Notes
- Fuad Ajami, “Demise of the Dictators: The Arab Revolutions of 2011,” Newsweek, February 14, 2011.
- Khaled Abu Toameh, “From an Arab Spring to Islamist Winter,” Hudson Institute, NY, October 28, 2011 (www.hudson-ny.org/2541/arab-spring-islamist-winter).
- Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, (Norman, OK, 1991).
- Ibid. pp. 13–18.
- James Dobbins, America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq (Santa Monica, 2003).
- Larry Diamond, “The State of Democratization at the Beginning of the 21st Century,” Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations (2005), 13–18.
- Amartya Sen, “Democracy as a Universal Value,” Journal of Democracy, X: 3 (1999), 3–17; Carl Gershman, “Democracy as a Policy Goal and Universal Value,” Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations (Winter/Spring, 2005), 19–38.
- Michael McFaul, “The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Post Communist World,” World Politics, LIV: 2 (2002), 212–244.
- Freedom House, Freedom in the World 2010: Global Data (www.freedomhouse.org/uploads/fiw10/FIW_2010_Tables_and_Graphs.pdf).
- Freedom House, Freedom in the World Survey 2007 (www.freedomhouse.org).
- Larry Diamond, “Can the Whole World Become Democratic?” Center for the Study of Democracy, UC Irvine, Paper 03/05 (2003), p. 6.
- On urbanization and literacy in the Arab world, see the 2009 United Nations Arab Human Development Report (www.arab-hdr.org). For example, in 1970 only 38 percent of the population in the Arab world lived in urban areas. By 2009 it was nearly 60 percent. See also Beth Simmons, Frank Dobbin, Geoffrey Garret (eds.), The Global Diffusion of Markets and Democracy (Cambridge, 2008).
- Alfred Stepan and Graeme Robertson, “An ‘Arab’ More than a ‘Muslim’ Democracy Gap,” Journal of Democracy, XIV: 3 (2003), 30–44.
- Elie Kedoury, Politics in the Middle East (New York, 1992).
- See Joshua Teitelbaum (ed.), Political Liberalization in the Persian Gulf (New York, 2009).
- Figures cited in Larry Diamond, “Why Are There No Arab Democracies?” Journal of Democracy, XXI: 1 (2010), 96.
- See Arch Puddington, “Democracy under Duress,” Journal of Democracy, XXII: 2 (2011), 17–31.
- Diamond, op. cit., p. 98.
- See Robert Rotberg (ed.), When States Fail: Causes and Consequences (Princeton, 2004).
- See: Charles T. Call, “Beyond the ‘failed state’: Towards conceptual alternatives,” European Journal of International Relations (2010), 5.
- Report of the State Failure Task Force, Phase III findings (2000) (www.globalpolicy.gmu.edu/pitf/SFTF%20Phase%20III%20Report%20Final.pdf).
- David Kirkpatrick, “Local militias in Libya balk at giving up their arms,” International Herald Tribune, November 2, 2011.
- Call, op. cit., p. 6.
- For a discussion of instant states and accompanying problems, see Paul Collier, Wars, Guns, and Votes (New York, 2009), pp. 169–199. See also Uzi Rabi, The Emergence of States in a Tribal Society (Sussex, UK, 2011).
- The five Arab Human Development Reports are available at www.arab-hdr.org.
- All figures drawn from the 2009 Arab Human Development Report: The Report in Brief (www.arab-hdr.org/publications/contents/2009/execsummary-e.pdf).
- Ibid., p. 4.
- Stefan Wolff, “The regional dimensions of state failure,” Review of International Studies, XXXVII: 3 (2011), 951–972.
- See: Daniel Brumberg, “The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy,” Journal of Democracy, XIIL4 (2002), 56–68.