3,413
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Non-purulent skin and soft tissue infections: predictive power of a severity score and the appropriateness of treatment in a prospective cohort

, , &
Pages 361-371 | Received 14 Jan 2020, Accepted 03 Feb 2020, Published online: 13 Feb 2020

References

  • Ansari F, Erntell M, Goossens H, et al. The European surveillance of antimicrobial consumption (ESAC) point-prevalence survey of antibacterial use in 20 European hospitals in 2006. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1496–1504.
  • Christensen KL, Holman RC, Steiner CA, et al. Infectious disease hospitalizations in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:1025–1035.
  • Cannon J, Rajakaruna G, Dyer J, et al. Severe lower limb cellulitis: defining the epidemiology and risk factors for primary episodes in a population-based case-control study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:1089–1094.
  • Tun K, Shurko JF, Ryan L, et al. Age-based health and economic burden of skin and soft tissue infections in the United States, 2000 and 2012. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0206893.
  • Raff AB, Kroshinsky D. Cellulitis: a review. JAMA. 2016;316:325–337.
  • Cranendonk DR, van Vught LA, Wiewel MA, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with cellulitis requiring intensive care. JAMA Dermatol. 2017;153:578–582.
  • Marwick C, Broomhall J, McCowan C, et al. Severity assessment of skin and soft tissue infections: cohort study of management and outcomes for hospitalized patients. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66:387–397.
  • Goh T, Goh LG, Ang CH, et al. Early diagnosis of necrotizing fasciitis. Br J Surg. 2014;101:e119–25.
  • Kamath RS, Sudhakar D, Gardner JG, et al. Guidelines vs actual management of skin and soft tissue infections in the emergency department. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5:ofx188.
  • Nymoen Aasbrenn M, Skeie I, Berild D. Compliance to antibiotic guidelines leads to more appropriate use of antibiotics in skin and soft tissue infections in injecting drug users. Infect Dis (Lond). 2019;51:570–577.
  • Claeys KC, Zasowski EJ, Lagnf AM, et al. Development of a risk-scoring tool to determine appropriate level of care in acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in an acute healthcare setting. Infect Dis Ther. 2018;7:495–507.
  • Montravers P, Snauwaert A, Welsch C. Current guidelines and recommendations for the management of skin and soft tissue infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2016;29:131–138.
  • Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:e10–52.
  • Clinical Resource Efficiency Support Team (CREST). Guidelines on the Management of Cellulitis 2005 [cited 2018 Apr 30]. Available from: http://www.rcem.ac.uk/docs/External%20Guidance/10n.%20Guidelines%20on%20the%20management%20of%20cellulitis%20in%20adults%20(CREST,%202005.pdf
  • Cutfield T, Walter H, Hobbs M, et al. Association of the Dundee severity classification with mortality, length of stay and readmission in adult inpatients with cellulitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019;74:200–206.
  • Bruun T, Oppegaard O, Kittang BR, et al. Etiology of cellulitis and clinical prediction of streptococcal disease: a prospective study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2016;3:ofv181.
  • Bruun T, Oppegaard O, Hufthammer KO, et al. Early response in cellulitis: a prospective study of dynamics and predictors. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63:1034–1041.
  • Calandra T, Cohen J. International sepsis forum definition of infection in the ICUCC. The international sepsis forum consensus conference on definitions of infection in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2005;33:1538–1548.
  • Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315:801–810.
  • Maitra S, Som A, Bhattacharjee S. Accuracy of quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA) score and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria for predicting mortality in hospitalized patients with suspected infection: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:1123–1129.
  • Churpek MM, Snyder A, Han X, et al. Quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and early warning scores for detecting clinical deterioration in infected patients outside the intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:906–911.
  • Silcock DJ, Corfield AR, Rooney KD, et al. Superior performance of national early warning score compared with quick sepsis-related organ failure assessment score in predicting adverse outcomes: a retrospective observational study of patients in the prehospital setting. Eur J Emerg Med. 2019;26:433–439.
  • Marwick C, Rae N, Irvine N, et al. Prospective study of severity assessment and management of acute medical admissions with skin and soft tissue infection. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67:1016–1019.
  • Ki V, Rotstein C. Bacterial skin and soft tissue infections in adults: a review of their epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and site of care. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2008;19:173–184.
  • Hashem NG, Hidayat L, Berkowitz L, et al. Management of skin and soft-tissue infections at a community teaching hospital using a severity-of-illness tool. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71:3268–3275.
  • Rath E, Skrede S, Mylvaganam H, et al. Aetiology and clinical features of facial cellulitis: a prospective study. Infect Dis (Lond). 2018;50:27–34.
  • Kiely A, Elwahab SA, McDonnell D, et al. Over-admission and over-treatment of patients with cellulitis: a 5-year audit against international guidelines. Ir J Med Sci. 2020;189:245–249.
  • Gunderson CG, Cherry BM, Fisher A. Do patients with cellulitis need to be hospitalized? Asystematic review and meta-analysis of mortality rates of inpatients with cellulitis. J Gen Intern Med. 2018;33:1553–1560.
  • Ong BS, Ngian VJJ, Yeong C, et al. Out of hospital and in hospital management of cellulitis requiring intravenous therapy. Int J Gen Med. 2019;12:447–453.
  • Garau J, Ostermann H, Medina J, et al. Current management of patients hospitalized with complicated skin and soft tissue infections across Europe (2010-2011): assessment of clinical practice patterns and real-life effectiveness of antibiotics from the REACH study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2013;19:E377–E385.
  • Jenkins TC, Knepper BC, Moore SJ, et al. Antibiotic prescribing practices in a multicenter cohort of patients hospitalized for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35:1241–1250.
  • Jeng A, Beheshti M, Li J, et al. The role of beta-hemolytic streptococci in causing diffuse, nonculturable cellulitis: a prospective investigation. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89:217–226.
  • Brindle R, Williams OM, Davies P, et al. Adjunctive clindamycin for cellulitis: a clinical trial comparing flucloxacillin with or without clindamycin for the treatment of limb cellulitis. BMJ Open. 2017;7:e013260.
  • Laboratory surveillance of pyogenic and non-pyogenic streptococcal bacteraemia in England, Wales and Northern Ireland: 2016. England: PHE publication; 2017 [cited 2019 May 30]. Available from: www.gov.uk/phe; https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/660589/hpr4117_pnp-strptccc.pdf
  • Gunderson CG, Martinello RA. A systematic review of bacteremias in cellulitis and erysipelas. J Infect. 2012;64:148–155.
  • Siljander T, Karppelin M, Vahakuopus S, et al. Acute bacterial, nonnecrotizing cellulitis in Finland: microbiological findings. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:855–861.
  • Oppegaard O, Mylvaganam H, Kittang BR. Beta-haemolytic group A, C and G streptococcal infections in Western Norway: a 15-year retrospective survey. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21:171–178.
  • Carapetis JR, Jacoby P, Carville K, et al. Effectiveness of clindamycin and intravenous immunoglobulin, and risk of disease in contacts, in invasive group a streptococcal infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:358–365.
  • Figtree M, Konecny P, Jennings Z, et al. Risk stratification and outcome of cellulitis admitted to hospital. J Infect. 2010;60:431–439.
  • Yarbrough PM, Kukhareva PV, Spivak ES, et al. Evidence-based care pathway for cellulitis improves process, clinical, and cost outcomes. J Hosp Med. 2015;10:780–786.
  • Housman E, Livings SE, Knee A, et al. Improving management of hospitalized adults with uncomplicated cellulitis or cutaneous abscess. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;4:ofx094.
  • Pallin DJ, Binder WD, Allen MB, et al. Clinical trial: comparative effectiveness of cephalexin plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus cephalexin alone for treatment of uncomplicated cellulitis: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1754–1762.
  • Moran GJ, Krishnadasan A, Mower WR, et al. Effect of cephalexin plus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs cephalexin alone on clinical cure of uncomplicated cellulitis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;317:2088–2096.