Urine dipstick low sensitivity for UTI diagnosis in febrile infantsFootnote^*

* This study was conducted as part of the requirements for an MD degree at the Goldman Medical School at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.

*

References

• Shaikh N, Morone NE, Bost JE, et al. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:302–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montini G, Tullus K, Hewitt I. Febrile urinary tract infections in children. N Engl J Med. 2011;365:239–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulthard MG, Verber I, Jani JC, et al. Can prompt treatment of childhood UTI prevent kidney scarring? Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:2059–2063.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herz D, Merguerian P, McQuiston L, et al. 5-year prospective results of dimercapto-succinic acid imaging in children with febrile urinary tract infection: proof that the top-down approach works. J Urol. 2010;184:1703–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Round J, Fitzgerald AC, Hulme C, et al. Urinary tract infections in children and the risk of ESRF. Acta Paediatr. 2012;101:278–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stein R, Dogan HS, Hoebeke P, et al. Urinary tract infections in children: EAU/ESPU guidelines. Eur Urol. 2015;67:546–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed SM, Swedlund SK. Evaluation and treatment of urinary tract infections in children. Am Fam Physician. 1998;57:1573–1580, 1583–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer R, Kogan BA. New developments in the diagnosis and management of pediatric UTIs. Urol Clin North Am. 2008;35:47–58; vi.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Reaffirmation of aap clinical practice guideline: the diagnosis and management of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children 2-24 months of age. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2016.138:e20163026. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940735.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder AR, Chang PW, Shen MW, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the urinalysis for urinary tract infection in infants <3 months of age. Pediatrics. 2015;135:965–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simerville JA, Maxted WC, Pahira JJ. Urinalysis: a comprehensive review. Am Fam Physician. 2005;71:1153–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavelle JM, Blackstone MM, Funari MK, et al. Two-step process for ed uti screening in febrile young children: reducing catheterization rates. Pediatrics. 2016;138:e20153023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachur RG, Harper MB. Predictive model for serious bacterial infections among infants younger than 3 months of age. Pediatrics. 2001;108:311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baraff LJ. Management of fever without source in infants and children. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36:602–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belov Y, Leibovitz E, Vodonos A, et al. Performance of risk stratification criteria in the management of febrile young infants younger than three months of age. Acta Paediatr. 2018;107:496–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmon L, Goldbart A, Greenberg D, et al. Serious bacterial infections in hospitalized febrile infants in the first and second months of life. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36:924–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachur R, Harper MB. Reliability of the urinalysis for predicting urinary tract infections in young febrile children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2001;155:60–65.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glissmeyer EW, Korgenski EK, Wilkes J, et al. Dipstick screening for urinary tract infection in febrile infants. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e1121–1127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herreros ML, Tagarro A, Garcia-Pose A, et al. Performing a urine dipstick test with a clean-catch urine sample is an accurate screening method for urinary tract infections in young infants. Acta Paediatr. 2018;107:145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velasco R, Benito H, Mozun R, et al. Using a urine dipstick to identify a positive urine culture in young febrile infants is as effective as in older patients. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104:e39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoberman A, Wald ER, Reynolds EA, et al. Pyuria and bacteriuria in urine specimens obtained by catheter from young children with fever. J Pediatr. 1994;124:513–519.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronald A. The etiology of urinary tract infection: traditional and emerging pathogens. Dis Mon. 2003;49:71–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richet H. Seasonality in Gram-negative and healthcare-associated infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18:934–940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikh N, Hoberman A, Hum SW, et al. Development and validation of a calculator for estimating the probability of urinary tract infection in young febrile children. JAMA Pediatr. 2018;172:550–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on Quality Improvement. Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection. Pediatrics. 1999;103:843–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaluarachchi D, Kaldas V, Roques E, et al. Comparison of urinary tract infection rates among 2- to 12-month-old febrile infants with RSV infections using 1999 and 2011 AAP diagnostic criteria. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2014;53:742–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDaniel CE, Ralston S, Lucas B, et al. Association of diagnostic criteria with urinary tract infection prevalence in bronchiolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173:269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozer E, Rosenbloom E, Goldman D, et al. Pain in infants who are younger than 2 months during suprapubic aspiration and transurethral bladder catheterization: a randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2006;118:e51–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keren R, Shaikh N, Pohl H, et al. Risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection and renal scarring. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e13–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim YH, Lee JW, Lee SJ. The risk factors of recurrent urinary tract infection in infants with normal urinary systems. Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24:309–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar