Beyond Afro-Pessimism and -optimism? A Critical Discourse Analysis of the Representation of Africa by Alternative News Media

REFERENCES

• Akinfemisoye, M. O. 2013. “Challenging Hegemonic Media Practices: Of ‘Alternative’ Media and Nigeria’s Democracy.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 34 (1): 7–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2013.767419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anrys, S. 2015a. “Mensen Zonder Papieren Putten Veerkracht uit Hun Drang om te Overleven: Je Hoofd Herprogrammeren in een Nieuw Land.” MO* Magazine Winter: 65–7.
   Google Scholar
• Anrys, S. 2015b. “De Grootste Dam in Afrika! Wateroorlog over De Nijl Afgewend in Ethiopië.” MO* Magazine Summer: 16–9.
   Google Scholar
• Atton, C. 2005. “Ethical Issues in Alternative Journalism.” In Communication Ethics Today, edited by R. L. Keeble, 15–26. Leicester: Troubadour Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Biltereyst, D., and S. Joye. 2005. “Voorspelbaar Buitenland” [Predicting Foreign News Reporting]. In Nieuws op Televisie [News on Television], edited by M. Hooghe, K. De Swert, and S. Walgrave, 157–74. Leuven: Acco.
   Google Scholar
• Bunce, M., S. Franks, and C. Paterson. 2017. Africa’s Media Image in the 21st Century: From the “Heart of Darkness” to “Africa Rising.” London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bunce, M. 2017. “The International News Coverage of Africa. Beyond the ‘Single Story.’” In Africa’s Media Image in the 21st Century, edited by M. Bunce, S. Franks, and C. Paterson, 17–29. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Chang, T., B. Southwell, H. Lee, and Y. Hong. 2012. “A Changing World, Unchanging Perspectives.” International Communication Gazette 74 (4): 367–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048512439822.
   Google Scholar
• Chouliaraki, L. 2010. “Post-Humanitarianism: Humanitarian Communication beyond a Politics of Pity.” International Journal of Cultural Studies 13 (2): 107–26. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877909356720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyer, K., and T. Dowmunt. 2011. Introduction to The Alternative Media Handbook, edited by K. Coyer, T. Dowmunt, and A. Fountain, 1–12. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Danckaers, T. 2015. “Mensen in een Wanhopige Situatie Zoeken een Leefbare Toekomst.” MO* Magazine Winter: 32–3.
   Google Scholar
• De B’béri, B. E., and P. E. Louw. 2011. “Afropessimism: A Genealogy of Discourse.” Critical Arts: South- North Cultural and Media Studies 25 (3): 335–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2011.615118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Beukelaer, C. 2015. Developing Cultural Industries. Amsterdam: ECF.
   Google Scholar
• Develtere, L. 2015. “Tanzania Ziet Weinig Terug van zijn Tanzaniet.” MO* Magazine Fall: 13–5.
   Google Scholar
• Downing, J. 2010. Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Duvall, C. S., and J. Gruley. 2012. “The Evolving Narrative of the Darfur Conflict as Represented in The New York Times and The Washington Post, 2003–2009.” GeoJournal, no. 77, 29–46.
   Google Scholar
• Edlin, J. 1987. “The Perils of the Profession.” Africa Report 32 (2): 27–30.
   Google Scholar
• Escobar, A. 2011. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fairclough, N. 1995. Media Discourse. London: Edward Arnold.
   Google Scholar
• Franks, S. 2010. “The Neglect of Africa and the Power of Aid.” International Communication Gazette 72 (1): 71–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1748048509350339.
   Google Scholar
• Galtung, J., and M. Ruge. 1965. “The Structure of Foreign News.” Journal of Peace Research 2 (1): 64–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/002234336500200104.
   Google Scholar
• Giffard, A. 1983. Inter Press Service: News from the Third World. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Goris, G. 2015a. “Zonder Hoofdletters.” MO* Magazine Summer: 3.
   Google Scholar
• Goris, G. 2015b. “Geld Genoeg, Maar het is Onvindbaar voor Het Zuiden.” MO* Magazine Winter: 17–9.
   Google Scholar
• Grinker, R., S. Lubkemann, and C. Steiner. 2010. Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture History, and Representation. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, A., and D. Machin. 2013. Media and Communication Research Methods. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-27225-6.
   Google Scholar
• Harcup, T. 2003. “‘The Unspoken-Said’: The Journalism of Alternative Media.” Journalism 4 (3): 356–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/14648849030043006.
   Google Scholar
• Harindranath, R. 2006. Perspectives in Global Cultures. New York: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, K. B. 2002. The Qualitative Research Process. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Joye, S. 2009. “Raising an Alternative Voice: Assessing the Role and Value of the Global Alternative News Agency Inter Press Service.” Javnost—The Public 16 (3): 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2009.11009006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joye, S. 2010. “The Media (De)construction of Disasters.” PhD diss., Ghent University.
   Google Scholar
• Joye, S. 2017. “Bringing Africa Home: Reflections on Discursive Practices of Domestication in International News Reporting on Africa by Belgian Television.” In Africa’s Media Image in the 21st Century, edited by M. Bunce, S. Franks, and C. Paterson, 52–60. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kenix, L. 2011. Alternative and Mainstream Media: The Converging Spectrum. London: Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781849665421.
   Google Scholar
• Lambrechts, T. 2016. “De Vluchtelingentrends van 2016.” MO* Magazine Spring: 8–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lugo-Ocando, J., and P. Malaolu. 2015. “Visual Journalism and Global Poverty.” In Blaming the Victim, edited by J. Lugo-Ocando, 85–103. London: Pluto Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt183p3tc.9.
   Google Scholar
• Machin, D., and A. Mayr. 2012. How To Do Critical Discourse Analysis: A Multimodal Introduction. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Mazrui, A. 2005. “The Re-Invention of Africa: Edward Saïd, V.Y. Mudimbe and Beyond.” Research in African Literatures 36 (3): 68–82. https://doi.org/10.2979/RAL.2005.36.3.68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McChesney, R. W. 2000. “Journalism, Democracy, … and Class Struggle.” Monthly Review 52 (6): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.14452/MR-052-06-2000-10_1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Momoh, A. 2003. “Does Pan-Africanism Have a Future in Africa? In Search of the Ideational Basis of Afro-Pessimism.” African Journal of Political Science 8 (1): 31–57.
   Google Scholar
• Moyo, D. 2007. “Alternative Media, Diasporas and the Mediation of the Zimbabwe Crisis.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 28 (1–2): 81–105. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2007.9653360.
   Google Scholar
• Mudimbe, V. 1988. The Invention of Africa. London: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nothias, T. 2013. “Beyond Afro-Pessimism? French and British Elite Press Discourse on Africa.” Leeds African Studies Bulletin 74 (1): 54–62.
   Google Scholar
• Nothias, T. 2014. “‘Rising’, ‘Hopeful’, ‘New’: Visualizing Africa in the Age of Globalisation.” Visual Communication 13 (3): 323–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470357214530063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nothias, T. 2016. “How Western Journalists Actually Write about Africa.” Journalism Studies, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1262748.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojo, T. 2014. “Africa in the Canadian Media: The Globe and Mail’s Coverage of Africa from 2003 to 2012.” Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies 35 (1): 43–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560054.2014.886660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogunyemi, O. 2017. “The Image of Africa from the Perspectives of the African Diasporic Press in the UK.” In Africa’s Media Image in the 21st Century, edited by M. Bunce, S. Franks, and C. Paterson, 61–70. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pantti, M. 2009. “Wave of Compassion.” In After the Tsunami: Crisis Communication in Finland and Sweden, edited by U. Kivikuru and L.W. Nord, 83–106. Göteborg: Nordicom.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, S. 1979. “Foreign News Gatekeepers and Criteria of Newsworthiness.” Journalism Quarterly 56 (1): 116–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769907905600118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ploughman, P. 1997. “Disasters, the Media and Social Structures: A Typology of Credibility Hierarchy Persistence Based on a Newspaper Coverage of the Love Canal and Six Other Disasters.” Disasters 21 (2): 118–37. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7717.00049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rugero, R. 2015. “Het Derde Mandaat: Democratie en Traditie.” MO* Magazine Spring: 10.
   Google Scholar
• Saïd, E. 1978. Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, M. 2015. The Myth of Representations of Africa. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, M. 2017. “The Myth of Representations of Africa.” Journalism Studies 18 (2): 191–210. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2015.1044557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, S. J., and H. J. Garret. 2011. “Reconstituting Pessimistic Discourses.” Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Studies 25 (3): 423–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2011.615143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontag, S. 2003. Regarding the Pain of Others. London: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Van Aelst, P., and D. Votquenne. 2003. “Het Buitenlands Nieuws: Een Steeds Kleiner Venster op de Wereld” [Foreign News: An Ever Smaller Window on the World]. International Spectator 7 (1): 31–34.
   Google Scholar
• Vandaele, J. 2015a. “In Gods Naam.” MO* Magazine Fall: 58–9.
   Google Scholar
• Vandaele, J. 2015b. “Onder een Smeulende Vulkaan: Belgische Samenwerking met Burundi.” MO* Magazine Summer: 56–9.
   Google Scholar
• Vandaele, J. 2015c. “Verbeter De Wereld, en Doe het ook Hier: Vijf Stellingen over de Toekomst van de Ontwikkelingssamenwerking.” MO* Magazine Summer: 61–3.
   Google Scholar
• Vandaele, J. 2016. “China Bouwt een Nieuwe Wereld.” MO* Magazine Spring: 41–4.
   Google Scholar
• Vonck, T. 2015. “Thee, Angst en Verveling.” MO* Magazine Winter: 39–40.
   Google Scholar
• Wester, F., and V. Peters. 2004. Kwalitatieve Analyse. [Qualitative Analysis] Bussum: Coutinho.
   Google Scholar