and globalization. SAGE Publications.
  • Chirot, D., & Seligman, M. E. (2000). Ethnopolitical warfare: Causes, consequences, and possible solutions. American Psychological Association.
  • Clark, C. J., Liu, B. S., Winegard, B. M., & Ditto, P. H. (2019). Tribalism is human nature. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(6), 587–592. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419862289
  • Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1959). New perspectives on juvenile delinquency, New York school of social work. Columbia University.
  • Cloward, R. A., & Ohlin, L. E. (1961). A theory of delinquent gangs. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Cohen, A. K. (1955). Delinquent boys: The culture of the gang. Free Press.
  • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Collier, P. (2007). The bottom billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and what can be done about it. London, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Collier, P., Elliott, L. V., Hegre, H., Hoeffler, A. E., Reynal-Querol, M., & Sambanis, N. (2003). Breaking the conflict trap: Civil war and development policy (world bank policy research report). World Bank Group.
  • Collier, P., & Gunning, J. W. (1999). Explaining African economic performance. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(1), 64–111. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.37.1.64
  • Comaroff, J. L. (1997). Of totemism and ethnicity: Consciousness, practice, and the signs of inequality. In Perspectives on Africa: A reader in culture, history, and representation (pp. 63–197). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Conte, R., & Castelfranchi, C. (1995). Cognitive and social action. UCL Press Limited.
  • Crosby, F. (1984). Relative deprivation in organizational settings. Research in Organizational Behavior, 6, 51–93.
  • Crouch, C. (2010). CSR and changing modes of governance: Towards corporate noblesse oblige? In P. Utting, & J. C. Marques (Eds.), Corporate social responsibility and regulatory governance (pp. 26–49). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • de Sardan, J. P. O. (1999). A moral economy of corruption in Africa? The Journal of Modern African Studies, 37(1), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X99002992
  • Deaton, A. (2000). Counting the world’s poor: Problems and possible solutions (Papers 197). Princeton Woodrow Wilson School – Development Studies.
  • Dev, P. (2016). Homophily and community structure in networks. Journal of Public Economic Theory, 18(2), 268–290. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpet.12142
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Dia, M. (1996). Africa’s management in the 1990s and beyond: Reconciling indigenous and transplanted institutions. The World Bank.
  • Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999). Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Psychological Bulletin, 125(2), 276–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276
  • Donaldson, T., & Walsh, J. P. (2015). Toward a theory of business. Research in Organizational Behavior, 35, 181–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.riob.2015.10.002
  • Dowd, E. T. (2002). Psychological reactance in health education and promotion. Health Education Journal, 61(2), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/001789690206100203
  • Dubé, L., & Guimond, S. (1986). Relative deprivation and social protest: The personal–group issue. In J. M. Olson, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Relative deprivation and social comparison: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 4) (pp. 201–216). Psychology Press.
  • Duhigg, C. (2016, February 25). What Google learned from its quest to build the perfect team. The New York Times Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/28/magazine/what-google-learned-from-its-quest-to-build-the-perfect-team.html.
  • Dwyer, F. R., Schurr, P. H., & Oh, S. (1987). Developing buyer–seller relationships. The Journal of Marketing, 51(2), 11–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224298705100202
  • Easterly, William & Levine, Ross. (1997). Africa's growth tragedy: Policies and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 1203–1250.
  • Easterly, W. (2009). Can the west save Africa? Journal of Economic Literature, 47(2), 373–447. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.2.373
  • Englebert, P. (2000). Solving the mystery of the AFRICA dummy. World Development, 28(10), 1821–1835. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00052-8
  • Fearon, J. D. (2003). Ethnic and cultural diversity by country. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 195–222. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024419522867
  • Fiddick, L., & Cummins, D. (2007). Are perceptions of fairness relationship-specific? The case of noblesse oblige. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60(1), 16–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470210600577266
  • Fiddick, L., Cummins, D. D., Janicki, M., Lee, S., & Erlich, N. (2013). A cross-cultural study of noblesse oblige in economic decision-making. Human Nature, 24(3), 318–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-013-9169-9
  • Fong, E., & Lee, L. (2006). Chinese ethnic economies within the city context. In E. Fong, & C. Luk (Eds.), Chinese ethnic business: Global and local perspectives (pp. 149–172). Routledge.
  • Fortes, M. (1949). The web of kinship among the Tallensi. Oxford University Press.
  • Frazer, E. (1999). The problems of communitarian politics: Unity and conflict. Oxford University Press on Demand.
  • Garth, B. G. (2004). Noblesse oblige as an alternative career strategy. Houston Law Review, 41, 93–111.
  • Gelfand, M. J., & Jackson, J. C. (2016). From one mind to many: The emerging science of cultural norms. Current Opinion in Psychology, 8, 175–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.11.002
  • George, G., Corbishley, C., Khayesi, J. N., Haas, M. R., & Tihanyi, L. (2016). Bringing Africa in: Promising directions for management research. Academy of Management Journal, 59(2), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2016.4002
  • Greenberg, D. F. (1980). Law and development in light of dependency theory. Research in Law and Society, 3, 129–159.
  • Griffin, K. A., Cunningham, E. L., & George Mwangi, C. A. (2016). Defining diversity: Ethnic differences in Black students’ perceptions of racial climate. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 9(1), 34–49. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039255
  • Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton University Press.
  • Gyekye, K. (1997). Tradition and modernity: Philosophical reflections on the African experience. Oxford University Press.
  • Gyekye, K. (2002). African cultural values: An introduction (4th ed.). Sankofa Publishing Company.
  • Gyekye, S. A. (2005). Workers’ perceptions of workplace safety and job satisfaction. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 11(3), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1080/10803548.2005.11076650
  • Hales, D., & Edmonds, B. (2019). Intragenerational cultural evolution and ethnocentrism. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 63(5), 1283–1309. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002718780481
  • Hall, S. (1997). The local and the global: Globalization and ethnicity. In A. McClintock, A. Mufti, & E. Shohat (Eds.), Dangerous liaisons: Gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives (pp. 173–187). University of Minnesota Press.
  • Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L., & Keyes, C. L. (2003). Well-being in the workplace and its relationship to business outcomes: A review of the Gallup studies. In C. L. M. Keyes, & J. Haidt (Eds.), Flourishing: Positive psychology and the life well-lived (pp. 205–244). American Psychological Association.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2006). A primer on multilevel modeling. Human Communication Research, 32(4), 385–410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2006.00281.x
  • Heine, B., & Nurse, D. (2000). African languages: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
  • Helsper, E. J. (2017). The social relativity of digital exclusion: Applying relative deprivation theory to digital inequalities. Communication Theory, 27(3), 223–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12110
  • Henderson, L. W., & Knight, T. (2012). Integrating the hedonic and eudaimonic perspectives to more comprehensively understand wellbeing and pathways to wellbeing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v2i3.3
  • Hirayama, H., & Hirayama, K. (1985). Empowerment through group participation: Process and goal. In M. Parnes (Ed.), Innovations in social group work: Feedback from practice to theory (pp. 119–131). The Haworth Press.
  • Hofstede, G. (1997). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind. McGraw-Hill.
  • Hogg, M. A. (2018). Social identity theory. In P. J. Burke (Ed.), Contemporary social psychological theories (pp. 112–138). Stanford University Press.
  • Hoppe, A., Fujishiro, K., & Heaney, C. A. (2014). Workplace racial/ethnic similarity, job satisfaction, and lumbar back health among warehouse workers: Asymmetric reactions across racial/ethnic groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(2), 172–193. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1860
  • Hosmer, L. T. (1995). Trust: The connecting link between organizational theory and philosophical ethics. Academy of Management Review, 20(2), 379–403. https://doi.org/10.2307/258851
  • Huisjes, C. H. (1981). Norms and logic: An investigation of the links between normontology and deontic logic, especially in the work of G. H. Von wright. Berg.
  • Huppert, F. A., Baylis, N., & Keverne, B. (2004a). Well-being: Towards an integration of psychology, neurobiology, and social science. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1447–1451. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1520
  • Huppert, F. A., Baylis, N., & Keverne, B. (2004b). Introduction: Why do we need a science of well-being? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1331–1332. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1519
  • Hutchings, K., & Weir, D. (2006). Guanxi and Wasta: A comparison. Thunderbird International Business Review, 48(1), 141–156. https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.20090
  • Ilorah, R. (2009). Ethnic bias, favouritism, and development in Africa. Development Southern Africa, 26(5), 695–707. https://doi.org/10.1080/03768350903303209
  • International Labor Organization. (2015). World employment and social outlook: Trends 2015. International Labor Office.
  • Jeffrey, K., Mahony, S., Michaelson, J., & Abdallah, S. (2014). Wellbeing at work: A review of the literature. New Economics Foundation.
  • Johns, G. (2006). The essential impact of context on organizational behavior. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 386–408. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.20208687
  • Johns, G. (2017). Reflections on the 2016 decade award: Incorporating context in organizational research. Academy of Management Review, 42(4), 577–595. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2017.0044
  • Juby, H. L., & Concepción, W. R. (2005). Ethnicity: The term and its meaning. In R. T. Carter (Ed.), Handbook of racial–cultural psychology and counseling: Vol. 1. Theory and research (pp. 26–40). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (1999). Well-being: Foundations of hedonic psychology. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Kelman, H. (1976). Violence without restraint: Reflections on the dehumanization of victims and victimizers. In G. M. Kren, & L. H. Rappoport (Eds.), Varieties of psychohistory (pp. 282–314). Springer.
  • Kemper, T. D. (1978). A social interactional theory of emotions. Wiley.
  • Keyes, C. L., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002). Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007–1022. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.1007
  • Kirgios, E. L., Rai, A., Chang, E. H., & Milkman, K. L. (2022). When seeking help, women and racial/ethnic minorities benefit from explicitly stating their identity. Nature Human Behaviour, 6(3), 383–391. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01253-y
  • Klein, K. J., & Kozlowski, S. W. (2000). Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions. Jossey-Bass.
  • Knuuttila, S. (1981). The emergence of deontic logic in the fourteenth century. In Risto Hilpinen (Ed.), New studies in deontic logic: Norms, actions, and the foundations of ethics, (pp. 225–248). Cham: Springer.
  • Kozlowski, S. W. J., & Klein, K. J. (2000). A multilevel approach to theory and research in organizations: Contextual, temporal, and emergent processes. In K. J. Klein, & S. W. J. Kozlowski (Eds.), Multilevel theory, research, and methods in organizations: Foundations, extensions, and new directions (pp. 3–90). Jossey-Bass.
  • Laenen, T., & Meuleman, B. (2019). Public support for the social rights and social obligations of the unemployed: Two sides of the same coin? International Journal of Social Welfare, 28(4), 454–467. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijsw.12369
  • Lazarsfeld, P. F., & Merton, R. K. (1954). Friendship as a social process: A substantive and methodological analysis. Freedom and Control in Modern Society, 18(1), 18–66.
  • Lentz, C. (1995). ‘Tribalism’ and ethnicity in Africa. Cahiers des sciences humaines, 31(2), 303–328.
  • Lentz, C. (2005). First-comers and late-comers: The role of narratives in land claims. In S. Evers, M. Spierenburg, & H. Wels (Eds.), Competing jurisdictions: Settling land claims in Africa (pp. 157–180). Brill.
  • Levine, E. E., Roberts, A. R., & Cohen, T. R. (2020). Difficult conversations: Navigating the tension between honesty and benevolence. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.07.034
  • Levine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes, and group behavior. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Liedong, T. A. (2022). The liability of tribe in corporate political activity: Ethical implications for political contestability. Journal of Business Ethics, 181(3), 623–644. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-021-04889-y
  • Lister, C., Salunkhe, S. S., O’Keefe, M., Payne, H. E., & Edmonds, T. (2021). Cultural wellbeing index: A dynamic cultural analytics process for measuring and managing organizational inclusion as an antecedent condition of employee wellbeing and innovation capacity. Journal of Organizational Psychology, 21(4), 21–40.
  • Little, R. J. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
  • Long, J. S., & McGinnis, R. (1985). The effects of the mentor on the academic career. Scientometrics, 7(3–6), 255–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02017149
  • Mark, M. M., & Folger, R. (1984). Responses to relative deprivation: A conceptual framework. Review of Personality & Social Psychology, 5, 192–218.
  • Marsden, P. V. (1987). Core discussion networks of Americans. American Sociological Review, 52(1), 122–131. https://doi.org/10.2307/2095397
  • Martiny, S. E., & Rubin, M. (2016). Towards a clearer understanding of social identity theory’s self-esteem hypothesis. In S. McKeown, R. Haji, & N. Ferguson (Eds.), Understanding peace and conflict through social identity theory: Contemporary global perspectives (pp. 19–32). Springer International Publishing.
  • Mattes, R., Dulani, B., & Gyimah-Boadi, E. (2016). Africa’s growth dividend? Lived poverty drops across much of the continent. Afrobarometer Policy Paper No. 29.
  • Mbiti, J. S. (1977). Christianity and African culture. Journal of Theology for Southern Africa, 20(1), 26–40.
  • Mbiti, J. S. (1979). The biblical basis for present trends in African theology. In K. Appiah-Kubi, & S. Torres (Eds.), African theology En route (pp. 83–94). Orbis Books.
  • McPherson, M., Smith-Lovin, L., & Cook, J. M. (2001). Birds of a feather: Homophily in social networks. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 415–444. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415
  • Melville, M. B. (1988). Hispanics: Race, class, or ethnicity? The Journal of Ethnic Studies, 16(1), 67.
  • Merton, R. K. (1938). Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review, 3(5), 672–682. https://doi.org/10.2307/2084686
  • Michalopoulos, S., & Papaioannou, E. (2015). On the ethnic origins of African development: Chiefs and precolonial political centralization. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(1), 32–71. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0162
  • Miller, T. (1993). The well-tempered self: Citizenship, culture, and the postmodern subject. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Miron, A. M., & Brehm, J. W. (2006). Reactance theory-40 years later. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 37(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1024/0044-3514.37.1.9
  • Mohammadpour, A., & Soleimani, K. (2019). Interrogating the tribal: The aporia of “tribalism” in the sociological study of the Middle East. The British Journal of Sociology, 70(5), 1799–1824. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12656
  • Mollica, K. A., Gray, B., & Treviño, L. K. (2003). Racial homophily and its persistence in newcomers’ social networks. Organization Science, 14(2), 123–136. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.14.2.123.14994
  • Moodie, D. G., & Mitra, N. (2021). Business and benevolence: A cross-disciplinary intervention. Journal of Human Values, 27(1), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971685820970067
  • Morgan, R. L., & Heise, D. (1988). Structure of emotions. Social Psychology Quarterly, 51(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.2307/2786981
  • Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988). The invention of Africa. Indiana University Press.
  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2008). Nation building in Zimbabwe and the challenges of Ndebele particularism. African Journal on Conflict Resolution, 8(3), 27–56.
  • Ndlovu-Gatsheni, S. J. (2013). Coloniality of power in postcolonial Africa: Myths of decolonization. Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa.
  • Nisbett, R. E., & Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the south. Avalon Publishing.
  • Osiakwan, E. M. (2017). The KINGS of Africa’s digital economy. In B. Ndemo, & T. Weiss (Eds.), Digital Kenya: Palgrave studies of entrepreneurship in Africa (pp. 55–92). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Over, R., & Smallman, S. (1973). Maintenance of individual visibility in publication of collaborative research by psychologists. American Psychologist, 28(2), 161–166. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034242
  • Oyserman, D., Sakamoto, I., & Lauffer, A. (1998). Cultural accommodation: Hybridity and the framing of social obligation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1606–1618. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1606
  • Peng, J., Chen, X., & Wang, J. (2016). Applying relative deprivation theory to study the attitudes of host community residents towards tourism: The case study of the Zhangjiang National Park. China. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(7), 734–754. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.877876
  • Peterson, C., Park, N., & Seligman, M. E. (2005). Orientations to happiness and life satisfaction: The full life versus the empty life. Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(1), 25–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-004-1278-z
  • Pettigrew, T. F. (2016). In pursuit of three theories: Authoritarianism, relative deprivation, and intergroup contact. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-122414-033327
  • Pettigrew, T. F., Christ, O., Wagner, U., Meertens, R. W., Van Dick, R., & Zick, A. (2008). Relative deprivation and intergroup prejudice. Journal of Social Issues, 64(2), 385–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00567.x
  • Pratto, F., Liu, J. H., Levin, S., Sidanius, J., Shih, M., Bachrach, H., & Hegarty, P. (2000). Social dominance orientation and the legitimization of inequality across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(3), 369–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022100031003005
  • Proudford, K. L., & Nkomo, S. (2006). Race and ethnicity in organizations. In A. M. Konrad, P. Prasad, & J. K. Pringle (Eds.), The handbook of workplace diversity (pp. 323–344). Sage.
  • Quillian, L., & Lee, J. J. (2023). Trends in racial and ethnic discrimination in hiring in six Western countries. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(6), Article e2212875120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2212875120
  • Ratcliffe, P. (2014). Migration and social cohesion in the UK. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, 43(3), 373–374. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094306114531284v
  • Raudenbush, S. W., & Bryk, A. S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd Ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Rowley, C., & Bhopal, M. (2005). The role of ethnicity in employee relations: The case of Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 43(3), 308–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/1038411105058704
  • Runciman, W. G. (1966). Relative deprivation and social justice: A study of attitudes to social inequality in twentieth-century England. University of California Press.
  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141–166. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.141
  • Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The role of purpose in life and personal growth in positive human health. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (2000). Interpersonal flourishing: A positive health agenda for the new millennium. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0401_4
  • Samuel, I. A., Akeem, O. A., & Esther, A. A. (2019). Ethnicity, inequality, and the tragedy of African development: A comparative case study of Nigeria and the South Sudan. Journal of Globalization Studies, 10(1), 111–129.
  • Scanlan, J. N., Meredith, P., & Poulsen, A. A. (2013). Enhancing retention of occupational therapists working in mental health: Relationships between wellbeing at work and turnover intention. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 60(6), 395–403. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12074
  • Scott, J. (2014). Stratification and power: Structures of class, status, and command. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Scott, W. R. (2001). Institutions and organizations: Ideas, interests, and identities. SAGE Publications.
  • Seligman, M. E., Parks, A. C., & Steen, T. (2004). A balanced psychology and a full life. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1379–1381. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1513
  • Sergio, R. P., Jain, J., Kaur, E., Bacarra, R. D., & Caranto, M. C. (2021). Subjective well-being: Perspectives and programs on happiness and well-being as basis for company-based policies. Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulation Issues, 24, 1–7.
  • Sergot, M. (2001). A computational theory of normative positions. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic (TOCL), 2(4), 581–622. https://doi.org/10.1145/383779.383786
  • Shanklin, E. (2007). Exploding lakes in myth and reality: An African case study. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 273(1), 165–176. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2007.273.01.14
  • Sibanda, N. (2019). Amending section 25 of the South African constitution to allow for expropriation of land without compensation: Some theoretical considerations of the social-obligation norm of ownership. South African Journal on Human Rights, 35(2), 129–146. https://doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2019.1628261
  • Singer, B., & Ryff, C. D. (2001). Person-centered methods for understanding aging: The integration of numbers and narratives. In R. H. Binstock, & L. K. George (Eds.), Handbook of aging and the social sciences (pp. 44–65). Academic Press.
  • Sniderman, P. M., & Tetlock, P. E. (1986a). Symbolic racism: Problems of motive attribution in political analysis. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 129–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00229.x
  • Sniderman, P. M., & Tetlock, P. E. (1986b). Reflections on American racism. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00231.x
  • Snijders, T. A., & Bosker, R. (1999). Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling. SAGE Publications.
  • Sparkman, D. J., Eidelman, S., & Blanchar, J. C. (2016). Multicultural experiences reduce prejudice through personality shifts in openness to experience. European Journal of Social Psychology, 46(7), 840–853. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2189
  • Stack, C. B. (1974). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community. Harper and Row.
  • Stam, K., Sieben, I., Verbakel, E., & de Graaf, P. M. (2016). Employment status and subjective well-being: The role of the social norm to work. Work, Employment and Society, 30(2), 309–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017014564602
  • Stamp, G., & Stamp, C. (1993). Wellbeing at work: Aligning purposes, people, strategies, and structures. International Journal of Career Management, 5, 3. https://doi.org/10.1108/09556219310038846
  • Stein, C. H. (1992). Ties that bind: Three studies of obligation in adult relationships with family. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 9(4), 525–547. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407592094004
  • Stewart, M. (1994). Son of the market, gypsy traders and the anthropological model. Gypsy Studies Review, 2, 105–126.
  • Stouffer, S. (1949). American Soldier. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Tajfel, H. & Turner, J. C. (1985). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (eds), Psychology of Intergroup Relations, pp. 7-24. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
  • Tay, L., Batz-Barbarich, C., Yang, L. Q., & Wiese, C. W. (2023). Well-Being: The ultimate criterion for organizational sciences. Journal of Business and Psychology, 1–17.
  • Thomas, A., & Bendixen, M. (2000). The management implications of ethnicity in South Africa. Journal of International Business Studies, 31(3), 507–519. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490919
  • Thomas, D. A., & Ely, R. J. (1996). Making differences matter. Harvard Business Review, 74(5), 79–90.
  • Tost, L. P., Wade-Benzoni, K. A., & Johnson, H. H. (2015). Noblesse oblige emerges (with time): Power enhances intergenerational beneficence. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 128, 61–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.03.003
  • Udogu, E. (2018). The issue of political ethnicity in Africa. Routledge.
  • Ulrich, D. (1997). Measuring human resources: An Overview of practice and a prescription for results. Human Resources Management, 36, 303–320.
  • Van den Berghe, P. L. (1987). The ethnic phenomenon. ABC-CLIO.
  • Vanbeselaere, N., Boen, F., Van Avermaet, E., & Buelens, H. (2006). The Janus face of power in intergroup contexts: A further exploration of the noblesse oblige effect. The Journal of Social Psychology, 146(6), 685–699. https://doi.org/10.3200/SOCP.146.6.685-699
  • von Wright, G. H. (1951). Deontic logic. Mind; A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy, 60(237), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LX.237.1
  • Walker, I. (1999). Effects of personal and group relative deprivation on personal and collective self-esteem. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 2(4), 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430299024004
  • Walker, I., & Smith, H. J. (Eds.). (2002). Relative deprivation: Specification, development, and integration. Cambridge University Press.
  • Walsh, F. (2015). Strengthening family resilience. Guilford Publications.
  • Wang, M., & Hong, X. (2023). Noblesse oblige? Job position and early childhood leadership in China: The moderating role of school type. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2023.2221003
  • Waterman, A. S. (1993). Two conceptions of happiness: Contrasts of personal expressiveness (eudaimonia) and hedonic enjoyment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(4), 678–691. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.64.4.678
  • Whitley, B. E., & Webster, G. D. (2019). The relationships of intergroup ideologies to ethnic prejudice: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 23(3), 207–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868318761423
  • William H. Whyte , Organization Man, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1956.
  • Wright, T. A., & Huang, C. C. (2012). The many benefits of employee well-being in organizational research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 33(8), 1188–1192. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1828
  • Yenkey, C. B. (2015). Mobilizing a market: Ethnic segmentation and investor recruitment into the Nairobi securities exchange. Administrative Science Quarterly, 60(4), 561–595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839215597269
  • Zemba, Y., Young, M. J., & Morris, M. W. (2006). Blaming leaders for organizational accidents: Proxy logic in collective – Versus individual – Agency cultures. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 101(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2006.04.007
  • Zoogah, B. D. (2022). Ethnos oblige in organizations. In Ethnos oblige: Theory and evidence (pp. 103–123). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.
  • Zoogah, D. B. (2010). Why should I be left behind? Employees’ perceived relative deprivation and participation in development activities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 159–173.
  • Zoogah, D. B. (2016). Tribal diversity and collective productivity: The intervening mechanisms of social inclusion, human resource development and tribal identity. In A. Klarsfeld, E. S. Ng, L. A. Booysen, L. C. Christiansen, & B. Kuvaas (Eds.), Research handbook of international and comparative perspectives on diversity management (pp. 303–332). Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Zoogah, D. B., Peng, M. W., & Woldu, H. (2015). Institutions, resources, and organizational effectiveness in Africa. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 29(1), 7–31. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2012.0033
  • Zoogah, D. B., & Zoogah, R. B. (2020). Benevolence and negative deviant behavior in Africa: The moderating role of centralization. Journal of Business Ethics, 161(4), 783–813. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-019-04347-w
  • Zoogah, B. D. (2022). Ethnos oblige in organizations. In Ethnos oblige: Theory and evidence (pp. 103-123). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.