A comparison of numerical simulation methods analyzing the performance of a ground-coupled heat pump system

References

• Al-Sallal, K.A. 2014. A review of buildings' energy challenges. International Journal of Environment and Sustainability 3(1):42–9.
   Google Scholar
• Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection of Veneto Region. 2017. http://www.arpa.veneto.it
   Google Scholar
• Cimmino, M., and M. Bernier. 2013. Preprocessor for the generation of g-functions used in the simulation of geothermal systems. Proceedings of BS2013: 13th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association. Chambéry, France, August 26–28.
   Google Scholar
• Cimmino, M., M. Bernier, and F. Adams. 2013. A contribution towards the determination of g-functions using the finite line source. Applied Thermal Engineering 51(1–2):401–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimmino, M., and M. Bernier. 2014. A semi-analytical method to generate g-functions for geothermal bore fields. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 70:641–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claesson, J., and S. Javed. 2011. An analytical method to calculate borehole fluid temperatures for time-scales from minutes to decades. ASHRAE Transactions 117(2):279–88.
   Google Scholar
• Cui, P., H. Yang, and Z. Fang. 2006. Heat transfer analysis of ground heat exchangers with inclined boreholes. Applied Thermal Engineering 26(11–12):1169–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currò Dossi, F., M. De Carli, R. Del Bianco, F. Fellin, M. Tonon, and R. Zecchin. 2003. A pilot project for a low energy building equipped with thermal slabs, heat pump and ground heat storage. 8th International IBPSA Conference Eindhoven, Netherlands, (August 11–14).
   Google Scholar
• De Carli, M., M. Tonon, A. Zarrella, and R. Zecchin. 2010. A computational capacity resistance model (CaRM) for vertical. Renewable Energy 35:1537–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eskilson, P. 1987. Thermal analysis of heat extraction boreholes, Ph.D. Thesis, Lund University, Department of Mathematical Physics. Lund, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. 2009. Directive 2009/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC. Official Journal of the European Union 140.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. 2010. Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings (recast). Official Journal of the European Union 153.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. 2012. Directive 2012/27/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on energy efficiency. Official Journal of the European Union 315.
   Google Scholar
• European Parliament. 2016. Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department A: Economic and Scientific Policy. “Boosting Building Renovation: What potential and value for Europe?”
   Google Scholar
• Gestore dei Servizi Energetici GSE. 2017. Rapporto Statistico—Energia da fonti rinnovabili in Italia 2015. Text available on GSE website at www.gse.it.
   Google Scholar
• IEA International Energy Agency. 2011. Technology Roadmap—Energy-efficient Buildings: Heating and Cooling Equipment (2011). Text available on IEA website at www.iea.org.
   Google Scholar
• IEA International Energy Agency. 2016. Energy Efficiency Market Report 2016. Text available on IEA website at www.iea.org.
   Google Scholar
• Kollet, S., I. Cvijanovic, D. Schüttemeyer, A.F. Moene, and P. Bayer. 2009. Influence of the sensible heat of rain, subsurface heat convection and the lower temperature boundary condition on the energy balance at the land surface. Vadose Zone Journal 8(4):1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Kusuda, T. 1976. NBSLD, the Computer Program for Heating and Cooling Loads in Buildings. National Bureau of Standards Building Science Series 69.
   Google Scholar
• Lamarche, L., and B. Beauchamp. 2007. A new contribution to the finite line-source model for geothermal boreholes. Energy and Buildings 39(2):188–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarche, L. 2011. Analytical g-function for inclined boreholes in ground-source heat pump systems. Geothermics 40(4):241–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamarche, L. 2017. Mixed arrangement of multiple input-output borehole systems. Applied Thermal Engineering 124:466–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzarotto, A. 2014. A network-based methodology for the simulation of borehole heat storage systems. Renewable Energy 62:265–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzarotto, A. 2016. A methodology for the calculation of response functions for geothermal fields with arbitrarily oriented boreholes: Part 1. Renewable Energy 86:1380–93.
   Google Scholar
• Lazzarotto, A., and F. Björk. 2016. A methodology for the calculation of response functions for geothermal fields with arbitrarily oriented boreholes: Part 2. Renewable Energy 86:1353–61.
   Google Scholar
• Luo, J., J. Rohn, M. Bayer, A. Priess, and W. Xiang. 2014. Analysis on performance of boreholeheat exchanger in a layered subsurface. Applied Energy 123:55–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotte, D., and P. Pasquier. 2009. The effect of borehole inclination on fluid and ground temperature for GLHE systems. Geothermics 38(4):392–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotte, D., P. Pasquier, F. Sheriff, and M. Bernier. 2010. The importance of axial effects for borehole design of geothermal heat-pump systems. Renewable Energy 35(4):763–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcotte, D., and P. Pasquier. 2014. Unit-response function for ground heat exchanger with parallel, series or mixed borehole arrangement. Renewable Energy 68:14–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquier, P., and D. Marcotte. 2014. Joint use of quasi-3D response model and spectral method to simulate borehole heat exchanger. Geothermics 51:281–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priarone, A., and M. Fossa. 2016. Temperature response factors at different boundary conditions for modelling the single borehole heat exchanger. Applied Thermal Engineering 103:934–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera, J.A., P. Blum, and P. Bayer. 2016a. A finite line source model with Cauchy-type top boundary conditions for simulating near surface effects on borehole heat exchangers. Energy 98:50–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera, J.A., P. Blum, and P. Bayer. 2016b. Influence of spatially variable ground heat flux on closed-loop geothermal systems: Line source model with nonhomogeneous Cauchy-type top boundary conditions. Applied Energy 180:572–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivera, J.A., P. Blum, and P. Bayer. 2017. Increased ground temperatures in urban areas: Estimation of the technical geothermal potential. Renewable Energy 103:388–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Calvo, F., M. De Rosa, P. Monzó, C. Montagud, and J.M. Corberán. 2016. Coupling short-term (B2G model) and long-term (g-function) models for ground source heat exchanger simulation in TRNSYS. Application in a real installation. Applied Thermal Engineering 102:720–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorrell, S. 2015. Reducing energy demand: A review of issues, challenges and approaches. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 47:74–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitler, J.D. 2000. GLHEPRO a design tool for commercial building ground loop heat exchangers. Proceedings of fourth international heat pumps in cold climates conference, Aylmer, Quebec (August 17–18).
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson, D.G., and G.P. Mitalas. 1967. Cooling load calculations by thermal response factor method. ASHRAE Transactions 73: Part I: III.1.1–III.1.7.
   Google Scholar
• Ürge-Vorsatz, D., L.F. Cabeza, S. Serrano, C. Barreneche, and K. Petrichenko. 2015. Heating and cooling energy trends and drivers in buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 41:85–98.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department Of Energy. 2016. Engineering Reference Manual. In EnergyPlus V8.5. https://energyplus.net/.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Green Building Council. 2017. https://new.usgbc.org/.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, X., and J.D. Spitler. 2006. Modeling of vertical ground loop heat exchangers with variable convective resistance and thermal mass of the fluid. Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Thermal Energy Storage, Pomona, NJ, May 31 - June 2, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Yavuzturk, C., J.D. Spitler, and S.J. Rees. 1999. A transient two-dimensional finite volume model for the simulation of vertical u-tube ground heat exchangers. ASHRAE Transactions 105(2):465–74.
   Google Scholar
• Zarrella, A., A. Capozza, and M. De Carli. 2013a. Analysis of short helical and double U-tube borehole heat exchangers: A simulation-based comparison. Applied Energy 112:358–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarrella, A., A. Capozza, and M. De Carli. 2013b. Performance analysis of short helical borehole heat exchangers via integrated modelling of a borefield and a heat pump: A case study. Applied Thermal Engineering 61:36–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarrella, A., and P. Pasquier. 2015. Effect of axial heat transfer and atmospheric conditions on the energy performance of GSHP systems: A simulation-based analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering 78:591–604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarrella, A., G. Emmi, R. Zecchin, and M. De Carli. 2017. An appropriate use of the thermal response test for the design of energy foundation piles with U-tube circuits. Energy and Buildings 134:259–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeng, H.Y., N.R. Diao, and Z.H. Fang. 2002. A finite line-source model for boreholes in geothermal heat exchangers. Heat Transfer Asian Research 31(7):558–67.
   Google Scholar