Impediments to Journalistic Ethics: How Taiwan’s Media Market Obstructs News Professional Practice

REFERENCES

• Association of Taiwan Journalists. (2013). Code of ethics: Eye on ethics.Retrieved from http://www.eyeonethics.org/journalist-code-of-ethics-in-asia/code-of-ethics-issued-by-the-association-of-taiwanese-journalists/
   Google Scholar
• Bagdikian, B. H. (1983). The media monopoly. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Beam, R. A. (2003). Content differences between daily newspapers with strong and weak market orientations. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 80(2), 368–390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker, L. B., Vlad, T., & Nusser, N. (2007). An evaluation of press freedom indicators. The International Communication Gazette, 69(1), 5–28.
   Google Scholar
• Brennen, B. S. (2013). Qualitative research methods for media studies. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Committee to Protect Journalists. (2014). Journalists in Hong Kong and Taiwan battle Beijing’s influence. Retrieved from http://www.cpj.org/2014/02/attacks-on-the-press-hong-kong-analysis.php
   Google Scholar
• Cook, S. (2013). The long shadow of Chinese censorship: How the communist party’s media restrictions affect news outlets around the world. Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among five approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Daymon, C., & Holloway, I. (2002). Qualitative research methods in public relations and marketing communications. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Entman, R. (2004). Projections of power: Framing news, public opinion, and U.S. foreign policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erjavec, K. (2005). Hybrid public relations news discourse. European Journal of Communication, 20(2), 155–179.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedom House. (2013). Freedom of the Press 2013—Taiwan.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. (2012). Freedom of the Press 2012—Taiwan.
   Google Scholar
• Freedom House. (2011). Freedom of the Press 2011—Taiwan.
   Google Scholar
• Graber, D. A. (2002). Mass media and American politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
   Google Scholar
• Guba, E. G. (1990). The alternative paradigm dialog. In E. G. Guba (Ed.), The paradigm dialog (pp. 17–27). London, England: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hachten, W. A., & Scotton, J. F. (2011). The world news prism: Challenges of digital communication. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hallin, D., & Mancini, P. (2010). The forces and limits of homogenization. In D. K. Thussu (Ed.), International communication: A reader. New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 154–187.
   Google Scholar
• Hamilton, J. T. (2006). All the news that’s fit to sell: How the market transforms information into news. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanitzsch, T., & Mellado, C. (2011). What shapes the news around the world? How journalists in 18 countries perceive influences on their work. International Journal of Press/Politics, 16(3), 404–426.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins, A. (2012, January 22). In Taiwan, a Tycoon’s influence. Washington Post, p. 13.
   Google Scholar
• Himelboim, I., & Limor, Y. (2008). Media perception of freedom of the press. Journalism, 9(3),
   Google Scholar
• Huang, C. (2009). The changing roles of the media in Taiwan’s democratization process (Working Paper). Brookings Institution Center for Northeast Asian Policy Studies, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Hung, C. (2013). Media control and democratic transition: Ongoing threat to press freedom in Taiwan. China Media Research, 9(2), 83–93.
   Google Scholar
• International Federation of Journalists. (2015, February). IFJ declaration of principles on the conduct of journalists. Retrieved from http://www.ifj.org/about-ifj/ifj-code-of-principles/
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, M. (2010). Publicising the news: Publicity and Australian commercial television news Networking Knowledge: Journal of the MeCCSA Postgraduate Network, 3(1), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Jamieson, K. H. (1993). The First Amendment is alive and well. Political Communication, 10(1),
   Google Scholar
• Karlekar, K. D., & Dunham, J. (2014). Freedom of the press. New York, NY: Freedom House.
   Google Scholar
• Kasoma, T. (2009). Development reporting as a crumbling tower? Impact of brown envelope journalism on journalistic practice in Zambia and Ghana. Global Media Journal, 3(1), 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Kruckeberg, D., & Tsetsura, K. (2003). A composite index by country of variables related to the likelihood of the existence of ‘cash for news coverage’ (Research Report). Retrieved from http://www.instituteforpr.org/wp-content/uploads/Bribery_Index_2003.pdf
   Google Scholar
• LaMay, C. L. (2001). Journalism and emerging democracy: Lessons from societies in transition. International Roundtable on Journalism, Aspen Institute, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C. (2003). Liberalization without full democracy: Guerrilla media and political movements in Taiwan. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, San Diego, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. C., & Reese, S. D. (2009). What is the war on terror? Framing through the eyes of journalists. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86(1), 85–102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, J., Williams, A., & Franklin, B. (2008). A compromised fourth estate? UK news journalism, public relations and news sources. Journalism Studies, 9(1), 1–20.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, S., & Lee, C. (2010). Market uncertainty and mimetic isomorphism in the newspaper industry: A study of Taiwan’s mainstream newspapers from 1992 to 2003. Asian Journal of Communication, 20(3), 367–384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindlof, T. R., & Taylor, B. C. (2002). Qualitative communication research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lindlof, T. R. & Taylor, B. C. (2011). Qualitative communication research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, V. (2006). Communication research in Taiwan. In K. L. Leung (Ed.), Global trends in communication education and research (pp. 177–187). New York, NY: Hampton Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, V., Chan, J. M., & Pan, Z. (2005). Ethical attitudes and perceived practice: A comparative study of journalists in China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Asian Journal of Communication, 15(2), 154–172.
   Google Scholar
• Martin, H. J., & Souder, L. (2009). Interdependence in media economics: Ethical implications of the economic characteristics of news. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 24, 127–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathewson, J. (2009). The long and strong tradition of state protection of freedom of the press. American Journalism, 25(4), 81–112.
   Google Scholar
• McChesney, R. W. (1999). Rich media, poor democracy: Communication politics in dubious times. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• McChesney, R. W. (2012). Farewell to journalism? Time for a rethinking. Journalism Studies, 13(5–6), 682–694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McChesney, R. W., & Nichols, J. (2010). The death and life of American journalism: The media revolution that will begin the world again. Philadelphia, PA: Nations Books.
   Google Scholar
• McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview: Qualitative research methods. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• McManus, J. H. (1995). A market-based model of news production. Communication Theory,5(4), 301–338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McManus, J. H. (1994). Market-driven journalism: Let the citizen beware? Thousand Oaks, CA:
   Google Scholar
• Nevinskaité, L. (2009). EU structural funds’ publicity and the practice of journalism and public relations in Lithuania. Central European Journal of Communication, 2 (1/2), 149–164.
   Google Scholar
• Plaisance, P. L. (2009). Media ethics: Key principles for responsible practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Rawnsley, G. D., & Gong, Q. (2011). Political communications in democratic Taiwan: The relationship between politicians and journalists. Political Communication, 28, 323–340.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray, T. (2012). Globalization, democracy, and journalism education: Some thoughts for India. Asia-Pacific Media Educator, 22(1), 107–114.
   Google Scholar
• Reich, Z. (2010). Measuring the impact of PR on published news in increasingly fragmented news environments. Journalism Studies, 11(6), 799–816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riessman, C. K. (2004). Narrative analysis. In M. S. Lewis-Beck, A. Bryman, & T. Futing Liao (Eds.), The SAGE encyclopedia of social science research methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. pp. 705–709.
   Google Scholar
• Schudson, M. (2002). The news media as political institutions. Annual Review of Political Science, 5, 249–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shear, M. D. (2004). White House urges China to act on journalists’ visas. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/31/world/asia/white-house-urges-china-to-act-on-journalists-visas.html?_r=0
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, P. J., & Reese, S. D. (1996). Mediating the message: Theories of influences on mass media content. White Plains, NY: Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Sinaga, S. T., & Wu, H. D. (2007). Predicting Indonesian journalists’ use of public relations-generated news material. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19(1), 69–90.
   Google Scholar
• Society of Professional Journalists. (1996–2013). SPJ code of ethics. Indianapolis, IN: Eugene S. Pulliam National Journalism Center.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. (1998). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Štular, K. (2009). Hybrid messages in magazines: A case study of the lifestyle magazine Obrazi. Media Research, 15(1), 61–77.
   Google Scholar
• Su, H. (2010). Conceptual challenges to the paradigm of communication research in national and local contexts: A critical analysis of the existing studies in Taiwan. China Media Research, 6(3), 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Tracy, S. J. (2013). Qualitative research methods: Collecting evidence, crafting analysis, communicating impact. West Sussex, England: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Tran, H., Mahmood, R., Du, Y., & Khrapavitski, A. (2011). Linking measures of global press freedom to development and culture: Implications from a comparative analysis. International Journal of Communication, 5, 170–191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M. (2012).The fourth estate under siege: The making of a democratic institution and its pressing challenges. National Taiwan University Law Review, 7(2), 385–420.
   Google Scholar
• Warren, C. (2007). Defending journalism and the foundations of democracy. Pacific Journalism Review, 13(2), 9–16.
   Google Scholar
• Yang, A. (2012). Assessing global inequality of bribery for news coverage: A cross-national study. Mass Communication and Society, 15(2), 201–224.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, X. (2005). The state of press freedom in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan.
   Google Scholar