Competing prayers: the making of a Nigerian urban landscape

References

• Adetula, V.A.O. 2005. “Ethnicity and the Dynamics of City Politics: The Case of Jos.” In Urban Africa: Changing Contours of Survival in the City, edited by A.M. Simone, and A. Abouhani, 206–234. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Adinoyi, S. 2010. “Nigeria: Jos Killings — ‘We Found 16 Decomposed Bodies of Women.’” This Day, June http://allafrica.com/stories/201006071576.html
   Google Scholar
• Alemika, E.E.O. 2002. “Sociological Analysis of Ethnic and Religious Conflicts in the Middle Belt of Nigeria.” In Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Democracy in Nigeria: Challenges, edited by E.E.O. Alemika, and F. Okoye, 1–24. Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, U. 2010. Landscapes of Absence and Presence: Ethno-Religious Conflicts in the Nigerian City of Jos. Stockholm: Swedish National Defence College.
   Google Scholar
• Andersson Trovalla, U. 2011. Medicine for Uncertain Futures: A Nigerian City in the Wake of a Crisis. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.
   Google Scholar
• Bastian, M.L. 2006. “‘Terror against Terror’: 9/11 or ‘Kano War’ in the Nigerian Electronic Press?” In Terror and Violence: Imagination and the Unimaginable, edited by A. Strathern, P.J. Stewart, and N.L. Whitehead, 40–60. London: Pluto.
   Google Scholar
• Bawa, I., and V.I. Nwogwu. 2002. “The Jos Crisis.” In Hope Betrayed? A Report on Impunity and State-Sponsored Violence in Nigeria, edited by World Organisation against Torture and Centre for Law Enforcement Education, 105–126. Geneva: World Organisation against Torture. http://www.omct.org/files/2002/09/1231/nigeriareport0802.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bender, B. 2002. “Time and Landscape.” Current Anthropology, no. 43: 103–112. doi: 10.1086/339561
   Google Scholar
• Best, S.G. 2002. “The Challenges of Peacemaking and Peace Building in the Middle Belt of Nigeria.” In Ethno-Religious Conflicts and Democracy in Nigeria: Challenges, edited by E.E.O. Alemika, and F. Okoye, 267–286. Kaduna: Human Rights Monitor.
   Google Scholar
• Danfulani, U.H.D. 1998. “Religious Exclusivism and Religious Space: The Problem of Street Praying in a Nigerian Town.” Exchange 27 (4): 342–359. doi: 10.1163/157254398X00376
   Google Scholar
• Danfulani, U.H.D., and S.U. Fwatshak. 2002. “Briefing: The September 2001 Events in Jos, Nigeria.” African Affairs 101 (403): 243–255. doi: 10.1093/afraf/101.403.243
   Google Scholar
• de Certeau, M. 1988. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dewey, J. 1929. Experience and Nature. London: Allen & Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• de Witte, M. 2008. “Accra's Sounds and Sacred Spaces.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 32 (3): 690–709. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2008.00805.x
   Google Scholar
• Duffield, C. 2010. “‘Why I Burnt my Nigerian Friend's House Down.’” BBC News, April 26. http://news. bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8640796.stm
   Google Scholar
• Egwu, S.G. 2004. “Ethnicity and Citizenship in Urban Nigeria: The Jos Case, 1960–2000.” PhD diss., University of Jos.
   Google Scholar
• Feld, S. 2005. “Places Sensed, Senses Placed: Toward a Sensuous Epistemology of Environments.” In Empire of the Senses: The Sensual Culture Reader, edited by D. Howes, 179–191. Oxford: Berg.
   Google Scholar
• Gamde, N.O. 2006. “Planning and Site Requirements.” In Jos Metropolitan Development Board: Development Control Standards and Regulations for Development in the Jos-Bukuru Metropolitan Area: A Handbook of Guidelines, edited by Jos Metropolitan Development Board, 6–14. Jos: Jos Metropolitan Development Board.
   Google Scholar
• Hackett, R.I.J. 2003. “Conflict, Media and Religion: Managing or Manipulating Religious Conflict in the Nigerian Media.” In Mediating Religion: Conversations in Media, Religion and Culture, edited by J.P. Mitchell, and S. Marriage, 47–63. London: Clark.
   Google Scholar
• Harnischfeger, J. 2004. “Sharia and Control over Territory: Conflicts between ‘Settlers’ and ‘Indigenes’ in Nigeria.” African Affairs 103 (412): 431–452. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adh038
   Google Scholar
• Herzfeld, M. 2006. “Spatial Cleansing: Monumental Vacuity and the Idea of the West.” Journal of Material Culture 11 (1&2): 127–149. doi: 10.1177/1359183506063016
   Google Scholar
• Hetherington, K. 1997. “In Place of Geometry: The Materiality of Place.” In Ideas of Difference: Social Spaces and the Labour of Division, edited by K. Hetherington, and R. Munro, 183–199. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Higazi, A. 2007. “Violence urbaine et politique à Jos (Nigeria), de la période coloniale aux élections de 2007.” Politique Africaine 2015/2 (106): 69–91. doi: 10.3917/polaf.106.0069
   Google Scholar
• HRW (Human Rights Watch). 2001. “Jos: A City Torn Apart.” Human Rights Watch 13 (9A). https://www.hrw.org/report/2001/12/18/jos/city-torn-apart
   Google Scholar
• HRW (Human Rights Watch). 2009. Arbitrary Killings by Security Forces: Submission to the Investigative Bodies on the November 28–29, 2008 Violence in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/07/20/arbitrary-killings-security-forces/submission-investigative-bodies-november-28-29
   Google Scholar
• HRW (Human Rights Watch). 2010. “Nigeria: Use Restraint in Curbing Jos Violence.” HRW/News, January 19. https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/01/19/nigeria-use-restraint-curbing-jos-violence
   Google Scholar
• ICRC (International Committee of the Red Cross). 2010. “Nigeria: Red Cross Responds to Violent Clashes in Jos.” News Release, no. 10/07, January 21. https://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/news-release/2010/nigeria-news-210110.htm
   Google Scholar
• Ingold, T. 1993. “The Temporality of the Landscape.” World Archaeology 25 (2): 152–174. doi: 10.1080/00438243.1993.9980235
   Google Scholar
• Ioratim-Uba, G.A. 2009. “Language Endangerment and the Violent Ethnic Conflict Link in Middle Belt Nigeria.” Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 30 (5): 437–452. doi: 10.1080/01434630903000089
   Google Scholar
• IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks). 2004. “Nigeria: Plateau State Violence Claimed 53 000 Lives — Report.” IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, October 8. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=51641
   Google Scholar
• IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks). 2010a. “Analysis: Politics of Identity — The Jos Conflict.” IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, May 26. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=89243
   Google Scholar
• IRIN (Integrated Regional Information Networks). 2010b. “Nigeria: ‘Our Lives will Never be the Same again.’” IRIN Humanitarian News and Analysis, January 22. http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportID=87842
   Google Scholar
• IRIN-WA (Integrated Regional Information Networks for West Africa). 2001. “IRIN Update 1060 of Events in West Africa.” ReliefWeb, September 12. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/OCHA-64C9N6?OpenDocument&rc=1&emid=FL-2001-0521-TCD
   Google Scholar
• Jones, A. 2006. “Animated Images: Images, Agency and Landscape in Kilmartin, Argyll, Scotland.” Journal of Material Culture 11 (1&2): 211–225. doi: 10.1177/1359183506063023
   Google Scholar
• Kapralski, S. 2001. “Battlefields of Memory: Landscape and Identity in Polish-Jewish Relations.” History and Memory 13 (2): 35–58.
   Google Scholar
• Lalo, M., and M. Bashir. 2010. “Nigeria: How Jos Crisis Began — By Man on the Spot.” Daily Trust, January 19. http://allafrica.com/stories/201001190555.html
   Google Scholar
• Larkin, B. 2014. “Techniques of Inattention: The Mediality of Loudspeakers in Nigeria.” Anthropological Quarterly 87 (4): 989–1015. doi: 10.1353/anq.2014.0067
   Google Scholar
• Last, M. 2007. “Muslims and Christians in Nigeria: An Economy of Political Panic.” The Round Table 96 (392): 605–616. doi: 10.1080/00358530701626057
   Google Scholar
• Last, M. 2008. “The Search for Security in Muslim Northern Nigeria.” Africa 78 (1): 41–63. doi: 10.3366/E0001972008000041
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, R. 2009. Political Spiritualities: The Pentecostal Revolution in Nigeria. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Miles, W.F.S. 2003. “Shari'a as De-Africanization: Evidence from Hausaland.” Africa Today 50 (1): 51–75. doi: 10.1353/at.2003.0061
   Google Scholar
• Milligan, M.J. 1998. “Interactional Past and Potential: The Social Construction of Place Attachment.” Symbolic Interaction 21 (1): 1–33. doi: 10.1525/si.1998.21.1.1
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, J.P. 2006. “Performance.” In Handbook of Material Culture, edited by C. Tilley, W. Keane, S. Küchler, M. Rowlands, and P. Spyer, 384–401. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, S. 2007. “Profile: Joshua Dariye.” BBC News, July 24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6908960.stm
   Google Scholar
• Mwadkwon, S.D. 2001. “Religion, the Settler Question and the Emergence of Ethnic Conflicts in Nigeria: A Survey of Jos.” Swedish Missiological Themes. 89 (1): 55–73.
   Google Scholar
• “Nigeria Reprisal Killings Continue Near City of Jos.” 2010. BBC News, April 21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8634515.stm
   Google Scholar
• “Nigeria: Sectarian Clashes in Jos.” 2010. Africa Research Bulletin 47 (1): 18265A–18266B.
   Google Scholar
• Obadare, E. 2004. “In Search of a Public Sphere: The Fundamentalist Challenge to Civil Society in Nigeria.” Patterns of Prejudice 38 (2): 177–198. doi: 10.1080/00313220410001692367
   Google Scholar
• Obadare, E. 2006. “Pentecostal Presidency? The Lagos-Ibadan ‘Theocratic Class’ and the Muslim ‘Other.’” Review of African Political Economy 33 (110): 665–678. doi: 10.1080/03056240601119083
   Google Scholar
• Ojo, M.A. 2007. “Pentecostal Movements, Islam and the Contest for Public Space in Northern Nigeria.” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 18 (2): 175–188. doi: 10.1080/09596410701214043
   Google Scholar
• Okpeh, O.O. 2008. “Inter-Group Migrations, Conflicts, and Displacement in Central Nigeria.” In Population Movements, Conflicts, and Displacements in Nigeria, edited by T. Falola, and O.O. Okpeh, 19–84. Trenton: Africa World Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ostien, P. 2009. “Jonah Jang and the Jasawa: Ethno-Religious Conflict in Jos, Nigeria.” Sharia Debates in Africa. http://www.sharia-in-africa.net/media/publications/ethno-religious-conflict-in-Jos-Nigeria/Ostien_Jos.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Plotnicov, L. 1969. Strangers to the City: Urban Man in Jos, Nigeria. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, D.J. 2008. A Culture of Corruption: Everyday Deception and Popular Discontent in Nigeria. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Solomon, T. 2000. “Dueling Landscapes: Singing Places and Identities in Highland Bolivia.” Ethnomusicology 44 (2): 257–280. doi: 10.2307/852532
   Google Scholar
• Suberu, R.T. 2001. Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria. Washington: United States Institute of Peace Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tilley, C. 2006. “Introduction: Identity, Place, Landscape and Heritage.” Journal of Material Culture 11 (1&2): 7–32. doi: 10.1177/1359183506062990
   Google Scholar
• Trovalla, E., and U. Trovalla. 2015. “Infrastructure as a Divination Tool: Whispers from the Grids in a Nigerian City.” City 19 (2&3). doi: 10.1080/13604813.2015.1018061
   Google Scholar
• Trovalla, U., V. Adetula, and E. Trovalla. 2014. “Movement as Mediation: Envisioning a Divided Nigerian City.” Nordic Journal of African Studies 23 (2): 66–82.
   Google Scholar
• Tuan, Y.-F. 1991. “Language and the Making of Place: A Narrative-Descriptive Approach.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81 (4): 684–696. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01715.x
   Google Scholar
• Tyoden, S.G. 1993. The Middle Belt in Nigerian Politics. Jos: AHA.
   Google Scholar
• Upton, D. 2007. “Sound as Landscape.” Landscape Journal 26 (1): 24–35. doi: 10.3368/lj.26.1.24
   Google Scholar
• Vigh, H. 2008. “Crisis and Chronicity: Anthropological Perspectives on Continuous Conflict and Decline.” Ethnos 73 (1): 5–24. doi: 10.1080/00141840801927509
   Google Scholar
• Winter, J. 2003. “Nigeria's Elections in Plateau State.” BBC News, April 18. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2958541.stm
   Google Scholar
• Wulfhorst, I., and N.L. Musa. 2007. “The Cycle of Violence in Plateau State.” In Bridges instead of Walls: Christian-Muslim Interaction in Denmark, Indonesia and Nigeria, edited by L. Rasmussen, 47–54. Minneapolis: Lutheran University Press.
   Google Scholar