255
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Citizen Journalism and Democratisation of Mainstream Media in Rwanda

&

References

  • Allan, S. 2006. Online News: Journalism and the Internet. New York: Open University Press.
  • Antony, M. G., and R. J. Thomas. 2010. “‘This Is Citizen Journalism at Its Finest’: YouTube and the Public Sphere in the Oscar Grant Shooting Incident.” New Media and Society 12 (8): 1280–296. doi: 10.1177/1461444810362492
  • Atton, C. 2007. “Current Issues in Alternative Media Research.” Sociology Compass 1 (1): 17–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00005.x
  • Bahja, F. 2013. “Citizen Journalism and the Mainstream Media : An Analysis of 85 New York Times Articles on the Syrian Civil War.” Gnovis Journal 14 (1). http://www.gnovisjournal.org/2013/12/11/bahja-citizen-journalism/ (accessed November 16, 2016).
  • Bailey, O. G., B. Cammaerts, and N. Carpentier. 2008. Understanding Alternative Media. Buckingham: Open University Press.
  • Banda, F. 2010. Citizen Journalism and Democracy in Africa: An Exploratory Study. Grahamstown: Highway Africa.
  • Bardoel, J., and M. Deuze. 2001. “Network Journalism: Converging Competencies of Old and New Media Professionals.” Australian Journalism Review 23 (2): 91–103. https//doi.org/10.1.1.474.8231
  • Benkler, Y. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press. http://www.benkler.org/Benkler_Wealth_Of_Networks_Chapter_7.pdf (accessed August 15, 2017).
  • Berg, B. L., and H. Lune. 2011. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. 8th ed. Foxboro: Pearson Higher Education.
  • Berger, G. 2011. “Empowering the Youth as Citizen Journalists: A South African Experience.” Journalism 12 (6): 708–26. doi: 10.1177/1464884911405466
  • Bowman, B. S., and C. Willis. 2003. We Media: How Audiences Are Shaping the Future of News and Information. Reston, VA: The Media Center at the American Press Institute. http://www.hypergene.net/wemedia/download/we_media.pdf (accessed May 20, 2017).
  • Bruns, A. 2008. Blogs, Wikipedia, Second Life, and Beyond: From Production to Produsage. New York: Peter Lang. https//doi.org/10.1080/19331680802664697
  • Calhoun, C. 1992. Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Canter, L. 2013. “The Source, the Resource and the Collaborator: The Role of Citizen Journalism in Local UK Newspapers.” Journalism 14 (8): 1091–109. doi: 10.1177/1464884912474203
  • Castells, M. 2009. Communication Power. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Columbus, S., and R. Heacock. 2012. Internet Access in Sub-Saharan Africa. Cambridge, MA: OpenNet Initiative.
  • Cresswell, J. W. 2014. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Dahlberg, L. 2011. “Re-Constructing Digital Democracy: An Outline of Four ‘Positions.’” New Media and Society 13 (6): 855–72. doi: 10.1177/1461444810389569
  • Dahlberg, L. 2014. “The Habermasian Public Sphere and Exclusion: An Engagement with Poststructuralist-Influenced Critics.” Communication Theory 24 (1): 21–41. doi: 10.1111/comt.12010
  • Dahlgren, P. 2005. “The Internet, Public Spheres, and Political Communication: Dispersion and Deliberation.” Political Communication 22 (2): 147–62. doi: 10.1080/10584600590933160
  • Domingo, D., T. Quandt, A. Heinonen, S. Paulussen, J. B. Singer, and M. Vujnovic. 2008. “Participatory Journalism Practices in the Media and Beyond.” Journalism Practice 2 (3): 326–42. doi: 10.1080/17512780802281065
  • Foucault, M. 1980. “Body/Power.” In Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972‒1977, edited by C. Gordon, 55–62. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Fraser, N. 1990. “Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy.” Social Text 25/26: 56–80. doi: 10.2307/466240
  • Freedom House. 2013. “Freedom on the Net 2013.” Rwanda. https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2013/rwanda#.VXpNifkirIU (accessed May 19, 2017).
  • Fuchs, C. 2014. “Social Media and the Public Sphere.” TripleC 12 (1): 57–101.
  • Gillmor, D. 2004. We the Media: Grassroots Journalism by the People, for the People. New York: O’Reilly.
  • Gitlin, T. 1998. “Public Spheres or Public Sphericules?” In Media, Ritual and Identity, edited by T. Liebes and J. Curran, 168–74. London: Routledge.
  • Goldstein, B. J., and J. Rotich. 2008. “Digitally Networked Technology in Kenya’s 2007–2008 Post-Election Crisis.” In Internet and Democracy Case Study Series. Cambridge, MA: The Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard University. http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/sites/cyber.law.harvard.edu/files/Goldstein&Rotich_Digitally_Networked_Technology_Kenyas_Crisis.pdf.pdf (accessed August 15, 2017).
  • Goode, L. 2009. “Social News, Citizen Journalism and Democracy.” New Media and Society 11 (8): 1287–305. doi: 10.1177/1461444809341393
  • Guest, G., K. M. MacQueen, and E. E. Namey. 2012. Applied Thematic Analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
  • Haas, T., and L. Steiner. 2001. “Public Journalism as a Journalism of Publics: Implications of the Habermas-Fraser Debate for Public Journalism.” Journalism 2 (2): 123–47. doi: 10.1177/146488490100200202
  • Habermas, J. 1991. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
  • Hagmann, J. 2015. “Online Comments Are Being Shut Down.” OnMedia, July 1. http://onmedia.dw-akademie.com/english/?p=21731 (accessed May 19, 2017).
  • Hänska-Ahy, M. T., and R. Shapour. 2013. “Who’s Reporting the Protests?” Journalism Studies 14 (1): 29–45. doi: 10.1080/1461670X.2012.657908
  • Heinonen, A. 2011. “The Journalist’s Relationship with Users: New Dimensions to Conventional Roles.” In Participatory Journalism: Guarding Gates at Online Newspapers, edited by J. Singer, 34–55. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hermida, A. 2010. “Twittering the News: The Emergence of Ambient Journalism.” Journalism Practice 4 (3): 297–308. doi: 10.1080/17512781003640703
  • Hermida, A. 2012. “Tweets and Truth: Journalism as a Discipline of Collaborative Verification.” Journalism Practice 6 (5–6): 659–68. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2012.667269
  • High Council of the Press. 2009. “Rwanda Audience Survey.” Kigali. http://mhc.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/PdfDocuments/Reports_and_Publications/Research_Works/Audiance_Survey.pdf (accessed October 2, 2015).
  • Jordaan, M. 2013. “Poke Me, I’m a Journalist: The Impact of Facebook and Twitter on Newsroom Routines and Cultures at Two South African Weeklies.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 34 (1): 21–35. doi: 10.1080/02560054.2013.767421
  • Karlsson, M. 2011. “Flourishing But Restrained: The Evolution of Participatory Journalism in Swedish Online News, 2005–2009.” Journalism Practice 5 (1): 68–84. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2010.486605
  • Lewis, S. C., K. Kaufhold, and D. L. Lasorsa. 2010. “Thinking about Citizen Journalism: The Philosophical and Practical Challenges of User-Generated Content for Community Newspapers.” Journalism Practice 4 (2): 163–79. doi: 10.1080/14616700903156919
  • Lindlof, T. R., and B. C. Taylor. 2011. Qualitative Communication Research Methods. 3rd ed. Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Lofland, J., D. Snow, L. Anderson, and H. L. Lofland. 2005. Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Thomson.
  • Mak’ochieng, M. O. 2000. “The Making of an African Public Sphere: The Performance of the Kenyan Daily Press During the Change to Multiparty Politics.” PhD dissertation, University of Natal.
  • Mouffe, C. 2009. The Democratic Paradox. New York: Verso.
  • Moyo, D. 2009. “Citizen Journalism and the Parallel Market of Information in Zimbabwe’s 2008 Election.” Journalism Studies 10 (4): 551–67. doi: 10.1080/14616700902797291
  • Moyo, L. 2011. “Blogging Down a Dictatorship: Human Rights, Citizen Journalists and the Right to Communicate in Zimbabwe.” Journalism 12 (6): 745–60. doi: 10.1177/1464884911405469
  • Mutsvairo, B., and S. Columbus. 2012. “Emerging Patterns and Trends in Citizen Journalism in Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe.” Central European Journal of Communication 5 (1): 121–35.
  • Mutsvairo, B., S. Columbus, and I. Leijendekker. 2012. “African Citizen Journalists’ Ethics and the Emerging Networked Public Sphere.” International Symposium on Online Journalism, Austin, Texas. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271327601_African_Citizen_Journalists’_Ethics_and_the_Emerging_Networked_Public_Sphere (accessed May 19, 2017).
  • Nduhura, D. 2013. “Citizen Journalism in the Rwandan Media: True Revolution or Sheer Hype?” African Journal of Communication 1 (1): 167–87.
  • Negt, O., and A. Kluge. 1995. Public Sphere and Experience: Toward an Analysis of the Bourgeois and Proletarian Public Sphere. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Netzley, S. B., and M. Hemmer. 2012. “Citizen Journalism Just as Credible as Stories by Pros, Students Say.” Newspaper Research Journal 33 (3): 49–61. doi: 10.1177/073953291203300304
  • Nip, J. Y. M. 2006. “Exploring the Second Phase of Public Journalism.” Journalism Studies 7 (2): 212–36. doi: 10.1080/14616700500533528
  • Nnanyelugo O., C. T. Diri, and C. Odii. 2013. “Citizen Journalism in Nigeria: Possibilities and Challenges.” New Media and Mass Communication 11 (1): 1–9. https//doi.org/10.7176/NMMC.v11p1
  • Ogenga, F. 2011. “Political Economy of the Kenyan Media—Towards a Culture of Active Citizen Journalism.” Global Media Journal African Edition 4 (2): 1–14. doi: 10.5789/4-2-3
  • Papacharissi, Z., and O. M. de Fatima. 2012. “Affective News and Networked Publics: The Rhythms of News Storytelling on #Egypt.” Journal of Communication 62 (2): 266–82. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01630.x
  • Papacharissi, Z. 2009. “The Virtual Geographies of Social Networks: A Comparative Analysis of Facebook, LinkedIn and ASmallWorld.” New Media and Society 11 (1–2): 199–220. doi: 10.1177/1461444808099577
  • Papacharissi, Z. 2011. A Networked Self: Identity, Community, and Culture on Social Network Sites. London: Routledge.
  • Paulussen, S., and R. Harder. 2014. “Social Media References in Newspapers: Facebook, Twitter and YouTube as Sources in Newspaper Journalism.” Journalism Practice 8 (5): 542–51. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2014.894327
  • Reich, Z. 2008. “How Citizens Create News Stories.” Journalism Studies 9 (5): 739–58. doi: 10.1080/14616700802207748
  • Riaz, S., and S. A. Pasha. 2011. “Role of Citizen Journalism in Strengthening Societies.” FWU Journal of Social Sciences 5 (1): 88–103.
  • Robinson, S. 2009. “The Cyber-Newsroom: A Case Study of the Journalistic Paradigm in a News Narrative’s Journey from a Newspaper to Cyberspace.” Mass Communication and Society 12 (4): 403–22. doi: 10.1080/15205430802513234
  • Rosen, J., and D. Merritt. 1994. Public Journalism: Theory and Practice. Dayton: Kettering Foundation.
  • RURA. 2014. “Statistics and Tariff Information in Telecom Sector as of September 2014.” Kigali. http://www.rura.rw/index.php?id=83 (accessed April 20, 2017).
  • Rwanda Governance Board. 2013. “Rwanda Media Barometer.” Final report. Kigali. http://www.rgb.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents_pdf_word_jpeg/rwanda_media_barometer_2013.pdf (accessed May 2, 2017).
  • Singer, J. B. 2009. “Quality Control: Perceived Effects of User-Generated Content on Newsroom Norms, Values and Routines.” Journalism Practice 4 (2): 127–42. doi: 10.1080/17512780903391979
  • Singer, J. B., and I. Ashman. 2009. “‘Comment Is Free, But Facts Are Sacred’: User-Generated Content and Ethical Constructs at the Guardian.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 24 (1): 3–21. doi: 10.1080/08900520802644345
  • Starbird, K., J. Maddock, M. Orand, P. Achterman, and R. M. Mason. 2014. “Rumors, False Flags, and Digital Vigilantes: Misinformation on Twitter after the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombing.” In iConference 2014 Proceedings, edited by M. Kindling and E. Greifeneder, 654–62. Urbana: University of Illinois.
  • Thompson, J. B. 1990. Ideology and Modern Culture: Critical Social Theory in the Era of Mass Communication. Oxford: Polity Press.
  • Thornton, A. L. 2001. “Does the Internet Create Democracy?” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 22 (2): 126–47. doi: 10.1080/02560054.2001.9665885
  • Thurman, N. J. 2008. “Forums for Citizen Journalists? Adoption of User Generated Content Initiatives by Online News Media.” New Media and Society 10 (1): 139–57. doi: 10.1177/1461444807085325
  • Tilley E., and J. Cokley. 2008. “Deconstructing the Discourse of Citizen Journalism: Who Says What and Why It Matters.” Pacific Journalism Review 14 (1): 94–114. http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=171212093914631;res=E-LIBRARY (accessed April 2, 2017).
  • Usher, N. 2011. “Professional Journalists, Hands Off! Citizen Journalism as Civic Responsibility.” In Will the Last Reporter Please Turn Out the Lights?: The Collapse of Journalism and What Can Be Done to Fix It, edited by V. Pickard and R. McChesney, 264–76. New York: New Press.
  • Volkmer, I., and A. Firdaus. 2013. “Between Networks and ‘Hierarchies of Credibility’: Navigating Journalistic Practice in a Sea of User-Generated Content.” In Rethinking Journalism: Trust and Participation in a Transformed News Landscape, edited by C. Peters and M. Broersma. London: Routledge.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.