419
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Whipple’s disease-associated infective endocarditis: a systematic review

ORCID Icon, , , , &
Pages 447-457 | Received 12 Feb 2023, Accepted 11 May 2023, Published online: 17 May 2023

References

  • Whipple G. A hitherto undescribed disease characterized anatomically by deposits of fat and fatty acids in the intestinal and mesenteric lymphatic tissues. Bull John Hopkins Hosp. 1907;198:382–391.
  • Relman DA, Schmidt TM, MacDermott RP, et al. Identification of the uncultured bacillus of Whipple’s disease. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(5):293–301.
  • Lepidi H, Fenollar F, Dumler JS, et al. Cardiac valves in patients with Whipple endocarditis: microbiological, molecular, quantitative histologic, and immunohistochemical studies of 5 patients. J Infect Dis. 2004;190(5):935–945.
  • Fenollar F, Lepidi H, Raoult D. Whipple’s endocarditis: review of the literature and comparisons with Q fever, Bartonella infection, and blood culture-positive endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(8):1309–1316.
  • Gubler JG, Kuster M, Dutly F, et al. Whipple endocarditis without overt gastrointestinal disease: report of four cases. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(2):112–116.
  • Elkins C, Shuman TA, Pirolo JS. Cardiac Whipple’s disease without digestive symptoms. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999;67(1):250–251.
  • Raoult D, Birg ML, La Scola B, et al. Cultivation of the bacillus of Whipple’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(9):620–625.
  • Lagier JC, Papazian L, Fenollar F, et al. Tropheryma whipplei DNA in bronchoalveolar lavage samples: a case control study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(10):875–879.
  • Damaraju D, Steiner T, Wade J, et al. CLINICAL PROBLEM-SOLVING. A surprising cause of chronic cough. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(6):561–566.
  • Urbanski G, Rivereau P, Artru L, et al. Whipple disease revealed by lung involvement: a case report and literature review. Chest. 2012;141(6):1595–1598.
  • Riemer H, Hainz R, Stain C, et al. Severe pulmonary hypertension reversed by antibiotics in a patient with Whipple’s disease. Thorax. 1997;52(11):1014–1015.
  • Günther U, Moos V, Offenmüller G, et al. Gastrointestinal diagnosis of classical Whipple disease: clinical, endoscopic, and histopathologic features in 191 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(15):e714.
  • Schneider T, Moos V, Loddenkemper C, et al. Whipple’s disease: new aspects of pathogenesis and treatment. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8(3):179–190.
  • Durand DV, Lecomte C, Cathébras P, et al. Whipple disease. Clinical review of 52 cases. The SNFMI Research Group on Whipple Disease. Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne. Medicine (Baltimore). 1997;76(3):170–184.
  • Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(15):1435–1486.
  • Wang A, Gaca JG, Chu VH. Management considerations in infective endocarditis: a review. JAMA. 2018;320(1):72–83.
  • Habib G, Erba PA, Iung B, et al. Clinical presentation, aetiology and outcome of infective endocarditis. Results of the ESC-EORP EURO-ENDO (European infective endocarditis) registry: a prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2019;40(39):3222–3232.
  • Shah ASV, McAllister DA, Gallacher P, et al. Incidence, microbiology, and outcomes in patients hospitalized with infective endocarditis. Circulation. 2020;141(25):2067–2077.
  • Cresti A, Chiavarelli M, Scalese M, et al. Epidemiological and mortality trends in infective endocarditis, a 17-year population-based prospective study. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2017;7(1):27–35.
  • Papakonstantinou PE, Samonis G, Andrianaki AM, et al. Epidemiology, microbiological and clinical features, treatment, and outcomes of infective endocarditis in Crete, Greece. Infect Chemother. 2018;50(1):21–28.
  • Fournier PE, Gouriet F, Casalta JP, et al. Blood culture-negative endocarditis: improving the diagnostic yield using new diagnostic tools. Medicine (Baltimore). 2017;96(47):e8392.
  • Fournier PE, Thuny F, Richet H, et al. Comprehensive diagnostic strategy for blood culture-negative endocarditis: a prospective study of 819 new cases. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;51(2):131–140.
  • Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: a proposal for reporting. Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. JAMA. 2000;283(15):2008–2012.
  • Wallace BC, Small K, Brodley CE, et al. Deploying an interactive machine learning system in an evidence-based practice center: abstrackr. Proceedings of the ACM International Health Informatics Symposium (IHI). Miami, FL; 2012. p. 819–824.
  • Li JS, Sexton DJ, Mick N, et al. Proposed modifications to the Duke criteria for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30(4):633–638.
  • Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ. 2008;336(7650):924–926.
  • Lie JT, Davis JS. Pancarditis in Whipple’s disease: electronmicroscopic demonstration of intracardiac bacillary bodies. Am J Clin Pathol. 1976;66(1):22–30.
  • Wright CB, Hiratzka LF, Crossland S, et al. Aortic insufficiency requiring valve replacement in Whipple’s disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 1978;25(5):466–469.
  • Rose AG. Mitral stenosis in Whipple’s disease. Thorax. 1978;33(4):500–503.
  • Bostwick DG, Bensch KG, Burke JS, et al. Whipple’s disease presenting as aortic insufficiency. N Engl J Med. 1981;305(17):995–998.
  • Ratliff NB, McMahon JT, Naab TJ, et al. Whipple’s disease in the porcine leaflets of a Carpentier-Edwards prosthetic mitral valve. N Engl J Med. 1984;311(14):902–903.
  • Gupta S, Pinching AJ, Onwubalili J, et al. Whipple’s disease with unusual clinical, bacteriologic, and immunologic findings. Gastroenterology. 1986;90(5 Pt 1):1286–1289.
  • Jeserich M, Ihling C, Holubarsch C. Aortic valve endocarditis with Whipple disease. Ann Intern Med. 1997;126(11):920.
  • Schneider T, Salamon-Looijen M, von Herbay A, et al. Whipple’s disease with aortic regurgitation requiring aortic valve replacement. Infection. 1998;26(3):178–180.
  • Célard M, de Gevigney G, Mosnier S, et al. Polymerase chain reaction analysis for diagnosis of Tropheryma whippelii infective endocarditis in two patients with no previous evidence of Whipple’s disease. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29(5):1348–1349.
  • Wolfert AL, Wright JE. Whipple’s disease presenting as sarcoidosis and valvular heart disease. South Med J. 1999;92(8):820–825.
  • Smith MA. Whipple endocarditis without gastrointestinal disease. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(7):595.
  • Naegeli B, Bannwart F, Bertel O. An uncommon cause of recurrent strokes: Tropheryma whippelii endocarditis. Stroke. 2000;31(8):2002–2003.
  • Ferrari M de L, Vilela EG, Faria LC, et al. Whipple’s disease. Report of five cases with different clinical features. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2001;43(1):45–50.
  • Geissdörfer W, Wittmann I, Seitz G, et al. A case of aortic valve disease associated with Tropheryma whippelii infection in the absence of other signs of Whipple’s disease. Infection. 2001;29(1):44–47.
  • Richardson DC, Burrows LL, Korithoski B, et al. Tropheryma whippelii as a cause of afebrile culture-negative endocarditis: the evolving spectrum of Whipple’s disease. J Infect. 2003;47(2):170–173.
  • Dreier J, Szabados F, von Herbay A, et al. Tropheryma whipplei infection of an acellular porcine heart valve bioprosthesis in a patient who did not have intestinal Whipple’s disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2004;42(10):4487–4493.
  • West D, Hutcheon S, Kain R, et al. Whipple’s endocarditis. J R Soc Med. 2005;98(8):362–364.
  • Houpikian P, Raoult D. Blood culture-negative endocarditis in a reference center: etiologic diagnosis of 348 cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2005;84(3):162–173.
  • Marín M, Muñoz P, Sánchez M, et al. Tropheryma whipplei infective endocarditis as the only manifestation of Whipple’s disease. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(6):2078–2081.
  • Berent R, Auer J, Lassnig E, et al. Whipple’s disease: misdiagnosed as sarcoidosis with further tricuspid valve endocarditis and pulmonary embolism - a case report. BMJ Case Rep. 2009;2009:bcr07.2008.0441.
  • Besnard S, Cady A, Flecher E, et al. Should we systematically perform Central nervous system imaging in patients with Whipple’s endocarditis? Am J Med. 2010;123(10):962.e1–962.e4.
  • Gabus V, Grenak-Degoumois Z, Jeanneret S, et al. Tropheryma whipplei tricuspid endocarditis: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep. 2010;4:245.
  • Daïen CI, Cohen JD, Makinson A, et al. Whipple’s endocarditis as a complication of tumour necrosis factor-alpha antagonist treatment in a man with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49(8):1600–1602.
  • Escher R, Roth S, Droz S, et al. Endocarditis due to Tropheryma whipplei: rapid detection, limited genetic diversity, and long-term clinical outcome in a local experience. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010; Aug16(8):1213–1222.
  • Ansemant T, Celard M, Tavernier C, et al. Whipple’s disease endocarditis following anti-TNF therapy for atypical rheumatoid arthritis. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77(6):622–623.
  • Lagier JC, Lepidi H, Raoult D, et al. Systemic Tropheryma whipplei: clinical presentation of 142 patients with infections diagnosed or confirmed in a reference center. Medicine (Baltimore). 2010;89(5):337–345.
  • Miguelena J, Muñoz R, Maseda R, et al. Endocarditis due to Tropheryma whipplei. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2010;63(2):250–251.
  • Hoppé E, Masson C, Audran M, et al. Whipple’s disease diagnosed during biological treatment for joint disease. Joint Bone Spine. 2010;77(4):335–339.
  • Whistance RN, Elfarouki GWE, Vohra HA, et al. A case of Tropheryma whipplei infective endocarditis of the aortic and mitral valves in association with psoriatic arthritis and lumbar discitis. J Heart Valve Dis. 2011;20(3):353–356.
  • Chan V, Wang B, Veinot JP, et al. Tropheryma whipplei aortic valve endocarditis without systemic Whipple’s disease. Int J Infect Dis. 2011;15(11):e804-806–e806.
  • Love SM, Morrison L, Appleby C, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis without gastrointestinal involvement. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2012;15(1):161–163.
  • Algin A, Wegdam-Blans M, Verduin K, et al. Tropheryma whipplei aortic valve endocarditis, cured without surgical treatment. BMC Res Notes. 2012;5:600.
  • Geissdörfer W, Moos V, Moter A, et al. High frequency of Tropheryma whipplei in culture-negative endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 2012; Feb50(2):216–222.
  • Fenollar F, Lagier JC, Rolain JM, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis relapses after treatment with trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2013;41(6):592–594.
  • Weisman A, Rebick G, Morris A, et al. Whipple’s endocarditis: an enigmatic cause of culture-negative bacterial endocarditis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2013;24(2):e29–e30.
  • Fenollar F, Célard M, Lagier JC, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(11):1721–1730.
  • Lloret-Linares C, Brumpt C, Dray X, et al. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocyte proliferation in a patient presenting with historical Whipple disease. Intern Med J. 2013;43(3):338–341.
  • Kattan JN, Rehm SJ, van Duin D, et al. Whipple’s disease: a case revisited 14 years after diagnosis. Infect Dis Clin Pract. 2013;21(3):201–203.
  • Obma KL, Marx GE, Mauchley D, et al. CASE 12–2015: Tropheryma Whipplei endocarditis. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2015;29(6):1712–1716.
  • Loughran D, Beale L, Lodge F, et al. Whipple’s in the valleys: a case of Whipple’s with thrombocytopenia and endocarditis. J Clin Pathol. 2014;67(5):445–448.
  • Herrmann MD, Neumayr A, Essig A, et al. Isolated Whipple’s endocarditis: an underestimated diagnosis that requires molecular analysis of surgical material. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014;98(1):e1–e3.
  • Lahoud R, Kwon DH, Tan CD, et al. All in the farm: an unusual case of endocarditis and pericarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(10):e19.
  • Rose D, Guleri A, Tang A. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: the value of valve polymerase chain reaction in cardiac surgery. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(4):e195-197–e197.
  • Gruber JR, Sarro R, Delaloye J, et al. Tropheryma whipplei bivalvular endocarditis and polyarthralgia: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2015;9:259.
  • Borne RT, Babu A, Levi M, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: a two-patient case series. Am J Med. 2015;128(12):1364–1366.
  • Emonet S, Wuillemin T, Harbarth S, et al. Relapse of Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis treated by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, cured by hydroxychloroquine plus doxycycline. Int J Infect Dis. 2015;30:17–19.
  • Jos SL, Angelakis E, Caus T, et al. Positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of Whipple’s endocarditis: a case report. BMC Res Notes. 2015;8:56.
  • Gaudé M, Tébib J, Puéchal X. Atypical focal forms of Whipple’s disease seen by rheumatologists. Joint Bone Spine. 2015;82(1):56–59.
  • Alozie A, Zimpfer A, Köller K, et al. Arthralgia and blood culture-negative endocarditis in middle age men suggest Tropheryma whipplei infection: report of two cases and review of the literature. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:339.
  • Lagier JC, Cammilleri S, Raoult D. Classic Whipple’s disease diagnosed by (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):130.
  • García-Álvarez L, Sanz MM, Marín M, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis in Spain: case reports of 17 prospective cases. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(26):e4058.
  • Seddon O, Hettiarachchi I. Whipple’s endocarditis presenting as ulnar artery aneurysm; if you don’t look, you won’t find. BMJ Case Rep. 2017;2017:bcr2017221327.
  • Dugdale C, Brown S, Davila C, et al. Out of sight: culture-negative endocarditis and endophthalmitis. Am J Med. 2017;130(2):e51–e53.
  • Parkash V, Mudhar HS, Wagner BE, et al. Bilateral ocular myositis associated with Whipple’s disease. Ocul Oncol Pathol. 2017;3(1):17–21.
  • Paymard M, Sukumaran V, Senanayake S, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: case report and literature review. Heart Views. 2018;19(4):150–151.
  • McGee M, Brienesse S, Chong B, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: case presentation and review of the literature. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019;6(1):ofy330.
  • Thornton CS, Wang Y, Köebel M, et al. Another Whipple’s triad? Pericardial, myocardial and valvular disease in an unusual case presentation from a Canadian perspective. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2019;19(1):312.
  • Elodie O, Labeyrie PE, Aubry M, et al. Whipple’s endocarditis diagnosed by thrombus analysis retrieved by successful mechanical thrombectomy. J Neurol Sci. 2019;400:42–43.
  • Scheurwater MA, Verduin CM, van Dantzig JM. Whipple’s endocarditis: a case report of a blood culture-negative endocarditis. Eur Heart J Case Rep. 2019;3(4):1–6.
  • Naso JR, Wong D, Wong DR, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis presenting as chronic valvular disease: a case report and review of literature. Hum Pathol Case Rep. 2019;18:200321.
  • Sullivan A, Shrestha P, Basnet S, et al. A rare case of Whipple’s disease with endocarditis in a patient with dextrocardia. SAGE Open Med Case Rep. 2020;8:2050313X20936952.
  • Olivier M, Licitra C, Field Z, et al. Thrombocytopenia and endocarditis in a patient with Whipple’s disease: case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):71.
  • Muretti M, Keiralla A, Jeffery K, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: an uncommon infection with potentially fatal consequences. J Card Surg. 2020;35(4):923–925.
  • He YT, Peterson K, Crothers J, et al. Endocarditis and systemic embolization from Whipple’s disease. IDCases. 2021;24:e01105.
  • Knol S, Nijhuis RL, Geeraedts F, et al. Blood culture-negative endocarditis caused by Tropheryma whipplei: Whipple’s endocarditis. Eur J Case Rep Intern Med. 2021;8(5):002596.
  • Sarvananthan S, Velissaris T, Miskolczi S, et al. Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis. Echocardiography. 2021;38(4):697–700.
  • Berman M, Ben-Ami R, Berliner S, et al. The effect of tocilizumab on inflammatory markers in patients hospitalized with serious infections. Case series and review of literature. Life (Basel). 2021;11(3):258.
  • García-Olea Jurado A, Ramírez-Escudero Ugalde G, García Ibarrondo N, et al. Early biological prosthetic mitral valve endocarditis due to Tropheryma whipplei: experience of an antimicrobial treatment approach. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2022;75(3):271–273.
  • Arnold CA, Moreira RK, Lam-Himlin D, et al. Whipple disease a century after the initial description: increased recognition of unusual presentations, autoimmune comorbidities, and therapy effects. Am J Surg Pathol. 2012;36(7):1066–1073.
  • Fenollar F, Laouira S, Lepidi H, et al. Value of Tropheryma whipplei quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the diagnosis of Whipple disease: usefulness of saliva and stool specimens for first‐line screening. Clin Infect Dis. 2008; Sep47(5):659–667.
  • Fenollar F, Trani M, Davoust B, et al. Prevalence of asymptomatic Tropheryma whipplei carriage among humans and nonhuman primates. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(6):880–887.
  • Keita AK, Dubot-Pérès A, Phommasone K, et al. High prevalence of Tropheryma whipplei in lao kindergarten children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(2):e0003538.
  • Vinnemeier CD, Klupp EM, Krumkamp R, et al. Tropheryma whipplei in children with diarrhoea in rural Ghana. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2016;22(1):65.e1-65–e3.
  • Fenollar F, Puéchal X, Raoult D. Whipple’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(1):55–66.
  • Dobbins WO. HLA antigens in Whipple’s disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1987;30(1):102–105.
  • Ehrbar HU, Bauerfeind P, Dutly F, et al. PCR-positive tests for Tropheryma whippelii in patients without Whipple’s disease. Lancet. 1999;353(9171):2214.
  • Street S, Donoghue HD, Neild GH. Tropheryma whippelii DNA in saliva of healthy people. Lancet. 1999;354(9185):1178–1179.
  • Kono M, Yamamoto K, Nagamatsu M, et al. Use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Whipple’s disease. J Infect Chemother. 2015;21(12):885–888.
  • Kadian R, Wang J, Freitas E. Could CT abdomen and PET/CT be helpful in early diagnosis of Whipple’s disease? A case report. IDCases. 2021;26:e01286.
  • Mahmood M, Kendi AT, Ajmal S, et al. Meta-analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2019;26(3):922–935.
  • Giannitsioti E, Skiadas I, Antoniadou A, et al. Nosocomial vs. community-acquired infective endocarditis in Greece: changing epidemiological profile and mortality risk. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2007;13(8):763–769.
  • Lamas CC, Fournier PE, Zappa M, et al. Diagnosis of blood culture-negative endocarditis and clinical comparison between blood culture-negative and blood culture-positive cases. Infection. 2016;44(4):459–466.
  • Feurle GE, Junga NS, Marth T. Efficacy of ceftriaxone or meropenem as initial therapies in Whipple’s disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(2):478–486. quiz 11–2.
  • Feurle GE, Moos V, Bläker H, et al. Intravenous ceftriaxone, followed by 12 or three months of oral treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Whipple’s disease. J Infect. 2013;66(3):263–270.
  • Boulos A, Rolain JM, Raoult D. Antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in MRC5 cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(3):747–752.
  • Boulos A, Rolain JM, Mallet MN, et al. Molecular evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility of Tropheryma whipplei in axenic medium. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55(2):178–181.
  • Masselot F, Boulos A, Maurin M, et al. Molecular evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility: Tropheryma whipplei paradigm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47(5):1658–1664.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.