66
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Paper

Precooling via immersion in CO2-enriched water at 25°C decreased core body temperature but did not improve 10-km cycling time trial in the heat

, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 123-136 | Received 31 Oct 2023, Accepted 31 Dec 2023, Published online: 28 Jan 2024

References

  • Racinais S, Moussay S, Nichols D, et al. Core temperature up to 41.5°C during the UCI road cycling world championships in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 2019;53(7):426–429. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099881
  • Costa RJS, Gaskell SK, McCubbin AJ, et al. Exertional-heat stress-associated gastrointestinal perturbations during Olympic sports: management strategies for athletes preparing and competing in the 2020 Tokyo Olympic games. Temperature. 2020;7(1):58–88. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1597676
  • Ely MR, Cheuvront SN, Roberts WO, et al. Impact of weather on marathon-running performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007;39(3):487–493. doi: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31802d3aba
  • Junge N, Jørgensen R, Flouris AD, et al. Prolonged self-paced exercise in the heat – environmental factors affecting performance. Temperature. 2016;3(4):539–548. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1216257
  • Racinais S, Ihsan M, Taylor L, et al. Hydration and cooling in elite athletes: relationship with performance, body mass loss and body temperatures during the Doha 2019 IAAF world athletics championships. Br J Sports Med. 2021;55(23):1335–1341. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103613
  • Gibson OR, James CA, Mee JA, et al. Heat alleviation strategies for athletic performance: a review and practitioner guidelines. Temperature. 2020;7(1):3–36. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2019.1666624
  • Racinais S, Hosokawa Y, Akama T, et al. IOC consensus statement on recommendations and regulations for sport events in the heat. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(1):8–25. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-105942
  • Bongers CCWG, Hopman MTE, Eijsvogels TMH. Cooling interventions for athletes: an overview of effectiveness, physiological mechanisms, and practical considerations. Temperature. 2017;4(1):60–78. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2016.1277003
  • Choo HC, Nosaka K, Peiffer JJ, et al. Ergogenic effects of precooling with cold water immersion and ice ingestion: a meta-analysis. Eur J Sport Sci. 2018;18(2):170–181. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1405077
  • Wegmann M, Faude O, Poppendieck W, et al. Pre-cooling and sports performance: a meta-analytical review. Sports Med. 2012;42(7):545–564. doi: 10.2165/11630550-000000000-00000
  • Choo HC, Lee M, Yeo V, et al. The effect of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance revisited: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Sports Sci. 2022;40(23):2608–2638. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2178872
  • Mawhinney C, Heinonen I, Low DA, et al. Changes in quadriceps femoris muscle perfusion following different degrees of cold-water immersion. J Appl Physiol. 2020;128(5):1392–1401. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00833.2019
  • White GE, Wells GD. Cold-water immersion and other forms of cryotherapy: physiological changes potentially affecting recovery from high-intensity exercise. Extreme Physiol Med. 2013;2(1):26. doi: 10.1186/2046-7648-2-26
  • Ihsan M, Watson G, Lipski M, et al. Influence of postexercise cooling on muscle oxygenation and blood volume changes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(5):876–882. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31827e13a2
  • Stanley J, Peake JM, Coombes JS, et al. Central and peripheral adjustments during high-intensity exercise following cold water immersion. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2014;114(1):147–163. doi: 10.1007/s00421-013-2755-z
  • Schniepp J, Campbell TS, Powell KL, et al. The effects of cold-water immersion on power output and heart rate in elite cyclists.
  • Skein M, Duffield R, Cannon J, et al. Self-paced intermittent-sprint performance and pacing strategies following respective pre-cooling and heating. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2012;112(1):253–266. doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-1972-6
  • Racinais S, Nichols D, Travers G, et al. Health status, heat preparation strategies and medical events among elite cyclists who competed in the heat at the 2016 UCI Road World cycling championships in Qatar. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(16):1003–1007. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100781
  • Sato M, Kanikowska D, Iwase S, et al. Effects of immersion in water containing high concentrations of CO2 (CO2-water) at thermoneutral on thermoregulation and heart rate variability in humans. Int J Biometeorol. 2009;53(1):25–30. doi: 10.1007/s00484-008-0188-x
  • Nishimura N, Sugenoya J, Matsumoto T, et al. Effects of repeated carbon dioxide-rich water bathing on core temperature, cutaneous blood flow and thermal sensation. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2002;87(4–5):337–342. doi: 10.1007/s00421-002-0626-0
  • Tanaka Y, Nagano H, Taimura A. Body cooling effects of immersion of the forearms in high-concentration artificial carbonic acid water at 25°C. J Physiol Anthropol. 2020;39(1):2. doi: 10.1186/s40101-020-0212-3
  • Yoshimura M, Hojo T, Yamamoto H, et al. Application of carbon dioxide to the skin and muscle oxygenation of human lower-limb muscle sites during cold water immersion. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9785. doi: 10.7717/peerj.9785
  • Yoshimura M, Hojo T, Yamamoto H, et al. Effects of artificial CO 2 -rich cold-water immersion on repeated-cycling work efficiency. Res Sports Med. 2022;30(2):215–227. doi: 10.1080/15438627.2020.1860048
  • Akamine T, Taguchi N. Effects of an artificially carbonated bath on athletic warm-up. J Hum Ergol (Tokyo). 1998;27(1–2):22–29.
  • Sakai Y, Miwa M, Oe K, et al. A novel system for transcutaneous application of carbon dioxide causing an “artificial Bohr effect” in the human body. Rojas M, ed. PloS ONE. 2011;6(9):e24137. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024137
  • De Pauw K, Roelands B, Cheung SS, et al. Guidelines to classify subject groups in sport-science research. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2013;8(2):111–122. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.8.2.111
  • Hasegawa H, Takatori T, Komura T, et al. Combined effects of pre-cooling and water ingestion on thermoregulation and physical capacity during exercise in a hot environment. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(1):3–9. doi: 10.1080/02640410400022185
  • Stevens CJ, Kittel A, Sculley DV, et al. Running performance in the heat is improved by similar magnitude with pre-exercise cold-water immersion and mid-exercise facial water spray. J Sports Sci. 2016;35(8):798–805. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1192294
  • Siegel R, Maté J, Watson G, et al. Pre-cooling with ice slurry ingestion leads to similar run times to exhaustion in the heat as cold water immersion. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(2):155–165. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2011.625968
  • Morrison SA, Cheung S, Cotter JD. Importance of airflow for physiologic and ergogenic effects of precooling. J Athl Train. 2014;49(5):632–639. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.27
  • Ramanathan NL. A new weighting system for mean surface temperature of the human body. J Appl Physiol. 1964;19(3):531–533. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1964.19.3.531
  • Crum EM, O’Connor WJ, Van Loo L, et al. Validity and reliability of the moxy oxygen monitor during incremental cycling exercise. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17(8):1037–1043. doi: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1330899
  • Borg GA. Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377–381. doi: 10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012
  • Bedford T. The warmth factor in comfort at work. A physiological study of heating and ventilation. Ind Health Res Board Rep. 1936;76.
  • Young AJ, Sawka MN, Epstein Y, et al. Cooling different body surfaces during upper and lower body exercise. J Appl Physiol. 1987;63(3):1218–1223. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1987.63.3.1218
  • Brazaitis M, Kamandulis S, Skurvydas A, et al. The effect of two kinds of T-shirts on physiological and psychological thermal responses during exercise and recovery. Appl Ergon. 2010;42(1):46–51. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2010.04.001
  • Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
  • Wells M, Atkinson G, Marwood S. Effects of magnitude and frequency of variations in external power output on simulated cycling time-trial performance. J Sports Sci. 2013;31(15):1639–1646. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2013.794299
  • Zavorsky G, Murias J, Gow J, et al. Laboratory 20-km cycle time trial reproducibility. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(9):743–748. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-964969
  • Hashimoto M, Yamamoto N. Decrease in heart rates by artificial CO 2 hot spring bathing is inhibited by β 1 -adrenoceptor blockade in anesthetized rats. J Appl Physiol. 2004;96(1):226–232. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00812.2003
  • Yoon S, Zuccarello M, Rapoport RM. pCO2 and pH regulation of cerebral blood flow. Front Physiol. 2012;3:3. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00365
  • Bullard RW. Effects of carbon dioxide inhalation on sweating. J Appl Physiol. 1964;19(1):137–141. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1964.19.1.137
  • Matsumura K, Nakayama T, Kaminaga T. Effects of carbon dioxide on preoptic thermosensitive neurons in vitro. Pfl�gers Arch Eur J Physiol. 1987;408(2):120–123. doi: 10.1007/BF00581339
  • Hasyar ARA, Muchlis NY, Dwitama Y, et al. Direct Effects of Carbon Dioxide-rich Water Bathing on peripheral blood flow. Malays J Med Health Sci. 2020;16:23–28.
  • Choo HC, Peiffer JJ, Lopes-Silva JP, et al. Effect of ice slushy ingestion and cold water immersion on thermoregulatory behavior. Sunderland C, ed. PloS ONE. 2019;14(2):e0212966. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212966
  • Schlader ZJ, Simmons SE, Stannard SR, et al. The independent roles of temperature and thermal perception in the control of human thermoregulatory behavior. Physiology & Behavior. 2011;103(2):217–224. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.02.002

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.