Assessment of the feasibility of pool testing for SARS-CoV-2 infection screening

References

• Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, C4591001 Clinical Trial Group, et al. Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA covid-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27):2603–2615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung K, Shum MH, Leung GM, et al. Early transmissibility assessment of the N501Y mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 in the United Kingdom, October to November 2020. Eurosurveillance. 2021;26(1):2002106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwenda M, Saasa N, Sinyange N, et al. Detection of B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 variant strain – Zambia, December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(8):280–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naveca F, et al. Phylogenetic relationship of SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Amazonas with emerging Brazilian variants harboring mutations E484K and N501Y in the Spike protein. Available from: https://virological.org/t/phylogenetic-relationship-of-sars-cov-2-sequences-from-amazonas-with-emerging-brazilian-variants-harboring-mutations-e484k-and-n501y-in-the-spike-protein/585. 2021.
   Google Scholar
• CDC COVID-19 Response Team. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (omicron) variant – United States, December 1–8, 2021. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2021;70(50):1731–1734.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, et al. Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus. Cell. 2020;182(4):812–827.e19.
   Google Scholar
• Korber B, Fischer WM, Gnanakaran S, Sheffield COVID-19 Genomics Group, et al. Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus. Cell. 2020;182(4):812–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wall EC, Wu M, Harvey R, et al. Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 VOCs B. 1.617. 2 and B. 1.351 by BNT162b2 vaccination. The Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2331–2333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abu-Raddad LJ, Chemaitelly H, Butt AA, National Study Group for COVID-19 Vaccination. Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 covid-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(2):187–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K, Werner AP, Koch M, et al. Serum neutralizing activity elicited by mRNA-1273 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(15):1468–1470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdool Karim SS, de Oliveira T. New SARS-CoV-2 variants – clinical, public health, and vaccine implications. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(19):1866–1868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emary KRW, Golubchik T, Aley PK, COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium. AMPHEUS Project. Oxford COVID-19 Vaccine Trial Group, et al. Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10282):1351–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu L, Mok BW, Chen LL, et al. Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant by sera from BNT162b2 or coronavac vaccine recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;ciab1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korber Corman VM, Landt O, Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020;25:2000045.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pascarella G, Strumia A, Piliego C, et al. COVID-19 diagnosis and management: a comprehensive review. J Intern Med. 2020;288(2):192–192e206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharfstein JM, Becker SJ, Mello MM. Diagnostic testing for the novel coronavirus. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1437–1438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giri B, Pandey S, Shrestha R, et al. Review of analytical performance of COVID-19 detection methods. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2021;413(1):35–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorfman R. The detection of defective members of large populations. Ann Math Statist. 1943;14(4):436e40–436440.
   Google Scholar
• Tu XM, Litvak E, Pagano M. Studies of AIDS and HIV surveillance. Screening tests: can we get more by doing less? Stat Med. 1994;13(19-20):1905–1901919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Zyl GU, Preiser W, Potschka S, et al. Pooling strategies to reduce the cost of HIV-1 RNA load monitoring in a resource-limited setting. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(2):264e70–264270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tilghman MW, Guerena DD, Licea A, et al. Pooled nucleic acid testing to detect antiretroviral treatment failure in Mexico. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;56(3):e70–e7e74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinesha TR, Boobalan J, Sivamalar S, Subashini D, et al. Occult HBV infection in HIV-infected adults and evaluation of pooled NAT for HBV. J Viral Hepat. 2018;25(6):718–718723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farfan MJ, Torres JP, O'Ryan M, et al. Optimizing RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 for developing countries using Pool testing. Rev Chilena Infectol. 2020;37(3):276–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdalhamid B, Bilder CR, McCutchen EL, et al. Assessment of specimen pooling to conserve SARS CoV-2 testing resources. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;153(6):715–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bateman AC, Mueller S, Guenther K, et al. Assessing the dilution effect of specimen pooling on the sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 PCR tests. J Med Virol. 2021;93(3):1568–1565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson EB. Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference. J Am Stat Assoc. 1927; 22(158):209–212.
   Google Scholar
• Yelin I, Aharony N, Shaer Tamar E, et al. Evaluation of COVID-19 RT-qPCR test in multi-sample pools. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(16):2073–2078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan CA, Sahoo MK, Pinsky BA. Sample pooling as a strategy to detect community transmission of SARS-CoV-2. JAMA. 2020;323(19):1967–1969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eis-Hübinger AM, Hönemann M, Wenzel JJ, et al. Ad hoc laboratory-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 by real-time RT-PCR using minipools of RNA prepared from routine respiratory samples. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Ami R, Klochendler A, Seidel M, The Hebrew University-Hadassah COVID-19 Diagnosis Team, et al. Largescale implementation of pooled RNA-extraction and RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(9):1248–1253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulu A, Alemayehu DH, Alemu F, et al. Evaluation of sample pooling for screening of SARS CoV-2. PLOS One. 2021;16(2):e0247767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Drug Administration Staff. Template for developers of molecular diagnostic tests included in the “policy for Coronavirus disease-2019 tests during the public health emergency (revised). Available from: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/policy-coronavirus-disease-2019-tests-during-public-health-emergency-revised.
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases (NCIRD). https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/lab/pooling-procedures.html.
   Google Scholar
• Shental N, Levy S, Wuvshet V, et al. Efficient high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 testing to detect asymptomatic carriers. Sci Adv. 2020;6(37):eabc5961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lohse S, Pfuhl T, Berkó-Göttel B, et al. Pooling of samples for testing for SARS-CoV-2 in asymptomatic people. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20(11):1231–1232.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baccini M, Rocco E, Paganini I, et al. Pool testing on random and natural clusters of individuals: optimisation of SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in the presence of low viral load samples. PLoS One. 2021;16(5):e0251589.
   Google Scholar
• Regen F, Eren N, Heuser I, et al. A simple approach to optimum pool size for pooled SARS-CoV-2 testing. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;100:324–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GdL ISPRO Toscana, GdL DISIA Unifi, GdL ARS Toscana. 2020. Strategie di sorveglianza e biomonitoraggio del contagio da SARS-CoV-2 tramite tamponi individuali, pool testing e test sierologici: un protocollo per affrontare il dopo lockdown in Regione Toscana. E&P Repository Available from: https://repo.epiprev.it/1235.
   Google Scholar
• Baccini M, Cereda G. Screening plans for SARS-CoV-2 based on sampling and rotation: an example in a European School setting. PLOS One. 2021;16(9):e0257099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert-Niclot S, Cuffel A, Le Pape S, et al. Evaluation of rapid diagnostic assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen in nasopharyngeal swabs. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(8):e00977–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porte L, Legarraga P, Vollrath V, et al. Evaluation of novel antigen-based rapid detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;S1201–9712(20):30405–30407.
   Google Scholar
• Mak GC, Cheng PK, Lau SS, et al. Evaluation of rapid antigen test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. J Clin Virol. 2020;129:104500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scohy A, Anantharajah A, Bodéus M, et al. Low performance of rapid antigen detection test as frontline testing for COVID-19 diagnosis. J Clin Virol. 2020;129:104455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuit E, Veldhuijzen IK, Venekamp RP, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests in asymptomatic and presymptomatic close contacts of individuals with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection: cross sectional study. BMJ. 2021;374:n1676.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar