923
Views
44
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Topical Section: Humidity Control

Update of the scientific evidence for specifying lower limit relative humidity levels for comfort, health, and indoor environmental quality in occupied spaces (RP-1630)

, , , , , & show all
Pages 30-45 | Received 23 Mar 2016, Accepted 04 Jun 2016, Published online: 17 Aug 2016

References

  • ASHRAE. 2012. Handbook, HVAC Systems and Equipment. Atlanta: ASHRAE.
  • Abusharha, A.A., and E.I. Pearce. 2013. The effect of low humidity on the human tear film. Cornea 32(4):429–34.
  • Ahmed, K.S. 2003. Comfort in urban spaces: defining the boundaries of outdoor thermal comfort for the tropical urban environments. Energy and Buildings 35(1):103–10.
  • Akers, T., S. Bond, and L. Goldberg. 1966. Effect of temperature and relative humidity on survival of airborne Columbia SK group viruses. Applied Microbiology 14(3):361–4.
  • Andersen, I., G.R. Lundqvist, P.L. Jensen, and D.F. Proctor. 1974. Human response to 78-hour exposure to dry air. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 29(6):319–24.
  • Arciniega, J.C., J.C. Wojtowicz, E.M. Mohamed, and J.P. McCulley. 2011. Changes in the evaporation rate of tear film after digital expression of meibomian glands in patients with and without dry eye. Cornea 30(8):843–7.
  • Arens, E.A., and A. Baughman. 1996. Indoor humidity and human health: Part II—Buildings and their systems. Center for the Built Environment 102(1):212–21.
  • Arlian, L.G. 1992. Water balance and humidity requirements of house dust mites. Experimental & Applied Acarology 16(1–2):15–35.
  • Arlian, L.G., J.S. Neal, and S.W. Bacon. 1998. Survival, fecundity, and development of Dermatophagoides farinae (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) at fluctuating relative humidity. Journal of Medical Entomology 35(6):962–6.
  • Arlian, L.G., J.S. Neal, M.S. Morgan, D.L. Vyszenski-Moher, C.M. Rapp, and A.K. Alexander. 2001. Reducing relative humidity is a practical way to control dust mites and their allergens in homes in temperate climates. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 107(1):99–104.
  • Barreca, A.I., and J.P. Shimshack. 2012. Absolute humidity, temperature, and influenza mortality: 30 years of county-level evidence from the United States. American Journal of Epidemiology 176(Suppl 7):S114–22.
  • Becker, R., and M. Paciuk. 2009. Thermal comfort in residential buildings–failure to predict by standard model. Building and Environment 44(5):948–60.
  • Berglund, L.G. 1998. Comfort and humidity. ASHRAE Journal 40(8):35.
  • Borchman, D., G.N. Foulks, M.C. Yappert, J. Mathews, K. Leake, and J. Bell. 2009. Factors affecting evaporation rates of tear film components measured in vitro. Eye & Contact Lens 35(1):32–7.
  • Brankston, G., L. Gitterman, Z. Hirji, C. Lemieux, and M. Gardam. 2007. Transmission of influenza A in human beings. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 7(4):257–65.
  • Bundgaard, A., T. Ingemann-Hansen, A. Schmidt, and J. Halkjaer-Kristensen. 1982. Influence of temperature and relative humidity of inhaled gas on exercise-induced asthma. European Journal of Respiratory Diseases 63(3):239–44.
  • Cain, W.S., R. Schmidt, B.P. Leaderer, and J.F. Gent. 2002. Emission of VOCs from materials used in buildings: analytical and sensory aspects. ASHRAE Transactions 108:283.
  • Charpin, D., J. Kleisbauer, A. Lanteaume, H. Razzouk, D. Vervloet, M. Toumi, F. Faraj, and J. Charpin. 1988. Asthma and allergy to house-dust mites in populations living in high altitudes. CHEST Journal 93(4):758–61.
  • Chou, T.-C., K.-H. Lin, H.-M. Sheu, S.-B. Su, C.-W. Lee, H.-R. Guo, T.-N. Wu, and H.-Y. Chang. 2007. Alterations in health examination items and skin symptoms from exposure to ultra-low humidity. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 80(4):290–7.
  • Chou, T.-C., K.-H. Lin, S.-M. Wang, C.-W. Lee, S.-B. Su, T.-S. Shih, and H.-Y. Chang. 2005. Transepidermal water loss and skin capacitance alterations among workers in an ultra-low humidity environment. Archives of Dermatological Research 296(10):489–95.
  • Crowther, D., J. Horwood, N. Baker, D. Thomson, S. Pretlove, I. Ridley, and T. Oreszczyn. 2000. House Dust Mites and the Built Environment: A Literature Review
  • Davis, R.E., C.E. Rossier, and K.B. Enfield. 2012. The impact of weather on influenza and pneumonia mortality in New York City, 1975–2002: A retrospective study. PloS One 7(3):e34091.
  • de Dear, R., H. Knudsen, and P. Fanger. 1989. Impact of air humidity on thermal comfort during step-changes. ASHRAE Transactions 95(2):336–50.
  • de la Noue, A.C., M. Estienney, S. Aho, J.-M. Perrier-Cornet, A. de Rougemont, P. Pothier, P. Gervais, and G. Belliot. 2014. Absolute humidity influences the seasonal persistence and infectivity of human norovirus. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 80(23):7196–205.
  • Dunklin, E.W. and T.T. Puck. 1948. The lethal effect of relative humidity on air-borne bacteria. Journal of Experimental Medicine 87(2):87–101.
  • Eberlein-König, B., A. Spiegl, and B. Przybilla. 1996. Change of skin roughness due to lowering air humidity in climate chamber. Acta Dermato-Venereologica 76(6):447–9.
  • Elbert, W., P. Taylor, M. Andreae, and U. Pöschl. 2007. Contribution of fungi to primary biogenic aerosols in the atmosphere: Wet and dry discharged spores, carbohydrates, and inorganic ions. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 7(17):4569–88.
  • Ezeamuzie, C., M. Thomson, S. Al‐Ali, A. Dowaisan, M. Khan, and Z. Hijazi. 2000. Asthma in the desert: Spectrum of the sensitizing aeroallergens. Allergy 55(2):157–62.
  • Ezeonu, I., J. Noble, R. Simmons, D. Price, S. Crow, and D. Ahearn. 1994. Effect of relative humidity on fungal colonization of fiberglass insulation. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60(6):2149–51.
  • Fang, L., G. Clausen, and P.O. Fanger. 1998. Impact of temperature and humidity on the perception of indoor air quality. Indoor Air 8(2):80–90.
  • Fang, L., G. Clausen, and P.O. Fanger. 1999. Impact of temperature and humidity on chemical and sensory emissions from building materials. Indoor Air 9(3):193–201.
  • Fang, L., D. Wyon, G. Clausen, and P.O. Fanger. 2004. Impact of indoor air temperature and humidity in an office on perceived air quality, SBS symptoms and performance. Indoor Air 14(s7):74–81.
  • Fiedler, N., R. Laumbach, K. Kelly-McNeil, P. Lioy, Z.-H. Fan, J. Zhang, J. Ottenweller, P. Ohman-Strickland, and H. Kipen. 2005. Health effects of a mixture of indoor air volatile organics, their ozone oxidation products, and stress. Environmental Health Perspectives 113(11):1542–48.
  • Fletcher, L. 2004. The influence of relative humidity on the UV susceptibility of airborne gram negative bacteria. IUVA News 6(1):12–9.
  • Galor, A., W. Feuer, D.J. Lee, H. Florez, D. Carter, B. Pouyeh, W.J. Prunty, and V.L. Perez. 2011. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye syndrome in a United States veterans affairs population. American Journal of Ophthalmology 152(3):377–84; e372.
  • Górny, R.L., T. Reponen, K. Willeke, D. Schmechel, E. Robine, M. Boissier, and S.A. Grinshpun. 2002. Fungal fragments as indoor air biocontaminants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68(7):3522–31.
  • Grøntoft, T., and M.R. Raychaudhuri. 2004. Compilation of tables of surface deposition velocities for O3, NO2 and SO2 to a range of indoor surfaces. Atmospheric Environment 38(4):533–44.
  • Han, J., G. Zhang, Q. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Liu, L. Tian, C. Zheng, J. Hao, J. Lin, and Y. Liu. 2007. Field study on occupants’ thermal comfort and residential thermal environment in a hot-humid climate of China. Building and Environment 42(12):4043–50.
  • Harper, G. 1961. Airborne micro-organisms: Survival tests with four viruses. Journal of Hygiene 59(04):479–86.
  • Harving, H., J. Korsgaard, and R. Dahl. 1993. House‐dust mites and associated environmental conditions in Danish homes. Allergy 48(2):106–9.
  • Hemmes, J., K. Winkler, and S. Kool. 1962. Virus survival as a seasonal factor in influenza and poliomyelitis. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 28(1):221–33.
  • Hitzenberger, R., A. Berner, U. Dusek, and R. Alabashi. 1997. Humidity-dependent growth of size-segregated aerosol samples. Aerosol Science and Technology 27(2):116–30.
  • Howieson, S., A. Lawson, C. McSharry, G. Morris, E. McKenzie, and J. Jackson. 2003. Domestic ventilation rates, indoor humidity and dust mite allergens: are our homes causing the asthma pandemic? Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 24(3):137–47.
  • Hwang, R.-L., T.-P. Lin, and N.-J. Kuo. 2006. Field experiments on thermal comfort in campus classrooms in Taiwan. Energy and Buildings 38(1):53–62.
  • Infante-Rivard, C. 1993. Childhood asthma and indoor environmental risk factors. American Journal of Epidemiology 137(8):834–44.
  • Jaakkola, K., A. Saukkoriipi, J. Jokelainen, R. Juvonen, J. Kauppila, O. Vainio, T. Ziegler, E. Rönkkö, J.J. Jaakkola, and T.M. Ikäheimo. 2014. Decline in temperature and humidity increases the occurrence of influenza in cold climate. Environmental Health 13(1
  • Kaminsky, D.A., C.G. Irvin, D.A. Gurka, D.C. Feldsien, E.M. Wagner, M.C. Liu, and S.E. Wenzel. 1995. Peripheral airways responsiveness to cool, dry air in normal and asthmatic individuals. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 152(6):1784–90.
  • Kay, D., D. Heavner, P. Nelson, R. Jennings, D. Eaker, J. Robinson, P. DeLuca, C. Risner, and J. Brockschmidt. 1990. Effects of relative humidity on nonsmoker response to environmental tobacco smoke. Proceedings of Indoor Air 90:275–80.
  • Ko, G., M. First, and H. Burge. 2000. Influence of relative humidity on particle size and UV sensitivity of Serratia marcescens and Mycobacterium bovis BCG aerosols. Tubercle and Lung Disease 80(4):217–28.
  • Kovesi, T., N.L. Gilbert, C. Stocco, D. Fugler, R.E. Dales, M. Guay, and J.D. Miller. 2007. Indoor air quality and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections in young Canadian Inuit children. Canadian Medical Association Journal 177(2):155–60.
  • Laviana, J., F. Rohles, and P. Bullock. 1988. Humidity, comfort and contact lenses. ASHRAE Transactions 94(Part 1):3–11.
  • Lopez, G.U., C.P. Gerba, A.H. Tamimi, M. Kitajima, S.L. Maxwell, and J.B. Rose. 2013. Transfer efficiency of bacteria and viruses from porous and nonporous fomites to fingers under different relative humidity conditions. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79(18):5728–34.
  • Lowen, A.C., S. Mubareka, J. Steel, and P. Palese. 2007. Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature. PLoS Pathogens 3(10):e151.
  • Lowen, A.C., and J. Steel. 2014. Roles of humidity and temperature in shaping influenza seasonality. Journal of Virology 88(14):7692–5.
  • Mäkinen, T.M., R. Juvonen, J. Jokelainen, T.H. Harju, A. Peitso, A. Bloigu, S. Silvennoinen-Kassinen, M. Leinonen, and J. Hassi. 2009. Cold temperature and low humidity are associated with increased occurrence of respiratory tract infections. Respiratory Medicine 103(3):456–62.
  • Mathers, W.D., and T.E. Daley. 1996. Tear flow and evaporation in patients with and without dry eye. Ophthalmology 103(4):664–9.
  • McCulley, J.P., J.D. Aronowicz, E. Uchiyama, W.E. Shine, and I.A. Butovich. 2006. Correlations in a change in aqueous tear evaporation with a change in relative humidity and the impact. American Journal of Ophthalmology 141(4):758–60.
  • McDevitt, J., S. Rudnick, M. First, and J. Spengler. 2010. Role of absolute humidity in the inactivation of influenza viruses on stainless steel surfaces at elevated temperatures. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 76(12):3943–7.
  • Memarzadeh, F. 2012. Literature review of the effect of temperature and humidity on viruses. ASHRAE Transactions 118:1049–60.
  • Milián, E., and A.M. Díaz. 2004. Allergy to house dust mites and asthma. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal 23(1):47–57.
  • Morawska, L. 2006. Droplet fate in indoor environments, or can we prevent the spread of infection? Indoor Air 16(5):335–47.
  • Munir, A., B. Bjorksten, R. Einarsson, A. Ekstrand‐Tobin, C. Moller, A. Warner, and N.I. Kjellman. 1995. Mite allergens in relation to home conditions and sensitization of asthmatic children from three climatic regions. Allergy 50(1):55–64.
  • Nagda, N.L., and M. Hodgson. 2001. Low relative humidity and aircraft cabin air quality. Indoor Air 11(3):200–14.
  • Negrisoli, J., and L.F.C. Nascimento. 2013. Atmospheric pollutants and hospital admissions due to pneumonia in children. Revista Paulista de Pediatria 31(4):501–6.
  • Nevins, R.G., F.H. Rohles, W. Springer, and A. Feyerherm. 1966. A temperature-humidity chart for thermal comfort of seated persons. ASHRAE Transactions 72(1):283–91.
  • Norbäck, D., and C. Edling. 1991. Environmental, occupational, and personal factors related to the prevalence of sick building syndrome in the general population. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 48(7):451–62.
  • Norbäck, D., I. Michel, and J. Widström. 1990. Indoor air quality and personal factors related to the sick building syndrome. Scandinavian journal of Work, Environment & Health 16(2):121–8.
  • Nordström, K., D. Norbäck, and R. Akselsson. 1994. Effect of air humidification on the sick building syndrome and perceived indoor air quality in hospitals: A four month longitudinal study. Occupational and Environmental Medicine 51(10):683–8.
  • Noti, J.D., F.M. Blachere, C.M. McMillen, W.G. Lindsley, M.L. Kashon, D.R. Slaughter, and D.H. Beezhold. 2013. High humidity leads to loss of infectious influenza virus from simulated coughs. PloS One 8(2):e57485.
  • Onozuka, D., M. Hashizume, and A. Hagihara. 2009. Impact of weather factors on mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Thorax 64(6):507–11.
  • Paasi, J., S. Nurmi, R. Vuorinen, S. Strengell, and P. Maijala. 2001. Performance of ESD protective materials at low relative humidity. Journal of Electrostatics 51:429–34.
  • Pasanen, A.-L., P. Pasanen, M. Jantunen, and P. Kalliokoski. 1991. Significance of air humidity and air velocity for fungal spore release into the air. Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 25(2):459–62.
  • Peccia, J., H.M. Werth, S. Miller, and M. Hernandez. 2001. Effects of relative humidity on the ultraviolet induced inactivation of airborne bacteria. Aerosol Science & Technology 35(3):728–40.
  • Pei-Chih, W., S. Huey-Jen, and L. Chia-Yin. 2000. Characteristics of indoor and outdoor airborne fungi at suburban and urban homes in two seasons. Science of the Total Environment 253(1):111–8.
  • Ramos, G. P., J. L. Roche, and F. F. Tuon. 2013. Seasonal humidity may influence Pseudomonas aeruginosa. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 17:e757–e761.
  • Reinikainen, L., and J. Jaakkola. 2003. Significance of humidity and temperature on skin and upper airway symptoms. Indoor Air 13(4):344–52.
  • Reinikainen, L.M., J.J. Jaakkola, and O.P. Heinonen. 1991. The effect of air humidification on different symptoms in office workers—An epidemiologic study. Environment International 17(4):243–50.
  • Reinikainen, L.M., J.J. Jaakkola, and O. Seppänen. 1992. The effect of air humidification on symptoms and perception of indoor air quality in office workers: A six-period cross-over trial. Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 47(1):8–15.
  • Seppänen, O., and W.J. Fisk. 2004. Summary of human responses to ventilation. Indoor Air 14(s7):102–18.
  • Shaman, J., E. Goldstein, and M. Lipsitch. 2011. Absolute humidity and pandemic versus epidemic influenza. American Journal of Epidemiology 173(2):127–35.
  • Shaman, J., and M. Kohn. 2009. Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(9):3243–8.
  • Shaman, J., V.E. Pitzer, C. Viboud, B.T. Grenfell, and M. Lipsitch. 2010. Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States. PLoS Biology 8(2):e1000316.
  • Shinohara, N., M. Tokumura, M. Kazama, Y. Yonemoto, M. Yoshioka, N. Kagi, K. Hasegawa, H. Yoshino, and U. Yanagi. 2014. Indoor air quality and thermal comfort in temporary houses occupied after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Indoor Air 24:425–37.
  • Singh, M., A. Bara, and P.G. Gibson. 2002. Humidity control for chronic asthma. The Cochrane Library (1):1–10.
  • Singh, M., and N. Jaiswal. 2013. Dehumidifiers for chronic asthma. The Cochrane Library (6):1–23.
  • Smedje, G., D. Norbäck, and C. Edling. 1997a. Asthma among secondary schoolchildren in relation to the school environment. Clinical & Experimental Allergy 27(11):1270–8.
  • Smedje, G., D. Norbåck, and C. Edling. 1997b. Subjective indoor air quality in schools in relation to exposure. Indoor Air 7(2):143–50.
  • Sousa, S., F. Martins, M. Pereira, M. Alvim-Ferraz, H. Ribeiro, M. Oliveira, and I. Abreu. 2008. Influence of atmospheric ozone, PM 10 and meteorological factors on the concentration of airborne pollen and fungal spores. Atmospheric Environment 42(32):7452–64.
  • Sterling, E., A. Arundel, and T. Sterling. 1985. Criteria for human exposure to humidity in occupied buildings. ASHRAE Transactions 91(1B):611–22.
  • Strøm‐Tejsen, P., D.P. Wyon, L. Lagercrantz, and L. Fang. 2007. Passenger evaluation of the optimum balance between fresh air supply and humidity from 7‐h exposures in a simulated aircraft cabin. Indoor Air 17(2):92–108.
  • Sundell, J., and T. Lindvall. 1993. Indoor air humidity and sensation of dryness as risk indicators of SBS. Indoor Air 3(4):382–90.
  • Sundell, J., M. Wickman, G. Pershagen, and S. Nordvall. 1995. Ventilation in homes infested by house‐dust mites. Allergy 50(2):106–12.
  • Sunwoo, Y., C. Chou, J. Takeshita, M. Murakami, and Y. Tochihara. 2006a. Physiological and subjective responses to low relative humidity. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 25(1):7–14.
  • Sunwoo, Y., C. Chou, J. Takeshita, M. Murakami, and Y. Tochihara. 2006b. Physiological and subjective responses to low relative humidity in young and elderly men. Journal of Physiological Anthropology 25(3):229–38.
  • Tang, J.W. 2009. The effect of environmental parameters on the survival of airborne infectious agents. Journal of the Royal Society Interface 6(6):S737–46.
  • Theunissen, H., N.A. Lemmens-den Toom, A. Burggraaf, E. Stolz, and M. Michel. 1993. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on the survival of Chlamydia pneumoniae in aerosols. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59(8):2589–93.
  • Tomlinson, A., L.C. Madden, and P.A. Simmons. 2013. Effectiveness of dry eye therapy under conditions of environmental stress. Current Eye Research 38(2):229–36.
  • Tsutsumi, H., S.-i. Tanabe, J. Harigaya, Y. Iguchi, and G. Nakamura. 2007. Effect of humidity on human comfort and productivity after step changes from warm and humid environment. Building and Environment 42(12):4034–42.
  • Tsutsumi, H., and S. Tanabe. 2002. Effects of low humidity on sensation of eye dryness caused by using different type of contact lenses in summer season. Proceedings of Indoor Air. pp. 394–99.
  • Uhde, E., and T. Salthammer. 2007. Impact of reaction products from building materials and furnishings on indoor air quality—a review of recent advances in indoor chemistry. Atmospheric Environment 41(15):3111–28.
  • van Noort, S.P., R. Águas, S. Ballesteros, and M.G.M. Gomes. 2012. The role of weather on the relation between influenza and influenza-like illness. Journal of Theoretical Biology 298:131–7.
  • Weber, T.P. and N.I. Stilianakis (2008). “A note on the inactivation of influenza A viruses by solar radiation, relative humidity and temperature.” Photochemistry and photobiology 84(6): 1601–1602.
  • Weschler, C.J. 2006. Ozone's impact on public health: contributions from indoor exposures to ozone and products of ozone-initiated chemistry. Environmental Health Perspectives 114(10):1489–96.
  • Wolkoff, P. 1998. Impact of air velocity, temperature, humidity, and air on long-term VOC emissions from building products. Atmospheric Environment 32(14):2659–68.
  • Wolkoff, P., and S.K. Kjærgaard. 2007. The dichotomy of relative humidity on indoor air quality. Environment International 33(6):850–7.
  • Wong, N.H., and S.S. Khoo. 2003. Thermal comfort in classrooms in the tropics. Energy and Buildings 35(4):337–51.
  • Wright, D., G. Bailey, and M. Hatch. 1968. Role of relative humidity in the survival of airborne Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Journal of Bacteriology 96(4):970–4.
  • Wu, P.C., Y.Y. Li, C.M. Chiang, C.Y. Huang, C.C. Lee, F.C. Li, and H.J. Su. 2005. Changing microbial concentrations are associated with ventilation performance in Taiwan's air‐conditioned office buildings. Indoor Air 15(1):19–26.
  • Wyon, D.P., L. Fang, L. Lagercrantz, and P.O. Fanger. 2006. Experimental determination of the limiting criteria for human exposure to low winter humidity indoors (RP-1160). HVAC&R Research 12(2):201–13.
  • Yang, W., S. Elankumaran, and L.C. Marr. 2012. Relationship between humidity and influenza A viability in droplets and implications for influenza's seasonality. PloS One 7(10):e46789.
  • Yang, W., and L.C. Marr. 2011. Dynamics of airborne influenza A viruses indoors and dependence on humidity. PloS One 6(6):e21481.
  • Yang, W., and L.C. Marr. 2012. Mechanisms by which ambient humidity may affect viruses in aerosols. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78(19):6781–8.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.