RT-PCR cycle threshold value in combination with visual scoring of chest computed tomography at hospital admission predicts outcome in COVID-19

References

• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: Summary of a report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried MW, Crawford JM, Mospan AR, et al. Patient characteristics and outcomes of 11 721 patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) hospitalized across the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(10):e558–e565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim L, Garg S, O'Halloran A, et al. Risk factors for intensive care unit admission and in-hospital mortality among hospitalized adults identified through the US coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated hospitalization surveillance network (COVID-NET). Clin Infect Dis. 2021;72(9):e206–e214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson BR, et al. Predictors at admission of mechanical ventilation and death in an observational cohort of adults hospitalized with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;73(11):e4141–e4151.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Docherty AB, Harrison EM, Green CA, ISARIC4C investigators, et al. Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1985.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan C, Huang Y, Shi F, et al. C-reactive protein correlates with computed tomographic findings and predicts severe COVID-19 early. J Med Virol. 2020;92(7):856–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger JS, Kunichoff D, Adhikari S, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of D-Dimer elevation in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. ATVB. 2020;40(10):2539–2547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang I, Pranata R. Lymphopenia in severe coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): systematic review and Meta-analysis. j Intensive Care. 2020;8(1):36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu G, Yang P, Xie Y, et al. Development of a clinical decision support system for severity risk prediction and triage of COVID-19 patients at hospital admission: an international multicentre study. Eur Respir J. 2020;56(2):2001104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liang W, Liang H, Ou L, China Medical Treatment Expert Group for COVID-19, et al. Development and validation of a clinical risk score to predict the occurrence of critical illness in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(8):1081–1089.,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garibaldi BT, Fiksel J, Muschelli J, et al. Patient trajectories among persons hospitalized for COVID-19 : A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(1):33–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlstrand E, Cajander S, Cajander P, et al. Visual scoring of chest CT at hospital admission predicts hospitalization time and intensive care admission in covid-19. Infect Dis (Lond)). 2021;53(8):622–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombi D, Bodini FC, Petrini M, et al. Well-aerated lung on admitting chest CT to predict adverse outcome in COVID-19 pneumonia. Radiology. 2020;296(2):E86–E96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillo E, Bedmar Gomez I, Dangeard S, et al. COVID-19 pneumonia: Diagnostic and prognostic role of CT based on a retrospective analysis of 214 consecutive patients from Paris, France. Eur J Radiol. 2020;131:109209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raoufi M, et al. Correlation between chest computed tomography scan findings and mortality of COVID-19 cases: a cross sectional study. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e57.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ufuk F, Demirci M, Sagtas E, et al. The prognostic value of pneumonia severity score and pectoralis muscle area on chest CT in adult COVID-19 patients. Eur J Radiol. 2020;131:109271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1177–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He X, Lau EHY, Wu P, et al. Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(5):672–675.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young BE, et al. Viral dynamics and immune correlates of COVID-19 disease severity. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;73(9):e2932–e2942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cevik M, Tate M, Lloyd O, et al. SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and infectiousness: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Lancet Microbe. 2021;2(1):e13–e22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wolfel R, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. 2020;581(7809):465–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera RAPM, Tso E, Tsang OTY, et al. SARS-CoV-2 virus culture and subgenomic RNA for respiratory specimens from patients with mild coronavirus disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26(11):2701–2704.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kampen JJA, van de Vijver DAMC, Fraaij PLA, et al. Duration and key determinants of infectious virus shedding in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasuji H, Takegoshi Y, Kaneda M, et al. Transmissibility of COVID-19 depends on the viral load around onset in adult and symptomatic patients. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0243597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullard J, Dust K, Funk D, et al. Predicting infectious severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 from diagnostic samples. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(10):2663–2666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine-Tiefenbrun M, Yelin I, Katz R, et al. Initial report of decreased SARS-CoV-2 viral load after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine. Nat Med. 2021;27(5):790–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choudhuri J, Carter J, Nelson R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 PCR cycle threshold at hospital admission associated with patient mortality. PLoS One. 2020;15(12):e0244777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magleby R, et al. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral load on risk of intubation and mortality among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;73(11):e4197–e4205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pujadas E, Chaudhry F, McBride R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load predicts COVID-19 mortality. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(9):e70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westblade LF, Brar G, Pinheiro LC, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load predicts mortality in patients with and without cancer who are hospitalized with COVID-19. Cancer Cell. 2020;38(5):661–671 e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller EH, Zucker J, Castor D, et al. Pretest symptom duration and cycle threshold values for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Reverse-Transcription polymerase chain reaction predict coronavirus disease 2019 Mortality. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(2):ofab003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Pina JM, Rodríguez Rodriguez M, Castro Quismondo N, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality from COVID-19 in patients with haematological malignancies. Eur J Haematol. 2020;105(5):597–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashiwagi K, Maeda T, Yoshizawa S, et al. Comparison of IgG antibodies, SARS-CoV-2 load, and prognostic indicators in patients with severe and mild COVID-19 in Japan. J Nippon Med Sch. 2021;88(4):380–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Borgne P, Solis M, Severac F, CRICS TRIGGERSEP Group (Clinical Research in Intensive Care and Sepsis Trial Group for Global Evaluation and Research in Sepsis), et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in nasopharyngeal swabs in the emergency department does not predict COVID-19 severity and mortality. Acad Emerg Med. 2021;28(3):306–313.,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fajnzylber J, Regan J, Coxen K, et al.; Massachusetts Consortium for Pathogen Readiness. SARS-CoV-2 viral load is associated with increased disease severity and mortality. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5493.,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lesho E, et al. Temporal, spatial, and epidemiologic relationships of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) gene cycle thresholds: a pragmatic ambi-directional observation. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;73(9):e3133–e3135.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Helgenomsekvensering av svenska SARS-CoV-2 som orsakar covid-19, delrapport 2, 2020. 2020 [cited 2020; Available from: https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/contentassets/eda7d448e17f48cf81229200e4d8437f/helgenomsekvensering-svenska-sars-cov-2-orsakar-covid-19-del-2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Helgenomsekvensering av svenska SARS-CoV-2 som orsakar covid-19, delrapport 3, 2020. 2020 [cited 2020; Available from: https://www.folkhalsomyndigheten.se/contentassets/088dbf03a535495ba9df441577eea7ec/helgenomsekvensering-svenska-sars-cov-2-orsakar-covid-19-del-3.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Bhimraj A, et al. Infectious diseases society of America guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2020:ciaa478.
   Google Scholar
• Alhazzani W, Møller MH, Arabi YM, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: Guidelines on the management of critically ill adults with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)). Crit Care Med. 2020;48(6):e440–e469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diagnostic detection of Wuhan coronavirus 2019 by real-time RTPCR. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/wuhan-virus-assay-v1991527e5122341d99287a1b17c111902.pdf?sfvrsn=d381fc88_2.
   Google Scholar
• Karahasan Yagci A, Sarinoglu RC, Bilgin H, et al. Relationship of the cycle threshold values of SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction and total severity score of computerized tomography in patients with COVID 19. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;101:160–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sulaiman I, Chung M, Angel L, et al. Microbial signatures in the lower airways of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients associated with poor clinical outcome. Nat Microbiol. 2021;6(10):1245–1258.,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanco-Melo D, Nilsson-Payant BE, Liu W-C, et al. Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell. 2020;181(5):1036–1045 e9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trouillet-Assant S, Viel S, Gaymard A, COVID HCL Study group, et al. Type I IFN immunoprofiling in COVID-19 patients. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;146(1):206–208 e2.,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjadj J, Yatim N, Barnabei L, et al. Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients. Science. 2020;369(6504):718–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thoms M, Buschauer R, Ameismeier M, et al. Structural basis for translational shutdown and immune evasion by the Nsp1 protein of SARS-CoV-2. Science. 2020;369(6508):1249–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia H, Cao Z, Xie X, et al. Evasion of type I interferon by SARS-CoV-2. Cell Rep. 2020;33(1):108234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahallawi WH, et al. Association of viral load in SARS-CoV-2 patients with age and gender. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:608215.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miranda RL, Guterres A, de Azeredo Lima CH, et al. Misinterpretation of viral load in COVID-19 clinical outcomes. Virus Res. 2021;296:198340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahdouh E, Lázaro-Perona F, Romero-Gómez MP, et al. Ct values from SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic PCR assays should not be used as direct estimates of viral load. J Infect. 2021;82(3):414–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han MS, Byun J-H, Cho Y, et al. RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2: quantitative versus qualitative. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021;21(2):165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar