Is HIV-1 viraemia below 20 copies/mL in antiretroviral-treated patients associated with virologic outcome?

References

• Gunthard HF, Saag MS, Benson CA, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2016 Recommendations of the International Antiviral Society-USA Panel. JAMA. 2016;316:191–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mocroft A, Phillips AN, Gatell J, et al. Normalisation of CD4 counts in patients with HIV-1 infection and maximum virological suppression who are taking combination antiretroviral therapy: an observational cohort study. Lancet. 2007;370:407–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez Estevez M, Chueca Porcuna N, Guillot Suay V, et al. Quantification of viral loads lower than 50 copies per milliliter by use of the Cobas AmpliPrep/Cobas TaqMan HIV-1 test, version 2.0, can predict the likelihood of subsequent virological rebound to >50 copies per milliliter. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51:1555–1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle T, Smith C, Vitiello P, et al. Plasma HIV-1 RNA detection below 50 copies/mL and risk of virologic rebound in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54:724–732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianotti N, Galli L, Salpietro S, et al. Virological rebound in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with or without residual viraemia: results from an extended follow-up. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:E542–E544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henrich TJ, Wood BR, Kuritzkes DR. Increased risk of virologic rebound in patients on antiviral therapy with a detectable HIV load <48 copies/mL. PLoS One. 2012;7:e50065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggiolo F, Callegaro A, Cologni G, et al. Ultrasensitive assessment of residual low-level HIV viremia in HAART-treated patients and risk of virological failure. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60:473–482.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widdrington J, Payne B, Medhi M, et al. The significance of very low-level viraemia detected by sensitive viral load assays in HIV infected patients on HAART. J Infect. 2011;62:87–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leierer G, Grabmeier-Pfistershammer K, Steuer A, et al. A single quantifiable viral load is predictive of virological failure in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients on combination antiretroviral therapy: The Austrian HIV Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3:ofw089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charpentier C, Landman R, Laouenan C, et al. Persistent low-level HIV-1 RNA between 20 and 50 copies/mL in antiretroviral-treated patients: associated factors and virological outcome. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:2231–2235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianotti N, Galli L, Racca S, et al. Residual viraemia does not influence 1 year virological rebound in HIV-infected patients with HIV RNA persistently below 50 copies/mL. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:213–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teira R, Vidal F, Munoz-Sanchez P, et al. Very low level viraemia and risk of virological failure in treated HIV-1-infected patients. HIV Med. 2017;18:196–203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb BR, Vaks JE, Do T, et al. Evolution in the sensitivity of quantitative HIV-1 viral load tests. J Clin Virol. 2011;52 Suppl 1:S77–S82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Sighem AI, Boender TS, Wit FWNM, et al. HIV Monitoring report 2017. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection in The Netherlands. Amsterdam: Stichting HIV Monitoring; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Boillat-Blanco N, Darling KE, Schoni-Affolter F, et al. Virological outcome and management of persistent low-level viraemia in HIV-1-infected patients: 11 years of the Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Antivir Ther. 2014;20:165–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvstam O, Medstrand P, Yilmaz A, et al. Virological failure and all-cause mortality in HIV-positive adults with low-level viremia during antiretroviral treatment. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0180761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geretti AM, Smith C, Haberl A, et al. Determinants of virological failure after successful viral load suppression in first-line highly active antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther. 2008;13:927–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofstra LM, Mudrikova T, Stam AJ, et al. Residual viremia is preceding viral blips and persistent low-level viremia in treated HIV-1 patients. PLoS One. 2014;9:e110749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laprise C, de Pokomandy A, Baril JG, et al. Virologic failure following persistent low-level viremia in a cohort of HIV-positive patients: results from 12 years of observation. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57:1489–1496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vancoillie L, Demecheleer E, Callens S, et al. Markers associated with persisting low-level viraemia under antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69:1098–1103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenhende MA, Perrier A, Bonnet F, et al. Risk of virological failure in HIV-1-infected patients experiencing low-level viraemia under active antiretroviral therapy (ANRS C03 cohort study). Antivir Ther. 2015;20:655–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernas B, Grandal M, Pertega S, et al. Any impact of blips and low-level viraemia episodes among HIV-infected patients with sustained virological suppression on ART?. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:1051–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haim-Boukobza S, Morand-Joubert L, Flandre P, et al. Higher efficacy of nevirapine than efavirenz to achieve HIV-1 plasma viral load below 1 copy/mL. AIDS. 2011;25:341–344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sungkanuparph S, Overton ET, Seyfried W, et al. Intermittent episodes of detectable HIV viremia in patients receiving nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor-based or protease inhibitor-based highly active antiretroviral therapy regimens are equivalent in incidence and prognosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:1326–1332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonora S, Nicastri E, Calcagno A, et al. Ultrasensitive assessment of residual HIV viraemia in HAART-treated patients with persistently undetectable plasma HIV-RNA: a cross-sectional evaluation. J Med Virol. 2009;81:400–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmisano L, Giuliano M, Nicastri E, et al. Residual viraemia in subjects with chronic HIV infection and viral load < 50 copies/mL: the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2005;19:1843–1847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijting I, Rokx C, Boucher C, et al. Dolutegravir as maintenance monotherapy for HIV (DOMONO): a phase 2, randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:e547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maldarelli F, Palmer S, King MS, et al. ART suppresses plasma HIV-1 RNA to a stable set point predicted by pretherapy viremia. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:e46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darcis G, Bouchat S, Kula A, et al. Reactivation capacity by latency-reversing agents ex vivo correlates with the size of the HIV-1 reservoir. AIDS. 2017;31:181–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar