“The New Sheriffs in Town”! Newspapers Visibility of Kenya’s First County Governors

References

• Ali, M. 2009. Globalisation and the Kenyan Media. Nairobi: Image Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Aling’o, P. 2007. “Role of the Media in the Electoral Process.” In Media and Democratic Governance in Kenya, edited by K. Muli, and P. Aling’o, 84–120. Nairobi: Lino Typesetters (K) Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Altheide, D., and R. Snow. 1979. Media Logic. Beverly Hills: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Amselle, J.-L., and E. M’Bokolo. 1985. “Introduction.” In Au Cœurde L’ethnie, edited by J.-L. Amselle, and E. M’Bokolo, 7–10. Paris: La Découverte.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold, R. 2004. Congress, the Press and Political Accountability. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barasa, L. 2013. “Isaac Ruto’s ‘Defense’ of Devolution Gets Backing.” Daily Nation. July 28. https://www.nation.co.ke/news/1056-1929240-11k9s8wz/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett, L. W. 1990. “Towards a Theory of Press-State Relations in the United States.” Journal of Communication 40 (2): 103–127.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowen, H. 2010. Information at the Grassroots: Analyzing the Media Use and Communication Habits of Kenyans to Support Effective Development. InterMedia’s Audience Spaces Research Initiative. London and Washington, DC: InterMedia.
   Google Scholar
• Bundervoet, T., L. Maiyo, and A. Sanghi. 2015. Republic of Kenya - Bright Lights, Big Cities: Measuring National and Sub-National Economic Growth from Outer Space in Africa, With an Application to Kenya and Rwanda. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Bwire, V. 2017. “Support Media to Highlight Devolution Gains and Pitfalls.” Daily Nation. August 25. https://nation.africa/blogs/Support-media-to-highlight-devolution-gains-/1949942-4071028-item-1-112wohx/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Bwire, V. 2018. “Devolution Conference 2018; Media Should Avoid Theatrics.” Citizen Digital. April 11. https://citizentv.co.ke/news/bwire-devolution-conference-2018-media-should-avoid-theatrics-196748/.
   Google Scholar
• Casero-Ripolles, A., J. Izquierdo-Castillo, and H. Domenech-Fabregat. 2014. “From Watchdog to Watched Dog: Oversight and Pressures between Journalists and Politicians in the Context of Mediatisation.” Trípodos 34: 23–40.
   Google Scholar
• Cheeseman, N., G. Lynch, and J. Willis. 2016. “Decentralisation in Kenya: The Governance of Governors.” Journal of Modern African Studies 54 (1): 1–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheeseman, N., J. Maweu, and S. Ouma. 2019. “Peace, but at What Cost? Media Coverage of Elections and Conflict in Kenya.” Working Paper from the MeCoDem project on Media, Conflict and Democratization.
   Google Scholar
• Choto, K. 2019. “BBI is a Historic Moment for Honest Debate on Kenya’s Future.” Daily Nation. November 12. https://nation.africa/kenya/blogs-opinion/opinion/bbi-is-a-historic-moment-for-honest-debate-on-kenya-s-future-222546.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J., Y. Tsfati, and T. Sheafer. 2008. “The Influence of Presumed Media Influence in Politics. Do Politicians’ Perceptions of Media Power Matter?” Public Opinion Quarterly 15 (1): 25–40.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, R., and H. D. Wu. 2015. Image and Emotion in Voter Decisions: The Affect Agenda. New York: Lexington Books.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, T. 1986. “House Members as News Makers: The Effects of Televising Congress.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 11 (2): 203–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daily Nation. 2020. “More Cash in Your Pocket This Month.” Daily Nation. April 23. file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/23.04.20.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• D’Arcy, M., and A. Cornell. 2016. “Devolution and Corruption in Kenya: Everyone’s Turn to Eat.” African Affairs 115 (459): 246–273.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellul, J. 1965. Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. New York: Vintage.
   Google Scholar
• Esipisu, M., and I. Khaguli. 2009. Eyes of Democracy: The Media and Elections. London: Commonwealth Secretariat.
   Google Scholar
• Faringer, G. 1991. Press Freedom in Africa. New York: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Fico, F. 1985. “Search for the Statehouse Spokesman: Coverage of the Governor and Lawmakers.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 62 (1): 74–94.
   Google Scholar
• Fogarty, B. 2008. “The Strategy of the Story: Media Monitoring Legislative Activity.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 33 (3): 445–469.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederiksen, B. 2011. “Print, Newspapers and Audiences in Colonial Kenya: African and Indian Improvement, Protest and Connections.” Africa: Journal of International African Institute 81 (1): 155–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galava, D. 2020. “The Role of Traditional Media.” In The Oxford Handbook of Kenyan Politics, edited by N. Cheeseman, K. Kanyinga, and G. Lynch, 283–296. London: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Galtung, J., and M. Ruge. 1965. “The Structure of Foreign News.” Journal of Peace Research 2 (1): 64–90.
   Google Scholar
• Gans, H. 2004. Deciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek, and Time. Evanston: Northwestern University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gershon, S. 2012. “Press Secretaries, Journalists, and Editors: Shaping Local Congressional News Coverage.” Political Communication 29 (2): 160–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getzel, C. 1970. The Politics of Independent Kenya 1963–1968. Nairobi: Heinemann Education Books.
   Google Scholar
• Ghai, Y. P., and J. McAuslan. 1970. Public Law and Political Change in Kenya. Nairobi: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hallin, D., and P. Mancini. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media in Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harcup, T., and D. O’Neill. 2001. “What is News? Galtung and Ruge Revisited.” Journalism Studies 2 (2): 261–280.
   Google Scholar
• Heath, C. 1997. “Communication and Press Freedom in Kenya.” In Press Freedom and Communication in Africa, edited by F. Eribo, and W. Jong-Ebot, 29–50. Trenton: Africa World Press, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe, M., L. Jacobs, and E. Claes. 2015. “Enduring Gender Bias in Reporting on Political Elite Positions: Media Coverage of Female MPs in Belgian News Broadcasts (2003-2011).” International Journal of Press/Politics 20 (4): 395–414.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch. 2002. “Kenya’s Unfinished Democracy: A Human Rights Agenda for the New Government.” Human Rights Watch 14 (10): 1–27. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/reports/2002/kenya2/kenya1202.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Iberi, D. 2014. “Print Media Coverage of County Governance in Kenya: A Content Analysis of Daily Nation and The Standard Newspapers.” (Master’s Thesis). University of Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Ireri, K. 2012. “Newspaper Visibility of Members of Parliament in Kenya.” Journalism and Mass Communication 2 (7): 717–734.
   Google Scholar
• Ireri, K. 2015. “Constructing a Portrait of Kenyan Journalists in the Twenty-First Century: Demographics, Job Satisfaction, Influences on News Values and Autonomy, and Standards of Journalism Training.” (PhD Dissertation). Indiana University, Bloomington.
   Google Scholar
• Ireri, K., N. Chege, J. Kibarabara, and D. B. Onyalla. 2019. “Frame Analysis: Newspaper Coverage of Kenya’s Oil Exploration in the Post-2012 Discovery Era.” African Journalism Studies 40 (1): 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ireri, K., and J. Ochieng. 2020. “Politicians in Newspaper News: Who Attracts Coverage in Kenyan Politics.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 25 (4): 675–691.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagwanja, P. 2019. “How Corruption is Sinking the ‘Kenya Model’ and Uhuru Legacy.” Daily Nation. March 9. https://nation.africa/kenya/blogs-opinion/opinion/how-corruption-is-sinking-the-kenya-model-and-uhuru-legacy-146604.
   Google Scholar
• Kalyango, Y. 2011. African Media and Democratization. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Kanyinga, K. 2016. “Devolution and the New Politics of Development in Kenya.” African Studies Review 59 (3): 155–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karanja, M. 2000. “Growth of Print Media in Kenya.” In Media Culture and Performance in Kenya, edited by M. Odero, and E. Kimber, 27–49. Nairobi: East Africa Media Institute & Friedrich-Ebert-Stating.
   Google Scholar
• Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. 2015. “Statistical Abstract.” Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/STATISTICAL%20ABSTRACT%202015.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Kenya News Agency. 2017. “Isiolo County Government Leading in Corruption Cases.” http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/?p=119926.
   Google Scholar
• Kerlinger, F. 2000. Foundations of Behavioural Research. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Korir, L. 2013. “Deputy President William Ruto, Bomet Governor Isaac Ruto Clash Over Referendum.” The Standard. August 18. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/politics/article/2000091262/dp-bomet-governor-clash-over-referendum.
   Google Scholar
• Lacy, S., D. Riffe, S. Stoddard, H. Martin, and K. Chang. 2001. “Sample Size for Newspaper Content Analysis in Multi-Year Studies.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 78 (4): 836–845.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarsfeld, P., and R. Merton. 2002. “Mass Communication, Popular Taste and Organized Social Action.” In Media Studies, edited by P. Marris, and S. Thornham, 20–30. New York: New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leys, C. 1975. Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism. London: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Lowrey, W. 2008. “News Routines.” In The International Encyclopaedia of Communication, edited by D. Wolfgang. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.blackwellreference.com/subscriber/tocnode?id=g9781405131995_yr2010_chunk_g978140513199519_ss28-1.
   Google Scholar
• Luke, D., C. Caburnay, and E. Cohen. 2011. “How Much is Enough? New Recommendations for Using Constructed Week Sampling in Newspaper Content Analysis of Health Stories.” Communication Methods and Measures 5 (1): 76–91.
   Google Scholar
• Makali, D. 2003. Media Law and Practice: The Kenyan Jurisprudence. Nairobi, Kenya: Phoenix Publishers Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Makokha, K. 2010. “The Dynamics and Politics of Media in Kenya: The Role and Impact of Mainstream Media in the 2007 General Election.” In Tensions and Reversals in Democratic Transitions: The Kenya 2007 General Elections, edited by K. Kanyinga, and D. Okello, 271–308. Nairobi: SID and IDS.
   Google Scholar
• Manyara, D. 2015. “Isiolo Governor Godana Doyo Charged with Graft, Abuse of Office.” Daily Nation. December 17. https://www.nation.co.ke/counties/isiolo/Isiolo-Governor-Godana-Doyo-charged–graft/1183266-3000246-142ntm9/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Matoke, T. 2020. “Covid-19: Nandi Governor Stephen Sang to Take Pay Cut.” Daily Nation. March 23. https://www.nation.co.ke/counties/nandi/Covid-19-Nandi-Governor-Stephen-Sang-to-take-pay-cut/3444806-5501800-14sq3j/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews, D. 1960. U.S. Senators and Their World. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mazzoleni, G., and W. Schulz. 1999. “Mediatisation of Politics: A Challenge for Democracy?” Political Communication 16 (3): 247–261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNair, B. 2005. “What is Journalism?” In Making Journalists, edited by H. de Burgh, 25–43. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• McQuail, D. 1992. Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Media Policy Research Center. 2015. State of the Media in Kenya 2014: Uncertainty, Resistance and Change. Nairobi: Media Policy Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Midtbø, T. 2011. “Explaining Media Attention for Norwegian MPs: A New Modelling Approach.” Scandinavian Political Studies 34 (3): 226–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris, J., and R. Clawson. 2005. “Media Coverage of Congress in the 1990s: Scandals, Personalities and the Prevalence of Policy and Process.” Political Communication 22: 297–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mumo, N. 2021. Taking Stock of Devolution in Kenya from the 2010 Constitution, Through Two Election Cycles, to the BBI Process. Nairobi: HORN Institute Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nyanjom, O. 2012. Factually True, Legally Untrue: Political Media Ownership in Kenya. Nairobi: Internews.
   Google Scholar
• Obonyo, L. 2003. “Kenya.” In World Press Encyclopaedia: A Survey of Press Systems Worldwide, edited by A. Quick, 529–539. New York: Gale Group.
   Google Scholar
• Ochieng, J. 2019. “Newspaper Framing of Devolution as a New Development Concept in Kenya, 2013–2017.” (Master’s Thesis). United States International University-Africa, Nairobi.
   Google Scholar
• Ochilo, P. 1993. “Press Freedom and the Role of the Media in Kenya.” Africa Media Review 7 (3): 19–33.
   Google Scholar
• Okoth, E. 2015. The Emergence and Growth of Vernacular Radio in Kenya: A Case Study of Radio Having a Positive Economic Impact. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. Oxford: University of Oxford.
   Google Scholar
• Oloo, A. 2015. “The Triumph of Ethnic Identity Over Ideology in the 2013 General Election in Kenya.” In Kenya’s 2013 General Election: Stakes, Practices and Outcomes, edited by K. Njogu, and P. Wekesa, 48–63. Nairobi: Twaweza Communications Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Omojola, O., and N. Morah. 2014. “Media Content Consumption and Influence of Women’s Political Stability.” In Women’s Political Visibility and Media Access: The Case of Nigeria, edited by O. Omojola, 2–28. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Onyango-Obbo, C. 2019. “Desperate Times: The Corrupt Are Eating Nations to the Bone.” Daily Nation, July 10. https://nation.africa/kenya/blogs-opinion/opinion/desperate-times-the-corrupt-are-eating-nations-to-the-bone-184928.
   Google Scholar
• Onyebadi, U. 2008. “Towards an Examination and Expansion of the Agenda Setting Theory: Did the Media Matter in Kenya’s Presidential Election, 2007?” (Doctoral dissertation). University of Missouri, Missouri.
   Google Scholar
• Oyugi, W. 2001. “Politicized Ethnic Conflict in Kenya: A Periodic Phenomenon.” In African Conflicts: Their Management, Resolution, and Post-Conflict Reconstruction, edited by A. Bujra, and A. Ahmed, 34–51. Addis Ababa: DPMF/OSSREA.
   Google Scholar
• Oyugi, W. 2005. “The Search for an Appropriate Decentralisation Design in Kenya: Historical and Comparative Perspectives.” In The Anatomy of Bomas: Selected Analyses of the 2004 Draft Constitution of Kenya, edited by K. Kindiki, and O. Ambani, 57–106. Nairobi: Claripress.
   Google Scholar
• Payne, J. 1980. “Show Horses and Work Horses in the United States House of Representatives.” Polity 12 (3): 428–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• People Daily. 2020. “Schools Now Shut in Corona Lockdown.” People Daily. March 16. file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/16.03.20.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Picard, R., et al. 2004. “The Economics of Daily Newspapers.” In Media Economics: Theory and Practice, edited by A. Alexander, 109–126. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. 2010. The Constitution of Kenya, 2010. Nairobi: Government Press.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Kenya. 2017. Economic Survey 2017. Nairobi: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics.
   Google Scholar
• Sayagie, G. 2014. “Shock as Aden Duale and Isaac Ruto Clash in Public Over Referendum.” Daily Nation. September 15. https://mobile.nation.co.ke/news/Aden-Duale-Isaac-Ruto-Pesa-Mashinani-Referendum/1950946-2453852-format-xhtml-14ctgl5z/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sellers, P. J., and B. F. Schaffner. 2007. “Winning Coverage in the U.S. Senate.” Political Communication 24 (4): 377–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheafer, T. 2008. “Charismatic Communication Skill, Media Legitimacy and Electoral Success.” Journal of Political Marketing 7 (1): 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Shields, T., and R. K. Goidel. 1996. “The President and Congress as Sources in Television News Coverage on the National Debt.” Polity 28: 401–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, P., and S. Reese. 1996. Mediating the Message: Theories of Influences on Mass Media Content. White Plains, NY: Longman Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Shoemaker, P., and S. Reese. 2014. Mediating the Message in the Twenty-First Century: A Media Sociology Perspective. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Squire, P. 1988. “Who Gets National News Coverage in the U.S. Senate?” American Politics Quarterly 16 (2): 139–156.
   Google Scholar
• Standard Reporter. 2015, March 31. “Kenyan Governors Named in the List of Shame.” The Standard. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000156779/kenyan-governors-named-in-the%20list-of-shame.
   Google Scholar
• Steeves, J. 2016. “The 2017 Election in Kenya: Reimagining the Past or Introducing the Future?” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 54 (4): 478–497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stromback, J., and L. Nord. 2006. “Do Politicians Lead the Tango?” European Journal of Communication 21 (2): 147–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Standard. 2020. “Uhuru’s Secret Card with Raila.” The Standard. April 24. file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/24.04.20.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• The Star. 2020. “Matatus Weak Link in Anti-Corona War.” The Star. March 17. file:///C:/Users/HP/Downloads/17.03.20.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, J. B. 2005. “The New Visibility.” Theory, Culture & Society 22 (6): 31–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tresch, A. 2009. “Politicians in the Media: Determinants of Legislators’ Presence and Prominence in Swiss Newspapers.” International Journal of Press/Politics 14 (1): 67–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsfati, Y., D. Elfassi, and I. Waismel-Manor. 2010. “Exploring the Association Between Israel Legislators’ Physical Attractiveness and Their Television News Coverage.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 15 (2): 175–192.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchman, G. 1978. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Van Aelst, P., B. Maddens, J. Noppe, and S. Fiers. 2008. “Politicians in the News: Media or Party Logic? Media Attention and Electoral Success in the Belgian Election Campaign of 2003.” European Journal of Communication 23: 193–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Santen, R., L. Helfer, and P. van Aelst. 2013. “When Politics Becomes News: An Analysis of Parliamentary Questions and Press Coverage in Three West European Countries.” Acta Politica 50: 45–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos, D. 2014. “Which Politicians Pass the News Gates and Why? Explaining Inconsistencies in Research on News Coverage of Individual Politicians.” International Journal of Communication 8: 2438–2461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos, D. 2016. “How Ordinary MPs Can Make It Into the News: A Factorial Survey Experiment with Political Journalists to Explain the Newsworthiness of MPs.” Mass Communication and Society 19 (6): 738–757.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, A., L. Trimble, S. Sampert, and B. Gerrits. 2017. “Gender, Competitiveness, and Candidate Visibility in Newspaper Coverage of Canadian Party Leadership Contests.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 22 (4): 471–489.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, D., and C. Wilhoit. 1974. “News Magazine Visibility of Senators.” Journalism Quarterly 51 (1): 67–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolfsfeld, G., and T. Sheafer. 2006. “Competing Actors and the Construction of Political News: The Contest Over Waves in Israel.” Political Communication 23 (3): 333–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar