Transgender People and Human Trafficking: Intersectional Exclusion of Transgender Migrants and People of Color from Anti-trafficking Protection in the United States

References

• Andrijasevic, R., & Mai, N. (2016). Trafficking (in) representations: Understanding the recurring appeal of victimhood and slavery in neoliberal times. Anti-Trafficking Review, 7,1–10
   Google Scholar
• Bakko, M. (2019). The effect of survival economy participation on transgender experiences of service provider discrimination. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 16(3), 268–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balaguera, M. (2018). Trans-migrations: Agency and confinement at the limits of sovereignty. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 43(3), 641–664. doi:10.1086/695302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnard, I. (2015). Sex trafficking rhetorics/queer refusal. In J. Alexander & J. Rhodes (Eds.), Sexual Rhetorics: Methods, Identities, Publics, (pp. 203–216), New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Boukli, A., & Renz, F. (2018). Deconstructing the lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans victim of sex trafficking: Harm, exceptionality and religion–Sexuality tensions. International Review of Victimology, 25(1), 71–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, L. F., & Marshall, R. B. (2017). Walking while trans: Profiling of transwomen by law enforcement, and the problem of proof. William & Mary Journal of Women and the Law, 24, 5.
   Google Scholar
• Chuang, J. A. (2009). Rescuing trafficking from ideological capture: Prostitution reform and anti-trafficking law and policy. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 158, 1655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coronel-Villalobos, M., & Saewyc, E. M. (2019). 11. Trading sex and sexual exploitation among trans youth in Canada. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(2), S6. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.10.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dank, M. Yahner, J., Madden, K., Banuelos, I., Yu, L., Ritchie, Mitchyll, M., & Conner, B. (2015). Surviving the streets of New York: Experiences of LGBTQ youth, YMSM, and YWSW engaged in survival sex. Washington, DC: Urban Institute. Retrieved from http://www.urban.org/research/publication/surviving-streets-new-york-experiences-lgbtq-youth-ymsm-and-ywsw-engaged-sur vival-sex
   Google Scholar
• Egyes, L. (2016). Borders and intersections: The unique vulnerabilities of LGBTQ immigrants to trafficking. In: E. C. Heil, & A. J. Nichols (Eds.), Broadening the Scope of Human Trafficking, (pp. 171–188). Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farrell, A., & Reichert, J. (2017). Using US law-enforcement data: Promise and limits in measuring human trafficking. Journal of Human Trafficking, 3(1), 39–60. doi:10.1080/23322705.2017.1280324
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald, E., Patterson, S. E., Hickey, D., Biko, C., & Tobin, H. J. (2015). Meaningful work: Trans experiences in the sex trade. National Center for Trans Equality.
   Google Scholar
• Fletcher, J. B., Kisler, K. A., & Reback, C. J. (2014). Housing status and HIV risk behaviors among transwomen in Los Angeles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 1651–1661. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0368-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, J. M., Mottett, L. A., Tanis, J., Harrison, J., Herman, J. L., & Keisling, M. (2015). Injustice at every turn: A report of the national trans discrimination survey. Washington, DC: National Center for Trans Equality and National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Gruber, A., Cohen, A. J., & Mogulescu, K. (2016). Penal welfare and the new human trafficking intervention courts. Florida Law Review, 68, 1333.
   Google Scholar
• Haynes, D. F. (2006). (Not) found chained to a bed in a brothel: Conceptual, legal, and procedural failures to fullfill the promise of the trafficking victims protection act. Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, 21, 337.
   Google Scholar
• Hickle, K., & Roe-Sepowitz, D. (2017). “Curiosity and a pimp”: Exploring sex trafficking victimization in experiences of entering sex trade industry work among participants in a prostitution diversion program. Women & Criminal Justice, 27(2), 122–138. doi:10.1080/08974454.2015.1128376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horning, A., & Sriken, J. (2017). Pimps, bottoms, and the nexus of caring and cash in a harlem sex market. In A. Horning & A. Marcus (Eds.), Third party sex work and pimps in the age of anti-trafficking (pp. 71–88). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Hoyle, C., Bosworth, M., & Dempsey, M. (2011). Labelling the victims of sex trafficking: Exploring the borderland between rhetoric and reality. Social & Legal Studies, 20(3), 313–329. doi:10.1177/0964663911405394
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hwahng, S. J. (2018). Qualitative description of sex work among transwomen in New York City. In L. A. Nuttbrock, & A. J. Hwahng (Eds.), Transgender Sex Work and Society (pp. 2–16). New York, NY: Harrington Park Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kattari, S. K., & Begun, S. (2017). On the margins of marginalized: Trans homelessness and survival sex. Affilia, 32(1), 92–103. doi:10.1177/0886109916651904
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logie, C. H., Abramovich, A., Schott, N., Levermore, K., & Jones, N. (2018). Navigating stigma, survival, and sex in contexts of social inequity among young transwomen and sexually diverse men in Kingston, Jamaica. Reproductive Health Matters, 26(54), 72–83. doi:10.1080/09688080.2018.1538760
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai, N. (2013). Between embodied cosmopolitism and sexual humanitarianism: the fractal mobilities and subjectivities of migrants working in the sex industry. In L. Anteby-Yemini, V. Baby-Collin & Mazzella, S. (Eds.),  Borders, mobilities and migrations, perspectives from the mediterranean in the 21st century (pp. 175–192). Brussels, Belgium: Peter Lang  International Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Mai, N. (2018). Mobile orientations: an intimate autoethnography of migration, sex work, and humanitarian borders University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, O., & Kelle, G. (2013). Sex trafficking of LGBT individuals: A call for service provision, research, and action. International Law News, 42(4), 1–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mogulescu, K. (2011). The Public defender as anti-trafficking advocate, an unlikely role: how current new york city arrest and prosecution policies systematically criminalize victims of sex trafficking. Cuny Law Review, 15, 471. doi:10.31641/clr150219
   Google Scholar
• Musto, J. (2016). Control and protect: Collaboration, carceral protection, and domestic sex trafficking in the United States. Oakland, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nuttbrock, L. A., & Hwahng, S. J. (2018). Why are so many transwomen in the sex trade, and why are so many of them ethnic minorities? In L. A. Nuttbrock & S. J. Hwahng (Eds.), Transgender Sex Work and Society (pp. 34–46). New York, NY: Harrington Park Press.
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell Davidson, J. (2006). Will the real sex slave please stand up? feminist review. 83, 4–22.
   Google Scholar
• Outlaw, S., McCracken, J., & Saunders, P. (2016). Resisting through resilience: U.S. trans and sex worker-led community-based research. Global Network of Sex Work Projects, 15, 1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Platt, L., Grenfell, P., Meiksin, R., Elmes, J., Sherman, S. G., Sanders, T., Mwangi, P., & Crago, A. L. (2018). Associations between sex work laws and sex workers’ health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies. Plos Medicine, 15(12), e1002680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polaris Project. (2016). Sex Trafficking and LGBTQ Youth. Retrieved from https://polarisproject.org/sites/default/files/LGBTQ-Sex-Trafficking.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Poteat, T., Wirtz, A. L., Radix, A., Borquez, A., Silva-Santisteban, A., Deutsch, M. B., … Operario, D. (2015). HIV risk and preventive interventions in transwomen sex workers. The Lancet, 385, 274–286. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60833-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, A., & Caterine, E. (2014). Criminal, victim, or worker? The Effects of New York’s human trafficking intervention courts on adults charged with prostitution related offenses. Red Umbrella Project. 1–33. Retrieved from: https://www.nswp.org/sites/nswp.org/files/RedUP-NYHTIC-FINALweb.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, M. A., & Sgoutas, A. (2012). Thinking beyond the category of sexual identity: At the intersection of sexuality and human-trafficking policy. Politics & Gender, 8(3), 421–429. doi:10.1017/S1743923X12000414
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero, M. P. C., & Huerta, S. C. (2019). Seeking protection as a trans refugee woman: From Honduras and El Salvador to Mexico. In Güler, A., Shevtsova, M., & Venturi, D. (Eds.), LGBTI asylum seekers and refugees from a legal and political perspective (pp. 251–272). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Schwarz, C., & Britton, H. E. (2015). Queering the support for trafficked persons: LGBTQ communities and human trafficking in the heartland. Social Inclusion, Special Issue on "Perspectives on Human Trafficking and Modern Forms of Slavery," 3(1): 63–75.
   Google Scholar
• Shoaps, L. L. (2013). Room for improvement: Palermo protocol and the trafficking victims protection act. Lewis & Clark Law Review, 17, 931.
   Google Scholar
• Stotzer, R. L. (2009). Violence against trans people: A review of United States data. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14, 170–179. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomasiewicz, M. (2018). Sex trafficking of trans and gender nonconforming youth in the United States. Chicago, IL: Loyola University School of Law Center for the Human Rights of Children.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2000). Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against transnational organized crime, annex II. Retrieved from https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Uy, R. (2011). Blinded by red lights: Why trafficking discourse should shift away from sex and the perfect victim paradigm. Berkeley J. Gender L. & Just., 26, 204.
   Google Scholar
• Van Schuylenbergh, J., T’Sjoen, G., & Motmans, J. (2018). 158 Estimating trans persons’ involvement in sex work in Europe. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 15(7), S196–S197. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.04.159
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2019). The making of “The trafficking problem”. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(7): 1961–1967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidal-Ortiz, S. (2011). “Maricón,”“Pájaro,” and “Loca”: Cuban and puerto rican linguistic practices, and sexual minority participation, in US Santería. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(6–7), 901–918. doi:10.1080/00918369.2011.581933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters, E., Pham, L., Convery, C., Yacka-Bible, S. (2018). A crisis of hate: A report on lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and queer hate violence homicides in 2017. New York, NY: National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs. Retrieved from: https://avp.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/a-crisis-of-hate-january-release.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wolfe, B. M. (2018). The changing landscape of trans sex work, pimping, and trafficking in Brazil. In Nuttbrock, L. A. & Hwahng, S.J. (Eds.), Transgender Sex Work and Society (pp. 264–287). New York, NY: Harrington Park Press. .
   Google Scholar
• Xian, K., Chock, S., & Dwiggins, D. (2017). LGBTQ youth and vulnerability to sex trafficking. In M. Chisolm-Straker & H. Stoklosa (eds.), Human trafficking is a public health issue (pp. 141–152). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Yale Global Health Justice Partnership (GHJP). (2018). Un-meetable promises: rhetoric and reality in New York City’s human trafficking intervention courts. Retrieved from https://law.yale.edu/system/files/area/center/ghjp/documents/un-meetable_promises_htic_report_ghjp_2018rev.pdf
   Google Scholar