References
- Al-Saadi, S.N., and Z. Zhai. 2015. A new validated TRNSYS module for simulating latent heat storage walls. Energy and Buildings 109:274–90.
- ASHRAE. 2002. Ashrae Guideline 14–2002: Measurement of Energy Demand and Savings. Atlanta, GA: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.
- Bougeault, P., and P. Lacarrère. 1989. Parameterization of orography-induced turbulence in a mesobeta-scale model. Monthly Weather Review 117:1827–90.
- Bouyer, J., C. Inard, and M. Musy. 2011. Microclimatic coupling as a solution to improve building energy simulation in an urban context. Energy and Buildings 43:1549–59.
- Burian, S., N. Augustus, I. Jeyachandran, and M.J. Brown. 2008. Final Report for the National Building Statistics Database, Version 2.
- CEN. 1999. EN 12207, Windows and Doors. Air Permeability – Classification. Brussels: CEN-CENELEC.
- CEN. 2007. EN 15242, Ventilation for Buildings – Calculation Method for the Determination of Airflow Rates in Buildings Including Infiltration. Brussels: CEN-CENELEC.
- Chen, F., and J. Dudhia. 2001. Coupling an advances land surface-hydrology model with the Penn State-NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model implementation and sensitivity. Monthly Weather Review 129:569–85.
- Clarke, J.A. 1985. Energy Simulation in Building Design. Bristol: Adam Hilger, 362 pp.
- Conry, P., A. Sharma, M.J. Potosnak, L.S. Leo, E. Bensman, J. Hellmann, and J.H.S. Fernando. 2015. Chicago's Heat Island and climate change: Bridging the scales via dynamical downscaling. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 54:1430–48.
- CTI. 2016. Website of the ItalianTechnical Committee for Energy and Environment. http://try.cti2000.it/
- de Franceschi, M., and D. Zardi. 2003. Evaluation of cut-off frequency and correction of filter-induced phase lag and attenuation in eddy covariance analysis of turbulence data. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 108:289–303.
- de Franceschi, M., D. Zardi, M. Tagliazucca, and F. Tampieri. 2009. Analysis of second order moments in the surface layer turbulence in an Alpine valley. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 135:1750–65.
- European Parliament and Council. 2010. Directive 2010/31/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings. Official Journal of the European Union L153:13–35.
- Giovannini, L., L. Laiti, S. Serafin, and D. Zardi. 2017. The thermally driven diurnal wind system of the Adige Valley in the Italian Alps. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 143:2389–402.
- Giovannini, L., D. Zardi, and M. de Franceschi. 2011. Analysis of the urban thermal fingerprint of the city of Trento in the Alps. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 50:1145–1162.
- Giovannini, L., D. Zardi, and M. de Franceschi. 2013. Characterization of the thermal structure inside an urban canyon: Field measurements and validation of a simple model. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 52:64–81.
- Giovannini, L., D. Zardi, M. de Franceschi, and F. Chen. 2014. Numerical simulations of boundary-layer processes and urban-induced alterations in an Alpine valley. International Journal of Climatology 34:1111–31.
- Guattari, C., L. Evangelisti, and C.A. Balaras. 2018. On the assessment of urban heat island phenomenon and its effects on building energy performance: A case study of Rome (Italy). Energy and Buildings 158:605–15.
- Krayenhoff, E.S., J.L. Santiago, A. Martilli, A. Christen, and T.R. Oke. 2015. Parameterization of drag and turbulence for urban neighborhoods with trees. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 156:157–89.
- Kusaka, H., H. Kondo, Y. Kinegawa, and F. Kimura. 2001. A simple single-layer urban canopy model for atmospheric models: Comparison with multi-layer and slab models. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 101:329–58.
- Kuttler, W., A.-B. Barlag, and F. Roßmann. 1996. Study of the thermal structure of a town in a narrow valley. Atmospheric Environment 30:365–78.
- Laiti, L., D. Zardi, M. de Franceschi, and G. Rampanelli. 2013. Atmospheric boundary layer structures associated with the Ora del Garda wind in the Alps as revealed from airborne and surface measurements. Atmospheric Research 132–133:473–89.
- Laiti, L., D. Zardi, M. de Franceschi, G. Rampanelli, and L. Giovannini. 2014. Analysis of the diurnal development of a lake-valley circulation in the Alps based on airborne and surface measurements. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14:9771–86.
- Martilli, A., A. Clappier, and M.W. Rotach. 2002. An urban surface exchange parameterization for mesoscale models. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 104:261–304.
- Miao, S., F. Chen, M.A. LeMone, M. Tewari, Q. Li, and Y. Wang. 2009. An observational and modeling study of characteristics of urban heat island and boundary layer structures in Beijing. Journal of Applied Meterology and Climatology 48:484–501.
- Mirzaei, P.A. 2015. Recent challenges in modeling of urban heat island. Sustainable Cities and Society 19:200–6.
- Oke, T.R. 1987. Boundary Layer Climates. 2nd Ed. London: Routledge.
- Papangelis, G., M. Tombrou, A. Dandou, and T. Kontos. 2012. An urban green planning approach utilizing the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) modeling system. A case study of Athens, Greece. Landscape Urban Planning 105:174–83.
- Perez, R.R., P. Ineichen, and E.L. Maxwell. 1992. Dynamic global-to-direct irradiance conversion models. ASHRAE Transactions 98(1):354–69.
- Piringer, M., and K. Baumann. 1999. Modifications of a valley wind system by an urban area—Experimental results. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 71:117–25.
- Rotach, M., and D. Zardi. 2007. On the boundary layer structure over highly complex terrain: key findings from MAP. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 133:937–48.
- Salamanca, F., and A. Martilli. 2010. A new building energy model coupled with an urban canopy parameterization for urban climate simulations—Part II. Validation with one dimension off-line simulations. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 99:345–56.
- Salamanca, F., A. Martilli, M. Tewari, and F. Chen. 2011. A study of the urban boundary layer using different urban parameterizations and high-resolution urban canopy parameters in WRF. Journal of Applied Meteorlogy and Climatology 50:1107–28.
- Salvati, A., H. Couch Rouna, and C. Cecere. 2017. Assessing the urban heat island and its energy impact on residential buildings in Mediterranean climate: Barcelona case study. Energy and Buildings 146:38–54.
- Santamouris, M. 2007. Heat island research in Europe-the state of the art. Advances in Building Energy Research (ABER) 1:123–150.
- Santamouris, M., C. Cartalis, A. Synnefa, and D. Kolokotsa. 2015. On the impact of urban heat island and global warming on the power demand and electricity consumption of buildings – A review. Energy and Buildings 98:119–24.
- Skamarock, W.C., J.B. Klemp, J. Dudhia, D.O. Gill, D.M. Barker, M. Duda, X.-Y. Huang, W. Wang, and J.G. Powers. 2008. NCAR Technical Note 2016. A description of the Advanced Research WRF version 3. NCAR Technical Note. TN-475+STR, 125.
- Solar Energy Laboratory. 2012. TRNSYS 17, TRNSYS. A transient system simulation program. http://sel.me.wisc.edu/trnsys.
- Solazzo, E., S. Di Sabatino, N. Aquilina, A. Dudek, and R. Britter. 2010. Coupling mesoscale modelling with a simple urban model: The Lisbon case study. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 137:441–57.
- Stewart, I.D., and T.R. Oke. 2012. Local climate zones for urban temperature studies. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 93:1879–900.
- UNI. 2014a. Technical Report UNI/TR 11552 Opaque Envelope Components of Buildings. Thermo-physical Parameters. Rome: UNI.
- UNI. 2014b. UNI/TS 11300–1, Energy Performance of Buildings Part 1: Evaluation of Energy Need for Space Heating and Cooling. Rome: UNI.
- Wang, X., F. Chen, Z. Wu, M. Zhang, M. Tewari, A. Guenther, and C. Wiedinmyer. 2009. Impacts of weather conditions modified by urban expansion on surface ozone: Comparison between the Pearl River Delta and Yangtze River Delta regions. Advances in Atmospheric Science 26:962–72.