295
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Legitimacy of violence: extra-military versus intra-military legitimacy

Pages 216-235 | Received 09 Jan 2021, Accepted 06 Jul 2021, Published online: 31 Jul 2021

References

  • ARPO (Angus Reid Public Opinion). 2010. “Americans Split on Support for Afghan Mission.” http://www.gilanifoundation.com/homepage/GlobalOpinion133.htm#9
  • Avant, D. D. 1996. “Are the Reluctant Warriors Out of Control? Why the U.S. Military Is Averse to Responding to Post-cold War Low-level Threats.” Security Studies 6 (2): 51–90. doi:10.1080/09636419608429306.
  • Bacevich, A. J. 2005. The New American Militarism: How Americans are Seduced by War. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bar-Siman-Tov, Y. 2000. Israel and the Intifada: Adaptation and Learning. Jerusalem: Leonard Davis Institute.
  • Bartov, O. 1991. Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (Kindle Version). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Ben-Ari, E., and M. Eran-Jona. 2014. “Hybrid Conflicts, Multiple Logics, and Organizational Transitions: Military Relations with Local Civilians.” Res Militaris 4 (2). (digital journal).
  • Ben-Ari, E., Z. Lerer, U. Ben-Shalom, and A. Vainer. 2010. Rethinking Contemporary Warfare: A Sociological View of the Al-Aqsa Intifada. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
  • Bick, E. 2007. “Rabbis and Rulings: Insubordination in the Military and Israeli Democracy.” Journal of Church & State 49: 305–327. doi:10.1093/jcs/49.2.305.
  • Bjola, C. 2009. Legitimising the Use of Force in International Politics: Kosovo, Iraq and the Ethics of Intervention (Kindle Version). London and New York: Routledge.
  • Blumenthal, M. 2014. “Politicide in Gaza: How Israel’s Far Right Won the War.” Journal of Palestine Studies 44 (1): 14–28. doi:10.1525/jps.2014.44.1.14.
  • Buchanan, A. 2004. Justice, Legitimacy, and Self-Determination: Moral Foundations for International Law. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bumiller, E. 2010. “Petraeus Pledges Look at Strikes in Afghanistan”. The New York Times. June 29. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/30/world/asia/30petraeus.html
  • Camp, D. 2009. Operation Phantom Fury: The Assault and Capture of Fallujah, Iraq (Kindle Version). Minneapolis, MN: Zenith Press.
  • Caton, S. C., and B. Zacka. 2010. “Abu Ghraib, the Security Apparatus, and the Performativity of Power.” American Ethnologist 37 (2): 203–211. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2010.01250.x.
  • Clark, I. 2005. Legitimacy in International Society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Coghlan, T., and M. Evans 2009. “British Troops Put at Greater Risk in War on Taleban.” The Times. July 9. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/british-troops-put-at-greater-risk-in-war-on-taleban-5rr77v2jqr8
  • Cohen, S., A. Kampinsky, and E. Rosman-Stollman. 2016. “Swimming against the Tide: The Changing Functions and Status of Chaplains in the Israel Defense Force.” Religion, State & Society 44 (1): 65–74. doi:10.1080/09637494.2015.1122881.
  • Collins, R. 1986. Weberian Sociological Theory. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Collins, R. 2008. Violence: A Micro-sociological Theory (Kindle Version). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Cook, M. L. 2014. “United States II.” In Religion in the Military Worldwide, edited by R. E. Hassner, 181–195. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Cronin, P. M. 2008. “Irregular Warfare: New Challenges for Civil-military Relations.” Strategic Forum 234. https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA488455
  • Dloomy, A. 2005. “The Israeli Refuseniks: 1982–2003.” Israel Affairs 11 (4): 695–716. doi:10.1080/13537120500233946.
  • Doolin, B., D. Grant, and R. Thomas. 2013. “Translating Translation and Change: Discourse-based Approaches.” Journal of Change Management 13 (3): 251–265. doi:10.1080/14697017.2013.822670.
  • Dressler, J. 2010. Operation Moshtarak: Taking and Holding Marjah. Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of War.
  • Dunlap, C. J., Jr. 2008. “Lawfare Today: A Perspective.” Yale Journal International Affairs 3: 146–154.
  • Eastwood, J. 2017. Ethics as a Weapon of War: Militarism and Morality in Israel (Kindle Version). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Feaver, P. D. 2003. Armed Servants: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-military Relations (Kindle Version). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Felter, J. H., and J. N. Shapiro. 2017. “Limiting Civilian Casualties as Part of a Winning Strategy: The Case of Courageous Restraint.” Daedalus 146 (1): 44–58. doi:10.1162/DAED_a_00421.
  • Good, C. 2011. “When and Why Did Americans Turn against the War in Afghanistan?” The Atlantic. June 22 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/06/when-and-why-did-americans-turn-against-the-war-in-afghanistan/240880
  • Gott, K. D. 2006. Eyewitness to War. Volume II: The US Army in Operation Al Fajr: An Oral History. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Combat Studies Institute Press.
  • Habermas, J. 1992. Legitimation Crisis. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Huntington, S. P. 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-military Relations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Hurd, I. 2007. “Legitimacy.” In The Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination. New Jersey: Princeton University. http://pesd.princeton.edu/?q=node/255
  • Hyde, C. K. 2000. “Casualty Aversion: Implications for Policy Makers and Senior Military Officers.” Aerospace Power Journal 14: 17–27.
  • IICK (Independent International Commission on Kosovo). 2000. The Kosovo Report: Conflict, International Response, Lessons Learned. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Iraq Veterans Against the War, &  Glantz, A. 2008. Winter Soldier, Iraq and Afghanistan: Eyewitness Accounts of the Occupations. Chicago, IL: Haymarket Books.
  • Janowitz, M. 1975. “The All-volunteer Military as a “Sociopolitical” Problem.” Social Problems 22 (3): 432–449. doi:10.2307/799822.
  • Jenks, C. 2013. “Agency of Risk: The Competing Balance between Protecting Military Forces and the Civilian Population during Counterinsurgency Operations in Afghanistan.” In Counterinsurgency Law: New Directions in Asymmetric Warfare, edited by W. Banks, 108–126. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Katz, Y., and M. Wagner 2009. “Ashkenazi: Police Should Evacuate Settlements.” Jerusalem Post. December 17. https://www.jpost.com/israel/ashkenazi-police-should-evacuate-settlements
  • Kornalian, M., and S. Zaim. 2011. Religion & Refusal in the IDF: Prospects for a West Bank Withdrawal. Washington: George Washington University. (Imes Capstone Paper Series).
  • Lebel, U. 2016. “The ‘Immunized Integration’ of religious-Zionists within Israeli Society: The Premilitary Academy as an Institutional Model.” Social Identities 22 (6): 642–660. doi:10.1080/13504630.2016.1175931.
  • Lembcke, J. 1998. The Spitting Image: Myth, Memory, and the Legacy of Vietnam. New York and London: New York University Press.
  • Levy, Y. 2017. “Control from Within: How Soldiers Control the Military.” European Journal of International Relations 23 (1): 192–216. doi:10.1177/1354066116631807.
  • Levy, Y. 2019. Whose Life Is Worth More?: Hierarchies of Risk and Death in Contemporary Wars (Kindle Version). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  • Levy, Y. 2021. “Theorizing the Domestic Legitimacy of Using Force.” International Politics 58 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1057/s41311-020-00210-2.
  • Lewis, J. 2004. “Television, Public Opinion and the War in Iraq: The Case of Britain.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 16 (3): 295–310. doi:10.1093/ijpor/edh026.
  • Loveland, A. C. 2014. Change and Conflict in the U.S. Army Chaplain Corps since 1945. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.
  • Luckham, A. R. 1971. “A Comparative Typology of Civil-military Relations.” Government and Opposition 6 (1): 5–35. doi:10.1111/j.1477-7053.1971.tb00810.x.
  • MAAF (Military Association of Atheists and Freethinkers). 2012. “Military Chaplaincy Report.” https://www.secular.org/files/sca_military_chaplain_report_0.pdf
  • Malešević, S. 2010. The Sociology of War and Violence (Kindle Version). Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Malešević, S. 2017. The Rise of Organised Brutality A Historical Sociology of Violence (Kindle Version). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Manekin, D. S. 2020. Regular Soldiers, Irregular War: Violence and Restraint in the Second Intifada (Kindle Version). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Mann, M. 1984. “The Autonomous Power of the State: Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results.” European Journal of Sociology 25 (2): 185–213. doi:10.1017/S0003975600004239.
  • Mann, M. 1987. “The Roots and Contradictions of Modern Militarism.” New Left Review 162 (2): 27–55.
  • Mann, M. 2013. The Sources of Social Power. Volume 4: Globalizations, 1945–2011. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Michael, K. 2007. “The Dilemma behind the Classical Dilemma of Civil-military Relations: The “Discourse Space” Model and the Israeli Case during the Oslo Process.” Armed Forces & Society 33 (4): 518–546. doi:10.1177/0095327X06298730.
  • Military Court for the Southern Command. 1990. “Military Prosecutor Vs. Itzhak Levit (Hebrew).” October 31.
  • Mills, W. C. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • New York Times. 1990. “Israel Declines to Study Rabin Tie to Beatings.” New York Times. July 12. https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/12/world/israel-declines-to-study-rabin-tie-to-beatings.html
  • Oren, N. 2012. “Israeli Soldiers’ Perceptions of Palestinian Civilians during the 2009 Gaza War.” In Civilians and Modern War: Armed Conflict and the Ideology of Violence, edited by D. Rothbart, K. Korostelina, and M. Cherkaoui, 130–145. Milton Park: Routledge.
  • Patton, M. Q. 2002. Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. London: Sage.
  • Peace Now. 2019. “Return of the Outpost Method.” http://peacenow.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Farm-Outposts-ENG-June-2019.pdf
  • Pedatzur, R. 2004. “More than a Million Bullets.” Haaretz. June 29. https://www.haaretz.com/1.4744778
  • Peri, Y. 2006. Generals in the Cabinet Room: How the Military Shapes Israeli Policy. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.
  • Reus-Smit, C. 2007. “International Crises of Legitimacy.” International Politics 44 (2–3): 157–174. doi:10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800182.
  • Ricks, T. E. 2006. Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq (Kindle Version). New York: Penguin.
  • Roman, P. J., and D. W. Tarr. 2001. “Military Professionalism and Policy Making.” In Soldiers and Civilians: The Civil-military Gap and American National Security, edited by D. Feaver and R. H. Kohn, 403–428. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Ron, J. 2003. Frontiers and Ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel (Kindle Version). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Ronen, M., and E. Zratt 2014. “On Victories and Defeats: Tales from Israel’s Naval Commando Chiefs.” Ynet. June 6. https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4527052,00.html
  • Ruffa, C. 2018. Military Cultures in Peace and Stability Operations: Afghanistan and Lebanon. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Ruffa, C., C. Dandeker, and P. Vennesson. 2013. “Soldiers Drawn into Politics? the Influence of Tactics in Civil-military Relations.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 24 (2): 322–334. doi:10.1080/09592318.2013.778035.
  • Schomerus, M., and L. De Vries. 2014. “Improvising Border Security: ‘A Situation of Security Pluralism’ along South Sudan’s Borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” Security Dialogue 45 (3): 279–294. doi:10.1177/0967010614532156.
  • Shaw, M. 2005. The New Western Way of War: Risk-transfer War and Its Crisis in Iraq. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Soifer, H., and M. Vom Hau. 2008. “Unpacking the Strength of the State: The Utility of State Infrastructural Power.” Studies in Comparative International Development 43 (3): 219–230. doi:10.1007/s12116-008-9030-z.
  • Suchman, M. C. 1995. “Managing Legitimacy: Strategic and Institutional Approaches.” Academy of Management Review 20 (3): 571–610. doi:10.5465/amr.1995.9508080331.
  • Svolik, M. W. 2013. “Contracting on Violence: The Moral Hazard in Authoritarian Repression and Military Intervention in Politics.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 57 (5): 765–794. doi:10.1177/0022002712449327.
  • Tilly, C. 1985. “War Making and State Making as Organized Crime.” In Bringing the State Back In, edited by P. Evans, D. Rueschemeyer, and T. Skocpol, 169–187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Turbiville, G. H. 1995. Mafia in Uniform: The ‘Criminalization’ of the Russian Armed Forces. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Foreign Military Studies Office.
  • Tyler, T. R. 1990. Why People Obey the Law. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
  • U.S. Congress. 2004. “Iraq: Winning Hearts and Minds. Hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform.” House of Representatives, 108th Congress, 2nd sess. June 15. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-108hhrg96993/pdf/CHRG-108hhrg96993.pdf
  • U.S. Senate. 2010. “The Meaning of Marjah. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate.” 111th Congress, 2nd sess. May 10. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111shrg61586/pdf/CHRG-111shrg61586.pdf
  • Van Evera, S. 1994. “Hypotheses on Nationalism and War.” International Security 18 (4): 5–39. doi:10.2307/2539176.
  • Weber, M. 1964. The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Kindle Version). New York: Free Press.
  • West, B. 2005. No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah (Kindle Version). New York: Random House.
  • West, B. 2011. The Wrong War: Grit, Strategy, and the Way Out of Afghanistan. New York: Random House.
  • Yaar, E., and T. Hermann 2000. “Peace Index.” October. http://www.peaceindex.org/indexMonthEng.aspx?num=126&monthname=October
  • Yaar, E., and T. Hermann 2010. “Peace Index.” May. http://www.peaceindex.org/indexMonthEng.aspx?num=54&monthname=May
  • Žižek, S. 1995. “Superego by Default.” Cardozo Law Review 16: 925–942.
  • Žižek, S. 2008. Violence: Six Sideways Reflections (Kindle Version). London: Profile.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.