References
- Aggestam, L., & Bicchi, F. (2019). New directions in EU foreign policy governance: Cross-loading, leadership and informal groupings. Journal of Common Market Studies, 57(3), 515–532.
- Aggestam, L., & Hedling, E. (2020). Leaderization in foreign policy: Performing the role of the EU high representative. European Security, 29(3), 301–319.
- Aggestam, L., & Johansson, M. (2017). The leadership paradox in EU foreign policy. Journal of Common Market Studies, 55(6), 1203–1220.
- Amadio Viceré, M. G. (2016). The roles of the President of the European Council and the High Representative in leading EU foreign policy on Kosovo. Journal of European Integration, 38(5), 557–570.
- Amadio Viceré, M. G. (2018). The High Representative and EU foreign policy integration. A comparative study of Kosovo and Ukraine. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Amadio Viceré, M. G. (2020). Looking towards the East: The high representative’s role in EU foreign policy on Kosovo and Ukraine. European Security, 29(3), 337–358.
- Amadio Viceré, M. G., & Fabbrini, F. (2017). Assessing the High Representative’s role in Egypt during the Arab Spring. The International Spectator, 52(3), 64–82.
- Amadio Viceré, M. G., & Frontini, A. (2019). Paths towards resilience: Examining EU and NATO responses to the Tunisian and Egyptian political transitions. In E. Cusumano, & S. Hofmaier (Eds.), Projecting resilience across the mediterranean (pp. 247–268). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Amadio Viceré, M. G., Tercovich, G., & Carta, C. (2020). Assessing the post-Lisbon High Representatives: From treaty provisions to Europe’s multiple crises. European Security, 29(3), 259–274.
- Arteaga, F., & Simòn, L. (2020, May 5). ¿Más allá del multilateralismo? COVID-19, autonomía estratégica europea y política exterior española. Real Instituto Elcano. Retrieved from http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_es/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/ari61-2020-arteaga-simon-multilateralismo-covid-19-autonomia-estrategica-europea-y-politica-exterior-espanola
- Backman, S., & Rhinard, M. (2018). The European Union's capacities for managing crises. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 26(2), 261–271.
- Bassiri Tabrizi, A., & Kienzle, B. (2020). The high representative and directories in European foreign policy: The case of the nuclear negotiations with Iran. European Security, 29(3), 320–336.
- Bicchi, F. (2014). The politics of foreign aid and the European neighbourhood policy post-Arab Spring: ‘More for more’ or less of the same? Mediterranean Politics, 19(3), 318–332.
- Bickerton, C. J., Hodson, D., & Puetter, U. (2015). The new intergovernmentalism: European integration in the post-maastricht Era. Journal of Common Market Studies, 53(4), 703–722.
- Biermann, R., & Koops, J. A. (Eds.). (2017). Palgrave handbook of inter-organizational relations in world politics. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Blockmans, S., & Russack, S. (2015). The commissioners’ group on external action–key political facilitator (Report No. 125). CEPS Special Report.
- Boin, A., Ekengren, M., & Rhinard, M. (2013). The European Union as crisis manager: Patterns and prospects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Bonomi, M. (2020, July 1). Has a red line been crossed in Serbia? Enlargement as yet another crucial test for the German EU Presidency (Commentary 20/49). Istituto Affari Internazionali IAI. Retrieved from https://www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/has-red-line-been-crossed-serbia
- Bonomi, M., Hackaj, A., & Reljić, D. (2020, January 31). Avoiding the trap of another paper exercise: Why the Western Balkans need a human development-centred eu enlargement model. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). www.iai.it/en/pubblicazioni/avoiding-trap-another-paper-exercise
- Börzel, T. A., Dimitrova, A., & Schimmelfennig, F. (2017). European Union enlargement and integration capacity: Concepts, findings, and policy implications. Journal of European Public Policy, 24(2), 157–176.
- Bremberg, N. (2016). Making sense of the EU’s response to the Arab uprisings: Foreign policy practice at times of crisis. European Security, 25(4), 423–441.
- Bremberg, N. (2020). From “partnership” to “principled pragmatism”: tracing the discursive practices of the High Representatives in the EU’s relations with the Southern Mediterranean. European Security, 29(3), 359–375.
- Bunde, T., Nelli Feroci, F., Ruge, B., & Tocci, N. (2020, April 20). European vision and ambition needed: Italy and Germany must promote a global eu response to COVID-19. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). Retrieved from https://www.iai.it/it/pubblicazioni/european-vision-and-ambition-needed-italy-and-germany-must-promote-global-eu-response
- Carta, C. (2013). The European Union diplomatic service: Ideas, preferences and identities. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Calcara, A. (2020). The hybrid role of the High Representative in the security and defence field: More in 10 months than in the 10 years? European Security, 29(3), 376–395.
- Delreux, T., & Keukeleire, S. (2017). Informal division of labour in EU foreign policy-making. Journal of European Public Policy, 24(10), 1471–1490.
- Economides, S. (2020, March 20). From fatigue to resistance: EU enlargement and the Western Balkans (Working Paper No. 17). Dahrendorf Forum IV. Retrieved from https://www.dahrendorf-forum.eu/publications/from-fatigue-to-resistance-eu-enlargement-and-the-western-balkans/
- EU Business. (2014, July 15). Junker to halt enlargement as EU Commission head. EU Business. Retrieved from http://www.eubusiness.com/news-eu/politics-juncker.x29
- European Commission. (2020a, April 8). Coronavirus: EU global response to fight the pandemic. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_20_604
- European Commission. (2020b, April 8). Communication on the Global EU response to COVID-19. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52020JC0011&from=EN
- European Commission. (2020c, April 8). Q&A: Global EU response to the coronavirus pandemic. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/QANDA_20_606
- European Commission. (2020d, March 2). Remarks by President von der Leyen at the joint press conference with Commissioners Lenarčič, Kyriakides, Johansson, Vălean and Gentiloni at the ERCC ECHO on the EU’s response to COVID-19. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/STATEMENT_20_368
- European Commission. (2020e, June 10). EU strengthens action to tackle disinformation. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_20_1006
- European Council. (2020a, April 16). Press release by Presidents Michel and von der Leyen after the G7 Leaders’ videoconference on COVID-19. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/04/16/press-release-by-presidents-michel-and-von-der-leyen-after-the-g7-leaders-videoconference-on-covid-19/
- European Council. (2020b). European Council and Council of the EU Meeting Calendar. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/calendar/?Category=meeting&dateFrom=2020%2f02%2f03&dateTo=2020%2f06%2f30&filters=2031&filters=2025&Page=2
- European Council. (2020c, May 6). Zagreb Declaration. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/05/06/zagreb-declaration-6-may-2020/
- European External Action Service (EEAS). (2016, June 28). Shared vision, common action: A stronger Europe: A global strategy for the European Union’s foreign and security policy. Retrieved from http://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf
- European External Action Service (EEAS). (2018, December 5). Share questions and answers about the East StratCom Task Force. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/2116/-questions-and-answers-about-the-east-
- European External Action Service (EEAS). (2020, April 1). A new EU military operation in the Mediterranean: Irini is born to enforce Libya arms embargo. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/76869/new-eu-military-operation-mediterranean-irini-born-enforce-libya-arms-embargo_en
- Fabbrini, S. (2014). The European Union and the Libyan crisis. International Politics, 51(2), 177–195.
- Fabbrini, S. (2015). Which European Union? Europe after the Euro crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Fabbrini, S., & Puetter, U. (2016). Integration without supranationalisation: Studying the lead roles of the European Council and the Council in post-Lisbon EU politics. Journal of European Integration, 38(5), 481–495.
- Fiott, D., Terlikowski, M., & Schütz, T. (2020, April 20). It’s time to vaccinate Europe’s defence budgets. Euractiv. Retrieved from https://www.euractiv.com/section/defence-and-security/opinion/its-time-to-vaccinate-europes-defence-budgets/
- Fouéré, E. (2019, October 22). Macron’s “non” To Eu enlargement. CEPS. Retrieved from https://www.ceps.eu/macrons-non-to-eu-enlargement/[Accessed on 10 June 2020].
- Franza, L. (2020, May 12). Power shifts and the risk of a “crisis within the crisis”: COVID, oil and the MENA Region (Commentary 20/36). Istituto Affari Internazionali IAI. Retrieved from https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaicom2036.pdf
- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2011, February 23). Remarks by the EU High Representative Catherine Ashton at the Senior officials’ meeting on Egypt and Tunisia. Brussels. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/EN/foraff/119459.pdf.
- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2020a, May 8). HR/VP Borrell press conference report by euractiv: ‘COVID-19 outbreak “has ended up blowing up” the global order’. Retrieved from https://www.euractiv.com/section/global-europe/news/borrell-covid-19-outbreak-has-ended-blowing-up-the-global-order/
- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2020b, April 15). EU “deeply regrets” Trump’s cut to WHO funding, says unjustified, reported by Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-trump-eu-idUSB5N28001D
- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2020c, June 6). HR/VP Borrell Press Conference report by Politico: ‘Borrell has “serious concern” over US sanctions against International Criminal Court’. Retrieved from https://www.politico.eu/article/josep-borrell-serious-concern-us-sanctions-international-criminal-court/?utm_source=POLITICO.EU&utm_campaign=e628ab2ba7-EMAIL_CAMPAIGN_2020_06_12_05_01&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_10959edeb5-e628ab2ba7-189662829
- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2020d, June 8). COVID-19 disinformation: Remarks by HR/VP Josep Borrell at the European Parliament. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/81113/covid-19-disinformation-remarks-hrvp-josep-borrell-european-parliament-session-tackling-covid_en
- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2020e, April 3). Video conference of foreign affairs ministers. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/fac/2020/04/03/
- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2020f, May 12). Video conference of defence ministers: Remarks by the High Representative/Vice-President. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/79219/Video%2520conference%2520of%2520Defence%2520Ministers:%2520Remarks%2520by%2520the%2520High%2520Representative/Vice-President%2520Josep%2520Borrell%2520at%2520the%2520press%2520conference
- High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. (2020g, April 6). Video conference of Defence Ministers: Remarks by the High Representative/Vice-President. Retrieved from https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/77151/video-conference-defence-ministers-remarks-high-representativevice-president-josep-borrell_en
- International Crisis Group (ICG). (2020, March 24). COVID-19 and conflict: Seven trends to watch (Special Briefing No. 4). ICG. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/global/sb4-covid-19-and-conflict-seven-trends-watch
- Jørgensen, K. E., & Laatikainen, K. V. (Eds.). (2013). Routledge handbook on the European Union and international institutions. Abingdon: Routledge.
- Koops, J. A., & Macaj, G. (Eds.). (2014). The European Union as a diplomatic actor. Basingstole: Springer.
- Koops, J. A., & Tercovich, G. (2020). Shaping the European external action service and its post-Lisbon crisis management structures: An assessment of the EU high representatives’ political leadership. European Security, 29(3), 275–300.
- Laatikainen, K., & Smith, K. (Eds.). (2006). The European Union at the United Nations: Intersecting multilateralisms. Basingstole: Springer.
- Lavallée, C. (2013). From the rapid reaction mechanism to the instrument for stability: The empowerment of the European Commission in crisis response and conflict prevention. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 9(3), 372–389.
- MacFarlane, N., & Menon, A. (2014). The EU and Ukraine. Survival, 56(3), 95–101.
- Major, C., & Mölling, C. (2020, April 30). Saving European defense from the coronavirus pandemic. Carnegie Europe. Retrieved from https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/81699?utm_source=rssemail&utm_medium=email&mkt_tok=eyJpIjoiTlRVMk1tRXdZakpqWVRJeiIsInQiOiJYQVFjWGNRdlpaNnI0eHVjczJSWDZsOVozRm9aS3IrSkJvbXZMRVFtVm5RSGF5WjJZM1d6MSsrWk8wbXlNV1N4b2M5Qm02aGNiQld2cTVKYnByQktqaUZnSGowSXM2QXhURTIxUlJPZTN2Q1cwRGcwa2F1VTBnbFh3cXgrYkpHdCJ9
- Marciacq, F. (2017). The EU and the Western Balkans after the Berlin Process. Reflecting on the EU enlargement in times of uncertainty. FriedrichEbert-Stiftung Dialogue Southeast Europe. Retrieved from http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/sarajevo/13948.pdf
- Niemann, A., & Bretherton, C. (2013). EU external policy at the crossroads: The challenge of actorness and effectiveness. International Relations, 27(3), 261–275.
- Nitoiu, C., & Sus, M. (2018). The politics of foreign aid and the European neighbourhood policy post-Arab Spring: ‘More for more’ or less of the same? Mediterranean Politics, 19(3), 318–332.
- Puetter, U. (2014). The European Council and the Council: New intergovernmentalism and institutional change. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Schunz, S., & Damro, C. (2020). Expanding actorness to explain EU external engagement in originally internal policy areas. Journal of European Public Policy, 27(1), 122–140.
- Smith, M. (2011). The EU, the US and global public goods: Competing models or two sides of the same coin? In R. G. Whitman (Ed.), Normative power Europe: Theoretical and empirical perspectives (pp. 127–140). Basingstole: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Smith, M. (2018). The EU, the US and the crisis of contemporary multilateralism. Journal of European Integration, 40(5), 539–553.
- Spence, D., & Bátora, J. (Eds.). (2015). The European external action service: European diplomacy post-Westphalia. Basingstole: Springer.
- Tallberg, J. (2006). Leadership and negotiation in the European Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Tercovich, G. (2014). The EEAS crisis response system. Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 22(3), 150–157.
- Tocci, N. (2018). Towards a European security and defence union: Was 2017 a watershed? Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(1), 131–141.
- Tocci, N. (2020, April 9). How coronavirus will upturn the global order. Politico. Retrieved from https://www.politico.eu/article/coronavirus-upturns-global-order-china-united-states/
- Tömmel, I. (2013). The Presidents of the European Commission: Transactional or transforming leaders? Journal of Common Market Studies, 51(4), 789–805.
- Tonra, B. (2019). What role for the high representative post-2019? Global Affairs, 5(4-5), 287–293.
- Trauner, F. (2016). Asylum policy: The EU’s “crises” and the looming policy regime failure’. Journal of European Integration, 38(3), 311–325.
- Vuksanovic, V. (2020, April 24). Fear drives the state’s response to COVID-19 in Southeast Europe not the import of a Chinese model. LSE Ideas. Retrieved from https://ratiuforum.com/fear-drives-the-states-response-to-covid-19-in-southeast-europe-not-the-import-of-chinese-model/?fbclid=IwAR1QQYMOfzSmed4cXaaz7l4kLd6PcBuk7yytHj04k6MOVqYytxnynlTGHWQ
- Whitman, R. G., & Juncos, A. E. (2012). The Arab Spring, the Eurozone crisis and the neighbourhood: A region in Flux. Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(2), 147–161.