11,654
Views
89
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

User studies in cartography: opportunities for empirical research on interactive maps and visualizations

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & show all
Pages 61-89 | Received 07 Jun 2016, Accepted 26 Jan 2017, Published online: 24 May 2017

References

  • Alexander, A. (2013). Smartphone usage statistics 2013. Retrieved from http://ansonalex.com/infographics/smartphone-usage-statistics-and-trends-2013-infographic/.
  • Andrienko, G., Andrienko, N., Jankowski, P., Keim, D., Kraak, M.-J., & MacEachren, A. (2007). Geovisual analytics for spatial decision support: Setting the research agenda. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 21(8), 839–857. doi: 10.1080/13658810701349011
  • Andrienko, N., & Andrienko, G. (2013). Visual analytics of movement: An overview of methods, tools, and procedures. Information Visualization, 12(1), 3–24. doi: 10.1177/1473871612457601
  • Andrienko, N., & Andrienko, G. (2006). The complexity challenge to creating useful and usability geovisualization tools. GIScience (pp. 23–27). Park City.
  • Andrienko, N., Andrienko, G., & Gatalsky, P. (2003). Exploratory spatio-temporal visualization: An analytical review. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 14, 503–541. doi: 10.1016/S1045-926X(03)00046-6
  • Appert, C., Beaudouin-Lafon, M., & Mackay, W. (2004). Context matters : Evaluating interaction techniques with the CIS model. Human-Computer Interaction (pp. 279–295). London: Springer Verlag.
  • Barkhuus, L., & Rode, J. A. (2007). From mice to men – 24 years of evaluation in CHI. SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. San Jose.
  • Behrens, J., Elzakker, C. P.J.M.v., & Schmidt, M. (2015). Testing the usability of OpenStreetMap's iD tool. The Cartographic Journal, 52(2), 177–184. doi: 10.1080/00087041.2015.1119457
  • Bleisch, S. (2011). Evaluating the appropriateness of visually combining abstract quantitative data representations with 3D desktop virtual environments using mixed methods. (PhD dissertation). City University London, London.
  • Borkin, M. A., Gajos, K. Z., Peters, A., Mitsouras, D., Melchionna, S., & Rybicki, F. J. (2011). Evaluation of artery visualizations for heart disease diagnosis. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 17(12), 2479–2488. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2011.192. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2011.192
  • Brewer, C. A., & Buttenfield, B. P. (2007). Framing guidelines for multi-scale map design using databases at multiple resolutions. Cartographic and Geographic Information Science, 34(1), 3–15. doi: 10.1559/152304007780279078
  • Brewer, I., & McNeese, M. D. (2004). Supporting work in hurricane management centers: An application of cognitive systems engineering techniques. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 48(20), 2426–2430. doi: 10.1177/154193120404802011
  • Brodlie, K. W., Carpenter, L. A., Earnshaw, R. A., Gallop, J. R., Hubbold, R. J., & Mumford, A. M. (1992). Scientific visualization: Techniques and applications. Berlin: Spring-Verlag.
  • Buxton, W. (2001). Less-is-more (more or less). In P. Denning (Ed.), The invisible future: The seamless integration of technology in everyday life (pp. 145–179). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
  • Cairns, P., & Cox, A. L. (2008). Research methods for human-computer interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Card, S. K., English, W. K., & Burr, B. J. (1978). Evaluation of mouse, rate-controlled isometric joystick, step keys, and text keys for text selection on a CRT. Ergonomics, 21(8), 601–613. doi: 10.1080/00140137808931762
  • Carpendale, S. (2008). Evaluating information visualizations. Lecture notes in computer science (Vol. 4950, pp. 19–45). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
  • Carrasco, M. (2011). Visual attention: The past 25 years. Vision Research, 51(13), 1484–1525. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2011.04.012. doi: 10.1016/j.visres.2011.04.012
  • Cartwright, W. (2012). Neocartography: Opportunities, issues, and prospects. South African Journal of Geomatics, 1(1), 14–31.
  • Cartwright, W., Crampton, J., Gartner, G., Miller, S., Mitchell, K., & Siekierska, E. (2001). Geospatial information visualization user interface issues. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28(1), 45–60. doi: 10.1559/152304001782173961
  • Chae, M., & Kim, J. (2004). Do size and structure matter to mobile users? An empirical study of the effects of screen size, information structure, and task complexity on user activities with standard web phones. Behaviour & Information Technology, 23(3), 165–181. doi: 10.1080/01449290410001669923
  • Chandrasekharan, S., & Nersessian, N. J. (2011). Building cognition: The construction of external representations for discovery. In L. Carlson, C. Hoelscher, & T. F. Shipley (Eds.), Annual meeting of the cognitive science society (pp. 1727–1763). Boston, MA.
  • Chang, R., Ziemkiewicz, C., Green, T. M., & Ribarsky, W. (2009). Defining insight for visual analytics. Computer Graphics and Applications, 29(2), 14–17. doi: 10.1109/MCG.2009.22
  • Clifton, B. (2012). Advanced web metrics with Google Analytics (3rd ed.). Indianapolis, IN: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Çöltekin, A., Heil, B., Garlandini, S., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2009). Evaluating the effectiveness of interactive map interface designs: A case study integrating usability metrics with eye-movement analysis. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 36(1), 5–17. doi: 10.1559/152304009787340197
  • Çöltekin, A., Lokka, I., & Zahner, M. (2016). On the usability and usefulness of 3D (geo)visualizations -- A focus on virtual reality environments. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLI-B2, 387–392. doi: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B2-387-2016
  • Committee, M. S. (2003). Weaving a national Map: A review of the U.S. Geological survey concept of The National Map. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Crampton, J. W. (2002). Interactivity types in geographic visualization. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 29(2), 85–98. doi: 10.1559/152304002782053314
  • Crampton, J. W. (2009). Cartography: Maps 2.0. Progress in Human Geography, 33(1), 91–100. doi: 10.1177/0309132508094074
  • Crampton, J. W. (2010). Cartographic rationality and the politics of geosurveillance and security. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 30(2), 135–148. doi: 10.1559/152304003100011108
  • Crampton, J. W. (2015). Collect it all: National security, big data and governance. GeoJournal, 80(4), 519–531. doi: 10.1007/s10708-014-9598-y
  • Crampton, J. W., Graham, M., Poorthuis, A., Shelton, T., Stephens, M., & Wilson, M. W. (2013). Beyond the geotag: Situating ‘big data’ and leveraging the potential of the geoweb. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 40(2), 130–139. doi: 10.1080/15230406.2013.777137
  • Davies, C. (1998). Analysing ‘work’ in complex system tasks: An exploratory study with GIS. Behaviour and Information Technology, 17(4), 218–230. doi: 10.1080/014492998119427
  • Davies, J., Goel, A. K., & Nersessian, N. J. (2009). A computational model of visual analogies in design. Cognitive Systems Research, 10, 204–215. doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2008.09.006
  • Demšar, U. (2007). Combining formal and exploratory methods for evaluation of an exploratory geovisualization application in a low-cost usability experiment. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 34(1), 29–45. doi: 10.1559/152304007780279069
  • D’Ignazio, C., & Klein, L. F. (2016). Feminist data visualization. Workshop on Visualization for the Digital Humanities (VIS4DH), Baltimore. IEEE.
  • Duchêne, C., Christophe, S., & Ruas, A. (2011). Generalisation, symbol specification and map evaluation: Feedback from research done at COGIT laboratory, IGN France. International Journal of Digital Earth, 4(Supplement 1), 25–41. doi: 10.1080/17538947.2010.510305
  • Edsall, R., Andrienko, G., Andrienko, N., & Buttenfield, B. (2008). Interactive maps for exploring spatial data. In M. Madden (Eds.), Manual of geographic information systems (pp. 837–858). Bethesda, MD: ASPRS.
  • Edsall, R. M. (2007). Iconic maps in American political discourse. Cartographica, 42(4), 335–347. doi: 10.3138/carto.42.4.335
  • Edsall, R. M., & Larson, K. L. (2009). Effectiveness of a semi-immersive virtual environment in understanding human-environment interactions. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 36(4), 367–384. doi: 10.1559/152304009789786317
  • Ellis, P. D. (2010). The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Elwood, S. (2009). Integrating participatory action research and GIS education: Negotiating methodologies, politics, and technologies. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 33(1), 51–65. doi: 10.1080/03098260802276565
  • Elwood, S. (2010). Geographic information science: Visualization, visual methods, and the geoweb. Progress in Human Geography, 35(3), 401–408. doi: 10.1177/0309132510374250
  • Elzakker, C. P.J.M.v., & Griffin, A. L. (2013). Focus on geoinformation users: Cognitive and use/user issues in contemporary cartography. GIM International, 27(8), 20–23.
  • Elzakker, C. P.J.M.v., & Wealands, K. (2007). Use and users of multimedia cartography. In W. Cartwright, M. Peterson, & G. Gartner (Eds.), Multimedia cartography (pp. 487–504). Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Engelbart, D. C., & English, W. K. (1968). A research center for augmenting human intellect. Fall Joint Computer Conference, San Francisco, CA.
  • Fabrikant, S. I., Christophe, S., Papestefanou, G., & Maggi, S. (2013). How to measure and visualize emotion when using maps. International Cartography Conference, Dresden.
  • Fabrikant, S. I., Rebich-Hespanha, S., Andrienko, N., Andrienko, G., & Montello, D. R. (2008). Novel method to measure inference affordance in static small-multiple map displays representing dynamic processes. The Cartographic Journal, 45(3), 201–215. doi: 10.1179/000870408X311396
  • Fairbairn, D., Andrienko, G., Andrienko, N., Buziek, G., & Dykes, J. (2001). Representation and its relationship with cartographic visualization. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28(1), 13–28. doi: 10.1559/152304001782174005
  • Fish, C., Goldsberry, K. P., & Battersby, S. (2011). Change blindness in animated choropleth maps: An empirical study. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 38(4), 350–362. doi: 10.1559/15230406384350
  • Fish, C. S., & Calvert, K. (2015). Understanding map design for energy policy, planning, and technology implementation. International Cartographic Conference, Rio de Janiero.
  • Flanagin, A. J., & Metzger, M. J. (2008). The credibility of volunteered geographic information. GeoJournal, 72(3), 137–148. doi: 10.1007/s10708-008-9188-y
  • Forsell, C., & Cooper, M. (2014). An introduction and guide to evaluation of visualization techniques through user studies. In W. Huang (Eds.), Handbook of human centric visualization (pp. 285–313). New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.
  • Fuhrmann, S., Holzbach, M. E., & Black, R. (2015). Developing interactive geospatial holograms for spatial decision-making. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 42(Supplement 1), 27–33. doi: 10.1080/15230406.2015.1059174
  • Fuhrmann, S., & Pike, W. (2005). User-centered design of collaborative geovisualization tools. In J. Dykes, A. M. MacEachren, & M. J. Kraak (Eds.), Exploring geovisualization (pp. 591–610). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.
  • Gabbard, J. L., Hix, D., & Swan, J. E. (1999). User-centered design and evaluation of virtual environments. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 19(6), 51–59. doi: 10.1109/38.799740
  • Gahegan, M., Wachowicz, M., Harrower, M., & Rhyne, T.-M. (2001). The integration of geographic visualization and knowledge discovery in databases and geocomputation. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28(1), 29–44. doi: 10.1559/152304001782173952
  • Garrett, J. J. (2010). The elements of user experience: User-centered design for the Web and beyond. Thousand Oaks, CA: New Riders Publishing.
  • Gartner, G., Bennett, D. A., & Morita, T. (2007). Towards ubiquitous cartography. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 34(4), 247–257. doi: 10.1559/152304007782382963
  • Gleicher, M. (2012). Why ask why? Considering motivation in visualization evaluation. BELIV workshop (pp. 10). Seattle: ACM.
  • Greenberg, S., & Buxton, B. (2008). Usability evaluation considered harmful (Some of the time). SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 111–120), Florence.
  • Griffin, A., & McQuoid, J. (2012). At the intersection of maps and emotion: The challenges of spatially representing experience. Kartographische Nachrichten, 62(6), 291–299.
  • Griffin, A. L. (2004). Understanding how scientists use data-display devices for interactive visual computing with geographical models. (PhD dissertation), Penn State University Park, University Park.
  • Griffin, A. L., & Robinson, A. C. (2015). Comparing color and leader line highlighting strategies in coordinated view geovisualizations. Transactions on Visualization & Computer Graphics, 21(3), 339–349. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2014.2371858
  • Griffin, A. L., Robinson, A. C., & Roth, R. E. (2017). Envisioning the future of cartographic research. International Journal of Cartography. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/23729333.2017.1316466
  • Griffin, A. L., White, T., Fish, C., Tomio, B., Huang, H., Sluter, C. R., … Picanço, P. (2017). Designing across map use contexts: a research agenda. International Journal of Cartography. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/23729333.2017.1315988
  • Haklay, M., Singleton, A., & Parker, C. (2008). Web mapping 2.0: The neogeography of the geoweb. Geography Compass, 2(6), 2011–2039. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00167.x
  • Haklay, M., & Zafiri, A. (2008). Usability engineering for GIS: Learning from a screenshot. The Cartographic Journal, 45(2), 87–97. doi: 10.1179/174327708X305085
  • Harley, J. B. (1989). Deconstructing the map. Cartographica, 26(2), 1–20. doi: 10.3138/E635-7827-1757-9T53
  • Harmon, E., & Nersessian, N. J. (2008). Cognitive partnerships on the bench top: Designing to support scientific researchers. Designing Interactive Systems (pp. 119–128). Cape Town: ACM.
  • Harrower, M., Keller, C. P., & Hocking, D. (1997). Cartography on the Internet: Thoughts and a preliminary user survey. Cartographic Perspectives, 27(Winter), 27–37. doi: 10.14714/CP26.718
  • Harrower, M., & Sheesley, B. (2005). Designing better map interfaces: A framework for panning and zooming. Transactions in GIS, 9(2), 77–89. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9671.2005.00207.x
  • Hayes, G. R. (2011). The relationship of action research to human-computer interaction. ACM Transactions Computer-Human Interaction, 18(3), 1–20. doi: 10.1145/1993060.1993065
  • Hecht, B., Schöning, J., Haklay, M., Capra, L., Mashhadi, A. J., & Terveen, L. (2013). Geographic human-computer interaction CHI (pp. i-iv). Paris: ACM.
  • Heer, J., & Bostock, M. (2010). Crowdsourcing graphical perception: Using mechanical Turk to assess visualization design. SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 203–212). Atlanta: ACM.
  • Heer, J., Bostock, M., & Ogievetsky, V. (2010). A tour through the visualization zoo. Communications of the ACM, 53(6), 59–67. doi:10.1145/1743546.1743567. doi: 10.1145/1743546.1743567
  • Hegarty, M., Montello, D. R., Richardson, A. E., Ishikawa, T., & Lovelace, K. (2006). Spatial abilities at different scales: Individual differences in aptitude-test performance and spatial-layout learning. Intelligence, 34(2), 151–176. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.005. doi: 10.1016/j.intell.2005.09.005
  • Hess, D. (2001). Ethnography and the development of science and technology studies. In P. Atkinson, A. Coffey, S. Delamont, J. Lofland, & L. Lofland (Eds.), Handbook of ethnography (pp. 234–245). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Hollan, J., Hutchins, E., & Kirsh, D. (2000). Distributed cognition: Toward a new foundation for human-computer interaction research. ACM Transactions in Computer-Human Interaction, 7(2), 174–196. doi: 10.1145/353485.353487
  • Howard, D. L., & MacEachren, A. M. (1996). Interface design for geographic visualization: Tools for representing reliability. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 23(2), 59–77. doi: 10.1559/152304096782562109
  • Howard, G., Blick, G., & McNamara, F. (2009). A truly automated system for New Zealand’s topographic maps. International Cartography Conference, Santiago.
  • Huang, H., Schmidt, M., & Gartner, G. (2012). Spatial knowledge acquisition with mobile maps, augmented reality and voice in the context of GPS-based pedestrian navigation: Results from a field test. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 39(2), 107–116. doi: 10.1559/15230406392107
  • Ingensand, J., & Golay, F. (2011). Remote-evaluation of user interaction with WebGIS. In J. D. Carswell, S. Fotheringham, & G. McArdle (Eds.), Web and wireless geographical information systems (pp. 188–202). Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Isenberg, T., Isenberg, P., Chen, J., Sedlmair, M., & Möller, T. (2013). A systematic review on the practice of evaluating visualization. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 19(12), 2818–2827. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.126
  • Jones, C. E., Haklay, M., Griffiths, S., & Vaughan, L. (2009). A less-is-more approach to geovisualization: Enhancing knowledge construction across multidisciplinary teams. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 23(8), 1077–1093. doi: 10.1080/13658810802705723
  • Kahneman, D. (2003). Maps of bounded rationality: Psychology for behavioral economics. The American Economic Review, 93(5), 1449–1475. doi: 10.1257/000282803322655392
  • Keehner, M., Hegarty, M., Cohen, C., Khooshabeh, P., & Montello, D. R. (2008). Spatial reasoning with external visualizations: What matters is what you see, not whether you interact. Cognitive Science, 32, 1099–1132. doi: 10.1080/03640210801898177
  • Kiefer, P., Giannopoulos, I., & Raubal, M. (2014). Where am I? Investigating map matching during self-localization with mobile eye tracking in an urban environment. Transactions in GIS, 18(5), 660–686. doi: 10.1111/tgis.12067
  • Kinkeldey, C., MacEachren, A. M., & Schiewe, J. (2014). How to assess visual communication of uncertainty? A systematic review of geospatial uncertainty visualisation user studies. The Cartographic Journal, 51(4), 372–386. doi: 10.1179/1743277414Y.0000000099
  • Kitchin, R., & Tate, N. (2013). Conducting research in human geography: Theory, methodology and practice. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Klippel, A., Weaver, C., & Robinson, A. C. (2011). Analyzing cognitive conceptualizations using interactive visual environments. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 38(1), 52–68. doi: 10.1559/1523040638152
  • Kosara, R., Healey, C., Interrante, V., Laidlaw, D. H., & Ware, C. (2003). User studies: Why, how and when? IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, 23(4), 20–25. doi: 10.1109/MCG.2003.1210860
  • Kosara, R., & Ziemkiewicz, C. (2010). Do mechanical Turks dream of square pie charts? BELIV workshop (pp. 63-70). New York, NY: ACM.
  • Kraak, M.-J. (1998). The cartographic visualization process: From presentation to exploration. The Cartographic Journal, 35(1), 11–15. doi: 10.1179/caj.1998.35.1.11
  • Kumar, N. (2000). Automation and democratization of cartography: An example of a mapping system at CEM, University of Durham. The Cartographic Journal, 37(1), 65–77. doi: 10.1179/caj.2000.37.1.65
  • Kveladze, I., Kraak, M.-J., & Elzakker, C. P.M.J.v. (2013). A methodological framework for researching the usability of the space-time cube. Cartographic Journal, 50(3), 201–210. doi: 10.1179/1743277413Y.0000000061
  • Kwan, M.-P. (2004). Beyond difference: From canonical geography to hybrid geographies. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 94(4), 756–763.
  • Lam, H., Bertini, E., Isenberg, P., Plaisant, C., & Carpendale, S. (2012). Empirical studies in information visualization: Seven scenarios. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(9), 1520–1536. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2011.279. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2011.279
  • Landauer, T. K. (1995). The trouble with computers: Usefulness, usability, and productivity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Leszczynski, A. (2012). Situating the geoweb in political economy. Progress in Human Geography, 36(1), 72–89. doi: 10.1177/0309132511411231
  • Leszczynski, A., & Wilson, M. W. (2013). Guest editorial: Theorizing the geoweb. GeoJournal, 78(6), 915–919. doi: 10.1007/s10708-013-9489-7
  • Liben, L. S., & Downs, R. M. (1993). Understanding person-space-map relations: Cartographic and developmental perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 739–752. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.739. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.739
  • Lisak, J. (2012). How we consume content from brands. Retrieved from http://www.marketingtechblog.com/how-we-consume-co.
  • Liu, Z., & Stasko, J. T. (2010). Mental models, visual reasoning and interaction in information visualization: A top-down perspective. IEEE Visualization and Computer Graphics, 16(6), 999–1008. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2010.177
  • Lloyd, D., & Dykes, J. (2011). Human-centered approaches in geovisualization design: Investigating multiple methods through a long-term case study. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 17(12), 2498–2507. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2011.209
  • Lloyd, D., Dykes, J., & Radburn, R. (2007). Understanding geovisualization users and their requirements – a user-centred approach. (pp. 209–214). Maynooth: GIS research UK.
  • Lokka, I., & Çöltekin, A. (2016). Simulating navigation with virtual 3D geovisualizations - A focus on memory related factors. International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLI-B2, 671–673. doi: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XLI-B2-671-2016
  • Loomis, J. M., Blascovich, J. J., & Beall, A. C. (1999). Immersive virtual environment technology as a basic research tool in psychology. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 31(4), 557–564. doi: 10.3758/BF03200735
  • MacEachren, A. M. (1982). The role of complexity and symbolization method in thematic map effectiveness. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 72(4), 495–513. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8306.1982.tb01841.x
  • MacEachren, A. M. (1994). Visualization in modern cartography: Setting the agenda. Oxford: Pergamon.
  • MacEachren, A. M. (1995). How maps work. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
  • MacEachren, A. M. (2015). Distributed cognition: A conceptual framework for understanding map-based reasoning. International Cartography Conference, Rio de Janeiro.
  • MacEachren, A. M., Boscoe, F. P., Haug, D., & Pickle, L. W. (1998). Geographic visualization: Designing manipulable maps for exploring temporally varying georeferenced statistics. Information Visualization (pp. 87–94). Raleigh, NC: IEEE.
  • MacEachren, A. M., & Brewer, I. (2004). Developing a conceptual framework for visually-enabled geocollaboration. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 18(1), 1–34. doi: 10.1080/13658810310001596094
  • MacEachren, A. M., Buttenfield, B. P., Campbell, J. C., & Monmonier, M. S. (1992). Visualization. In R. Abler, M. Marcus, & J. Olson (Eds.), Geography’s inner worlds: Pervasive themes in contemporary American geography (pp. 101–137). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
  • MacEachren, A. M., Cai, G., Sharma, R., Rauschert, I., Brewer, I., & Bolelli, L. (2005). Enabling collaborative geoinformation access and decision-making through a natural, multimodal interface. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 19, 293–317. doi: 10.1080/13658810412331280158
  • MacEachren, A. M., Gahegan, M., Pike, W., Brewer, I., Cai, G., & Lengerich, E. (2004). Geovisualization for knowledge construction and decision support. Computer Graphics and Applications, 24(1), 13–17. doi: 10.1109/MCG.2004.1255801
  • MacEachren, A. M., Jaiswal, A., Robinson, A. C., Pezanowski, S., Savelyev, A., & Mitra, P. (2011). Senseplace2: Geotwitter analytics support for situational awareness. Visual Analytics Science and Technology (pp. 181–190). Providence, RI: IEEE.
  • MacEachren, A. M., & Kraak, M.-J. (2001). Research challenges in geovisualization. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28(1), 3–12. doi: 10.1559/152304001782173970
  • MacKenzie, I. S. (1992). Fitts’ Law as a research and design tool in human-computer interaction. Human-Computer Interaction, 7(1), 91–139. doi:10.1207/s15327051hci0701_3. doi: 10.1207/s15327051hci0701_3
  • Maggi, S., & Fabrikant, S. I. (2014). Triangulating eye movement data of animated displays. ET4S Workshop at GIScience (pp. 27–31). Vienna.
  • Malik, S., Ranjan, A., & Balakrishnan, R. (2005). Interacting with large displays from a distance with vision-tracked multi-finger gestural input. Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (pp. 43–52). Seattle: ACM.
  • Manson, S. M., Kne, L., Dyke, K. R., Shannon, J., & Eria, S. (2012). Using eye-tracking and mouse metrics to test usability of web mapping navigation. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 39(1), 48–60. doi: 10.1559/1523040639148
  • Marcotte, E. (2010). Responsive web design. Retrieved from http://alistapart.com/article/responsive-web-design/.
  • Marsh, S. L., & Haklay, M. (2010). Evaluation and deployment. In M. Haklay (Eds.), Interacting with geospatial technologies (pp. 199–221). West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • McCall, M. K., & Dunn, C. E. (2012). Geo-information tools for participatory spatial planning: Fulfilling the criteria for ‘good’ governance. Geoforum, 43(1), 81–94. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.07.007
  • McConchie, A. (2015). Hacker cartography: Crowdsourced geography, OpenStreetMap, and the hacker political imaginary. ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 14(3), 874–898.
  • McGuinness, C. (1994). Expert/novice use of visualization tools. In A. M. MacEachren, & D. R. F. Taylor (Eds.), Visualization in modern cartography (pp. 185–199). Oxford: Pergamon.
  • Mead, R. (2014). Expert perspectives on the design and use of learning materials for neocartographic interfaces. (M.Sc. thesis), UW-Madison, Madison.
  • Mendonça, A. L.A.d., & Delazari, L. S. (2012). Remote evaluation of the execution of spatial analysis tasks with interactive web maps: A functional and quantitative approach. Cartographic Journal, 49(1), 7–20. doi: 10.1179/1743277411Y.0000000020
  • Mendonça, A. L.A.d., & Delazari, L. S. (2014). Testing subjective preference and map use performance: Use of web maps for decision making in the public health sector. Cartographica, 49(2), 114–126. doi: 10.3138/carto.49.2.1455
  • Meng, L. (2005). Egocentric design of map-based mobile services. The Cartographic Journal, 42(1), 5–13. doi: 10.1179/000870405X57275
  • Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Rettinger, D. A., Shah, P., & Hegarty, M. (2001). How are visuospatial working memory, executive functioning, and spatial abilities related? A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130(4), 621–640. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.4.621
  • Monmonier, M. (1985). Technological transition in cartography. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Montello, D. R. (2002). Cognitive map-design research in the twentieth century: Theoretical and empirical approaches. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 29(3), 283–304. doi: 10.1559/152304002782008503
  • Montello, D. R. (2009). Cognitive research in GIScience: Recent achievements and future prospects. Geography Compass, 3(5), 1824–1840. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2009.00273.x
  • Montello, D. R., & Sutton, P. C. (2013). An introduction to scientific research methods in geography and environmental studies (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
  • Morrison, J. L. (1997). Topographic mapping for the twenty first century. In D. Rhind (Ed.), Framework for the world (pp. 14–27). Cambridge: Geoinformation International.
  • Muehlenhaus, I. (2013). Web cartography: Map design for interactive and mobile devices. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Munzner, T. (2009). A nested model for visualization design and validation. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 15(6), 921–928. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2009.111
  • Munzner, T. (2014). Visualization analysis and design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
  • Munzner, T. (2016). On Conventions Between Fields in Experimental Design and Analysis. Retrieved from https://tamaramunzner.wordpress.com/2016/01/16/on-conventions-between-fields-in-experimental-design-and-analysis/.
  • Nagi, R. (2014). Cartographic visualizaton for mobile appliations. (M.Sc.). Enschede: International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation.
  • Nielsen, J. (1992). The usability engineering life cycle. Computer, 25(3), 12–22. doi: 10.1109/2.121503
  • Nielsen, J. (1993). Usability engineering. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
  • Nivala, A.-M., Sarjakoski, T. L., & Sarjakoski, T. (2007). Usability methods’ familiarity among map application developers. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 65(9), 784–795. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2007.04.002
  • North, C. (2006). Toward measuring visualization insight. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 26(3), 6–9. doi: 10.1109/MCG.2006.70
  • Olson, J. M. (1979). Cognitive cartographic experimentation. The Canadian Cartographer, 16(1), 34–44. doi: 10.3138/R342-258H-5K6N-4351
  • Ooms, K., Andrienko, G., Andrienko, N., Maeyer, P. D., & Fack, V. (2012). Analysing the spatial dimension of eye movement data using a visual analytic approach. Expert Systems with Applications, 39(1), 1324–1332. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.08.013
  • Ooms, K., Coltekin, A., Maeyer, P. D., Dupont, L., Fabrikant, S., & Incoul, A. (2015). Combining user logging with eye tracking for interactive and dynamic applications. Behavioral Research, 47(4), 977–993. doi:10.3758/s13428-014-0542-3. doi: 10.3758/s13428-014-0542-3
  • Pickles, J. (Ed.). (1995). Ground truth: The social implications of geographic information systems. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
  • Pivar, M., Fredkin, E., & Stommel, H. (1963). Computer-compiled oceanographic Atlas: An experiment in man-machine interaction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 50(2), 396–398. doi: 10.1073/pnas.50.2.396
  • Plaisant, C. (2004). The challenge of information visualization Working Conference on Advanced Visual Intefaces (pp. 109–116). Gallipoli: ACM.
  • Pohl, M., Smuc, M., & Mayr, E. (2012). The user puzzle: Explaining the interaction with visual analytics systems. IEEE Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(12), 2908–2916. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2012.273
  • Rädle, R., Jetter, H.-C., Butscher, S., & Reiterer, H. (2013). The effect of egocentric body movements on users’ navigation performance and spatial memory in zoomable user interfaces. ACM International Conference on Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces (pp. 23–32). New York, NY : ACM Press.
  • Ricker, B., Daniel, S., & Hedley, N. (2014). Fuzzy boundaries: Hybridizing location-based services, volunteered geographic information, and geovisualization literature. Geography Compass, 8(7), 490–504. doi: 10.1111/gec3.12138
  • Robertson, G., Ebert, D., Eick, S., Keim, D., & Joy, K. (2009). Scale and complexity in visual analytics. Information Visualization, 8(4), 247–253. doi: 10.1057/ivs.2009.23
  • Robinson, A. C. (2011). Highlighting in geovisualization. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 38(3), 332–334. doi: 10.1559/15230406382332
  • Robinson, A. C., Chen, J., Lengerich, E. J., Meyer, H. G., & MacEachren, A. M. (2005). Combining usability techniques to design geovisualization tools for epidemiology. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 32(4), 243–255. doi: 10.1559/152304005775194700
  • Robinson, A. C., Demšar, U., Moore, A. B., Buckley, A., Jiang, B., & Field, K. (2017). Geospatial big data and cartography: research challenges and opportunities for making maps that matter. International Journal of Cartography. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/23729333.2016.1278151
  • Robinson, A. C., Roth, R. E., & MacEachren, A. M. (2011). Understanding user needs for map symbol standardization in emergency management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 8(1), 33.
  • Robinson, A. H. (1952). The look of maps: An examination of cartographic design. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Robinson, A. H., & Petchenik, B. B. (1975). The map as a communication system. The Cartographic Journal, 12(1), 7–15. doi: 10.1179/caj.1975.12.1.7
  • Rød, J. K., Ormeling, F., & Elzakker, C. V. (2001). An agenda for democratising cartographic visualisation. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography, 55, 38–41. doi: 10.1080/00291950120034
  • Rogers, Y., Connelly, K., Tedesco, L., Hazlewood, W., Kurtz, A., & Hall, R. E. (2007). Why it’s worth the hassle: The value of in-situ studies when designing ubicomp. In J. Krumm, G. D. Abowd, A. Seneviratne, & T. Strang (Eds.), Ubicomp 2007: Ubiquitious computing (pp. 336–353). Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Roth, R. E. (2013a). An empirically-derived taxonomy of interaction primitives for interactive cartography and geovisualization. Transactions on Visualization & Computer Graphics, 19(12), 2356–2365. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2013.130
  • Roth, R. E. (2013b). Interactive maps: What we know and what we need to know. The Journal of Spatial Information Science, 6, 59–115.
  • Roth, R. E. (2015). Interactivity and cartography: A contemporary perspective on user interface and user experience design from geospatial professionals. Cartographica, 50(2), 94–115. doi: 10.3138/cart.50.2.2427
  • Roth, R. E., Donohue, R. G., Sack, C. M., Wallace, T. R., & Buckingham, T. M. A. (2014). A process for keeping pace with evolving web mapping technologies. Cartographic Perspectives 78, 25–52.
  • Roth, R. E., Finch, B. G., Blanford, J. I., Klippel, A., Robinson, A. C., & MacEachren, A. M. (2011). Card sorting for cartographic research and practice. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 38(2), 89–99. doi: 10.1559/1523040638289
  • Roth, R. E., & MacEachren, A. M. (2016). Geovisual analytics and the science of interaction: An empirical study. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 43(1), 30–54. doi: 10.1080/15230406.2015.1021714
  • Roth, R. E., Ross, K. S., & MacEachren, A. M. (2015). User-centered design for interactive maps: A case study in crime analysis. International Journal of GeoInformation, 4, 262–301. doi:10.3390/ijgi4010262.
  • Rubin, J., & Chisnell, D. (2008). Handbook of usability testing. How to plan, design and conduct effective tests. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Publishing.
  • Sack, C. (2013). Online participatory mapping: Volunteered geographic information tools for local empowerment over land use. 26th International Cartographic Conference. Dresden, Germany.
  • Saraiya, P., North, C., & Duca, K. (2004). An evaluation of microarray visualization tools for biological insight (pp. 1–8). Austin, TX: IEEE Computer Society.
  • Schmalstieg, D., & Reitmayr, G. (2007). The world as a user interface: Augmented reality for ubiquitous computing. In Location Based Services and TeleCartography (pp. 369–391). Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Schöning, J., Hecht, B., Raubal, M., Krüger, A., Marsh, M., & Rohs, M. (2008). Improving interaction with virtual globes through spatial thinking: Helping users ask why? Intelligent user interfaces (pp. 129–138). Canary Islands, Spain: ACM.
  • Sedlmair, M., Meyer, M., & Munzner, T. (2012). Design study methodology: Reflections from the trenches and the stacks. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 18(12), 2431–2440. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2012.213
  • Sheppard, E. (2005). Knowledge production through critical GIS: Genealogy and prospects. Cartographica, 40(4), 5–21. doi: 10.3138/GH27-1847-QP71-7TP7
  • Shneiderman, B. (1996). The eyes have it: A task by data type taxonomy for information visualization. IEEE Conference on Visual Languages (pp. 336–343). Boulder, CO: IEEE Computer Society Press.
  • Shneiderman, B., & Plaisant, C. (2006). Strategies for evaluating information visualization tools: Multi-dimensional in-depth long-term case studies. 2006 BELIV workshop (pp. 1–7). Venice: ACM Press.
  • Shneiderman, B., & Plaisant, C. (2010). Designing the user interface: Strategies for effective human-computer interaction (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  • Sidlar, C. L., & Rinner, C. (2009). Utility assessment of a map-based online geo-collaboration tool. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 2020–2026. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.08.030
  • Slocum, T., Cliburn, D., Feddema, J., & Miller, J. (2003). Evaluating the usability of a tool for visualizing the uncertainty of the future global water balance. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 30(4), 299–317. doi: 10.1559/152304003322606210
  • Slocum, T. A., Blok, C., Jian, B., Koussoulakou, A., Montello, D. R., & Fuhrmann, S. (2001). Cognitive and usability issues in geovisualization. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 28(1), 61–75. doi: 10.1559/152304001782173998
  • Smith, J. M., Retchless, D., & Klippel, A. (2016). Domains of uncertainty visualization research: A visual summary approach. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 44(4), 296–309. doi: 10.1080/15230406.2016.1154804
  • Stephens, M. (2013). Gender and the GeoWeb: Divisions in the production of user-generated cartographic information. GeoJournal, 78(6), 981–996. doi: 10.1007/s10708-013-9492-z
  • Stoter, J. E. (2005). Generalisation within NMA's in the 21st century International Cartographic Conference (pp. 1–11), A Coruña, Spain.
  • Suchan, T. A., & Brewer, C. A. (2000). Qualitative methods for research on mapmaking and map use. Professional Geographer, 52(1), 145–154. doi: 10.1111/0033-0124.00212
  • Sui, D., Goodchild, M., & Elwood, S. (2013). Volunteered geographic information, the exaflood, and the growing digital divide. In D. Sui, S. Elwood, & M. Goodchild (Eds.), Crowdsourcing geographic knowledge (pp. 1–12). Amsterdam: Springer.
  • Sweeney, M., Maguire, M., & Shackel, B. (1993). Evaluating user-computer interaction: A framework. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 38, 689–711. doi: 10.1006/imms.1993.1032
  • Thatcher, J. (2014). Living on fumes: Digital footprints, data fumes, and the limitations of spatial big data. International Journal of Communication, 8, 1765–1783.
  • Thomas, J. J., Cook, K. A., Bartoletti, A., Card, S., Carr, D., & Dill, J. (2005). Illuminating the path: The research and development agenda for visual analytics. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE CS Press.
  • Tobler, W. R. (1976). Analytical cartography. The American Cartographer, 3(1), 21–31. doi: 10.1559/152304076784080230
  • Tolochko, R. C. (2016). Contemporary professional practices in interactive web map design. (M.Sc. thesis), UW-Madison, Madison.
  • Tsou, M.-H., & Curran, J. M. (2008). User-centered design approaches for web mapping applications: A case study with USGS hydrological data in the United States. In M. P. Peterson (Eds.), International perspectives on maps and the Internet (pp. 301–321). Heidelberg: Springer.
  • Tullis, T., & Wood, L. (2004). How many users are enough for a card-sorting study? Usability Professionals Association. Minneapolis, MN.
  • Turner, A. J. (2006). Introduction to neogeography: O’Reilly. Retrieved from https://protect-us.mimecast.com/s/6RQOBqherXpdiV?domain=brainoff.com; http://brainoff.com/iac2009/IntroductionToNeogeography.pdf
  • Veregin, H., & Wortley, A. J. (2014). Using web analytics to evaluate the effectiveness of online maps for community outreach. Journal fo Web Librarianship, 8(2), 125–146. doi: 10.1080/19322909.2014.873659
  • Virrantaus, K., Fairbairn, D., & Kraak, M. J. (2009). ICA research agenda on cartography and GIScience. Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 36(2), 209–222. doi: 10.1559/152304009788188772
  • Wiener, J. M., Hölscher, C., Büchner, S., & Konieczny, L. (2012). Gaze behaviour during space perception and spatial decision making. Psychological Research, 76(6), 713–729. doi: 10.1007/s00426-011-0397-5
  • Wijk, J. J.v. (2005). The value of visualization. Visualization (Vol. 79–86). Minneapolis: IEEE.
  • Wilson, M. W. (2012). Location-based services, conspicuous mobility, and the location-aware future. Geoforum, 43(6), 1266–1275. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.03.014. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2012.03.014
  • Wood, J., Dykes, J., Slingsby, A., & Clarke, K. (2007). Interactive visual exploration of a large spatio-temporal dataset: Reflections on a geovisualization mashup. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 13(6), 1176–1183. doi: 10.1109/TVCG.2007.70570
  • You, M., Chen, C., Liu, H., & Lin, H. (2007). A usability evaluation of web map zoom and pan functions. International Journal of Design, 1(1), 15–25.