Modeling the impact of residential HVAC filtration on indoor particles of outdoor origin (RP-1691)

References

• ASHRAE. 2010. Standard 62.2-2010, Ventilation and Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Low-Rise Residential Buildings. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
   Google Scholar
• ASHRAE. 2012. Standard 52.2-2012, Method of Testing General Ventilation Air-Cleaning Devices for Removal Efficiency by Particle Size. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
   Google Scholar
• Azimi, P., D. Zhao, and B. Stephens. 2014. Estimates of HVAC filtration efficiency for fine and ultrafine particles of outdoor origin. Atmospheric Environment 98:337–46, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.09.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azimi, P., D. Zhao, and B. Stephens. 2015. Modeling the impact of residential HVAC filtration on indoor particles of outdoor origin. ASHRAE Research Project 1691-RP, ASHRAE, Atlanta.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, L.K., J. Burke, M. Lunden, B.J. Turpin, D.Q. Rich, K. Thevenet-Morrison, N. Hodas, and H. Özkaynak. 2013. Influence of human activity patterns, particle composition, and residential air exchange rates on modeled distributions of PM2.5 exposure compared with central-site monitoring data. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 3:241–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell, M.L., K. Ebisu, R.D. Peng, et al. 2009. Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fine particle air pollution. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 179:1115–20, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200808-1240OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brauner, E.V., L. Forchhammer, P. Moller, L. Barregard, L. Gunnarsen, A. Afshari, P. Wahlin, M. Glasius, L.O. Dragsted, S. Basu, O. Raaschou-Nielsen, and S. Loft. 2007. Indoor particles affect vascular function in the aged: An air filtration-based intervention study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 177:419–25, DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200704-632OC.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook, R.D., S. Rajagopalan, C.A. Pope, J.R. Brook, A. Bhatnagar, A.V. Diez-Roux, F. Holguin, Y. Hong, R.V. Luepker, M.A. Mittleman, A. Peters, D. Siscovick, S.C. Smith, L. Whitsel, and J.D. Kaufman. 2010. Particulate matter air pollution and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 121:2331–78, DOI: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K.W., T. Minegishi, J. Allen, J.F. McCarthy, J.D. Spengler, and D.L. MacIntosh. 2014. Reducing patients’ exposures to asthma and allergy triggers in their homes: An evaluation of effectiveness of grades of forced air ventilation filters. Journal of Asthma .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burroughs, H.E.B., and K.E. Kinzer. 1998. Improved filtration in residential environments. ASHRAE Journal 40:47–51.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C., and B. Zhao. 2011. Review of relationship between indoor and outdoor particles: I/O ratio, infiltration factor and penetration factor. Atmospheric Environment 45:275–88, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.09.048
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christensen, C., R. Anderson, S. Horowitz, A. Courtney, and J. Spencer. 2006. BEoptTM software for building energy optimization: Features and capabilities. National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL), Golden, CO.
   Google Scholar
• Crawley, D.B., L.K. Lawrie, F.C. Winkelmann, W.F. Buhl, Y.J. Huang, C.O. Pedersen, R.K. Strand, R.J. Liesen, D.E. Fisher, M.J. Witte, and J. Glazer. 2001. EnergyPlus: Creating a new-generation building energy simulation program. Energy and Buildings 33:319–31, DOI: 10.1016/S0378-7788(00)00114-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fann, N., A.D. Lamson, S.C. Anenberg, K. Wesson, D. Risley, and B.J. Hubbell. 2012. Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM2.5 and ozone. Risk Analysis 32:81–95, DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01630.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fugler, D., D. Bowser, and W. Kwan. 2000. The effects of improved residential furnace filtration on airborne particles. ASHRAE Transactions 106:317–26.
   Google Scholar
• Gerwig, H., G. Löschau, L. Hillemann, B. Wehner, A. Wiedensohler, A. Zschoppe, C. Peters, A. Rudolph, C. Johansson, J. Cyrys, M. Pitz, R. Rücker, J. Novak, H.G. Horn, R. Caldow, and G.J. Sem. 2007. UFIPOLNET: Concentration of particle number distributions at 4 stations in Europe.
   Google Scholar
• Health Effects Institute (HEI). 2013. Understanding the health effects of ambient ultrafine particles. Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Hodas, N., Q. Meng, M.M. Lunden, D.Q. Rich, H. Özkaynak, L.K. Baxter, Q. Zhang, and B.J. Turpin. 2012. Variability in the fraction of ambient fine particulate matter found indoors and observed heterogeneity in health effect estimates. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 22:448–54, DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodas, N., B.J. Turpin, M.M. Lunden, L.K. Baxter, H. Özkaynak, J. Burke, P. Ohman-Strickland, K. Thevenet-Morrison, J.B. Kostis, and D.Q. Rich. 2013. Refined ambient PM2.5 exposure surrogates and the risk of myocardial infarction. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 23:573–80, DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopkins, A.S., A. Lekov, J. Lutz, G. Rosenquist, and L. Gu. 2011. Simulating a nationally representative housing sample using EnergyPlus.
   Google Scholar
• Howard-Reed, C., L.A. Wallace, and S.J. Emmerich. 2003. Effect of ventilation systems and air filters on decay rates of particles produced by indoor sources in an occupied townhouse. Atmospheric Environment 37:5295–306, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., J. Hanford, and F. Yang. 1999. Residential heating and cooling loads component analysis. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, Y.J., R. Ritschard, J. Bull, S. Byrne, I. Turiel, D. Wilson, C. Hsui, and D. Foley. 1987. Methodology and assumptions for evaluating heating and cooling energy requirements in new single-family residential buildings. Berkeley, CA: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
   Google Scholar
• Kearney, J., L. Wallace, M. MacNeill, X. Xu, K. VanRyswyk, H. You, R. Kulka, and A.J. Wheeler. 2011. Residential indoor and outdoor ultrafine particles in Windsor, Ontario. Atmospheric Environment 45:7583–93, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.11.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klepeis, N.E., W.C. Nelson, W.R. Ott, J.P. Robinson, A.M. Tsang, P. Switzer, J.V. Behar, S.C. Hern, and W.H. Engelmann. 2001. The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): A resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 11:231–52, DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500165.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kwasny, F., P. Madl, and W. Hofmann. 2010. Correlation of air quality data to ultrafine particles (UFP) concentration and size distribution in ambient air. Atmosphere 1:3–14, DOI: 10.3390/atmos1010003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, L.-Y., H.-W. Chen, T.-L. Su, G.-B. Hong, L.-C. Huang, and K.-J. Chuang. 2011. The effects of indoor particle exposure on blood pressure and heart rate among young adults: An air filtration-based intervention study. Atmospheric Environment 45:5540–4, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.05.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, D.-L., and W.W. Nazaroff. 2001. Modeling pollutant penetration across building envelopes. Atmospheric Environment 35:4451–62, DOI: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00218-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntosh, D.L., T. Minegishi, M. Kaufman, B.J. Baker, J.G. Allen, J.I. Levy, and T.A. Myatt. 2010. The benefits of whole-house in-duct air cleaning in reducing exposures to fine particulate matter of outdoor origin: A modeling analysis. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 20:213–24, DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntosh, D.L., T.A. Myatt, J.F. Ludwig, B.J. Baker, H.H. Suh, and J.D. Spengler. 2008. Whole house particle removal and clean air delivery rates for in-duct and portable ventilation systems. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association 58:1474–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNeill, M., J. Kearney, L. Wallace, M. Gibson, M.E. Héroux, J. Kuchta, J.R. Guernsey, and A.J. Wheeler. 2014. Quantifying the contribution of ambient and indoor-generated fine particles to indoor air in residential environments. Indoor Air 24:362–75, DOI: 10.1111/ina.12084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacNeill, M., L. Wallace, J. Kearney, R.W. Allen, K. Van Ryswyk, S. Judek, X. Xu, and A.J. Wheeler. 2012. Factors influencing variability in the infiltration of PM2.5 mass and its components. Atmospheric Environment 61:518–32, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MathWorks, Inc. 2014. MATLAB R2014a. Natick, MA.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, Q.Y., B.J. Turpin, L. Korn, C.P. Weisel, M. Morandi, S. Colome, J. Zhang, T. Stock, D. Spektor, A. Winer, L. Zhang, J.H. Lee, R. Giovanetti, W. Cui, J. Kwon, S. Alimokhtari, D. Shendell, J. Jones, C. Farrar, and S. Maberti. 2005. Influence of ambient (outdoor) sources on residential indoor and personal PM2.5 concentrations: Analyses of RIOPA data. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology 15:17–28, DOI: 10.1038/sj.jea.7500378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miller, K.A., D.S. Siscovick, L. Sheppard, K. Shepherd, J.H. Sullivan, G.L. Anderson, and J.D. Kaufman. 2007. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. New England Journal of Medicine 356:447–58, DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa054409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penttinen, P., K.L. Timonen, P. Tiittanen, A. Mirme, J. Ruuskanen, and J. Pekkanen. 2001. Ultrafine particles in urban air and respiratory health among adult asthmatics. European Respiratory Journal 17:428–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirjola, L., P. Paasonen, D. Pfeiffer, T. Hussein, K. Hameri, T. Koskentalo, A. Virtanen, T. Ronkko, J. Keskinen, and T. Pakkanen. 2006. Dispersion of particles and trace gases nearby a city highway: Mobile laboratory measurements in Finland. Atmospheric Environment 40:867–79, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C.A., R.T. Burnett, M.J. Thun, E.E. Calle, D. Krewski, K. Ito, and G.D. Thurston. 2002. Lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality, and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. Journal of the American Medical Association 287:1132–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope, C.A., and D.W. Dockery. 2006. Health effects of fine particulate air pollution: Lines that connect. Journal of Air & Waste Management Association 56:709–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley, W.J., T.E. McKone, A.C.K. Lai, and W.W. Nazaroff. 2002. Indoor particulate matter of outdoor origin: Importance of size-dependent removal mechanisms. Environmental Science and Technology 36:200–7, DOI: 10.1021/es010723y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rim, D., L. Wallace, and A. Persily. 2010. Infiltration of outdoor ultrafine particles into a test house. Environmental Science and Technology 44:5908–13, DOI: 10.1021/es101202a.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, B. 2014. The impacts of duct design on life cycle costs of central residential heating and air-conditioning systems. Energy and Buildings 82:563–79, DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, B. 2015. Building design and operational choices that impact indoor exposures to outdoor particulate matter inside residences. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 21:3–13, DOI: 10.1080/10789669.2014.961849.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, B., A. Novoselac, and J.A. Siegel. 2010a. The effects of filtration on pressure drop and energy consumption in residential HVAC systems. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 16:273–94.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, B., and J.A. Siegel. 2012. Penetration of ambient submicron particles into single-family residences and associations with building characteristics. Indoor Air 22:501–13, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00779.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, B., and J.A. Siegel. 2013. Ultrafine particle removal by residential HVAC filters. Indoor Air 23:488–97, DOI: 10.1111/ina.12045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephens, B., J.A. Siegel, and A. Novoselac. 2010b. Energy implications of filtration in residential and light-commercial buildings (RP-1299). ASHRAE Transactions 116:346–57.
   Google Scholar
• Stephens, B., J.A. Siegel, and A. Novoselac. 2010c. Energy implications of filtration in residential and light-commercial construction. ASHRAE Research Project-1299, ASHRAE, Atlanta.
   Google Scholar
• Stölzel, M., S. Breitner, J. Cyrys, M. Pitz, G. Wölke, W. Kreyling, J. Heinrich, H.-E. Wichmann, and A. Peters. 2007. Daily mortality and particulate matter in different size classes in Erfurt, Germany. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 17:458–67, DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher, T.L., and D.W. Layton. 1995. Deposition, resuspension, and penetration of particles Within a residence. Atmospheric Environment 29:1487–97, DOI: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00016-R.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thatcher, T.L., M.M. Lunden, K.L. Revzan, R.G. Sextro, and N.J. Brown. 2003. A concentration rebound method for measuring particle penetration and deposition in the indoor environment. Aerosol Science and Technology 37:847–64, DOI: 10.1080/02786820300940.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tronville, P., and R.D. Rivers. 2006. Global standards for filter testing. ASHRAE Journal 48:58–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. n.d. MCD characteristics of new housing. http://www.census.gov/construction/chars/completed.html.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. 2009. Integrated science assessment for particulate matter. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. EPA. 2013. Download detailed AQS data. In: Technology Transfer Network (TTN) Air Quality System (AQS). http://www.epa.gov/ttn/airs/airsaqs/detaildata/downloadaqsdata.htm.
   Google Scholar
• von Klot, S., G. Wölke, T. Tuch, J. Heinrich, D.W. Dockery, J. Schwartz, W.G. Kreyling, H.E. Wichmann, and A. Peters. 2002. Increased asthma medication use in association with ambient fine and ultrafine particles. European Respiratory Journal 20:691–702, DOI: 10.1183/09031936.02.01402001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, I.S., D.J. Dickerhoff, D. Faulkner, and W.J.N. Turner. 2012. Energy implications of in­line filtration in California. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, L., S.J. Emmerich, and C. Howard-Reed. 2004. Effect of central fans and in-duct filters on deposition rates of ultrafine and fine particles in an occupied townhouse. Atmospheric Environment 38:405–13, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, L., W. Kindzierski, J. Kearney, M. MacNeill, M.-E. Héroux, and A.J. Wheeler. 2013. Fine and ultrafine particle decay rates in multiple homes. Environmental Science and Technology 47:12929–37, DOI: 10.1021/es402580t.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace, L., and W. Ott. 2011. Personal exposure to ultrafine particles. Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 21:20–30, DOI: 10.1038/jes.2009.59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weichenthal, S., A. Dufresne, and C. Infante-Rivard. 2007. Indoor ultrafine particles and childhood asthma: Exploring a potential public health concern. Indoor Air 17:81–91, DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00446.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White Box Technologies. 2014. Historical hourly U.S. weather data, 2012. In: White Box Technologies Weather Data. http://weather.whiteboxtechnologies.com/home.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, R., J. Suggs, A. Rea, I. Sheldon, C. Rodes, and J. Thornburg. 2003. The Research Triangle Park particulate matter panel study: Modeling ambient source contribution to personal and residential PM mass concentrations. Atmospheric Environment 37:5365–78, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.09.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar