Evaluation of infection risk for SARS-CoV-2 transmission on university campuses

References

• Adams, W. C. 1993. Measurement of breathing rate and volume in routinely performed daily activities [final report]. Adams, WC.
   Google Scholar
• Al-Raeei, M. 2021. The basic reproduction number of the new coronavirus pandemic with mortality for India, the Syrian Arab Republic, the United States, Yemen, China, France, Nigeria and Russia with different rate of cases. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 9:147–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2020.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsved, M., A. Matamis, R. Bohlin, M. Richter, P. E. Bengtsson, C. J. Fraenkel, P. Medstrand, and J. Löndahl. 2020. Exhaled respiratory particles during singing and talking. Aerosol Science and Technology 54 (11):1245–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2020.1812502
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrade, A., F. Dominski, M. Pereira, C. Liz, and G. Buonanno. 2018. Infection risk in gyms during physical exercise. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International 25 (20):19675–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1822-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azimi, P., and B. Stephens. 2013. HVAC filtration for controlling infectious airborne disease transmission in indoor environments: Predicting risk reductions and operational costs. Building and Environment 70:150–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2013.08.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basu, S., and A. P. Galvani. 2008. The transmission and control of XDR TB in South Africa: An operations research and mathematical modelling approach. Epidemiology and Infection 136 (12):1585–98. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268808000964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beggs, C. B., C. J. Noakes, P. A. Sleigh, L. A. Fletcher, and K. Siddiqi. 2003. The transmission of tuberculosis in confined spaces: An analytical review of alternative epidemiological models. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease: The Official Journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 7 (11):1015–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blocken, B., T. van Druenen, A. Ricci, L. Kang, T. van Hooff, P. Qin, L. Xia, C. A. Ruiz, J. H. Arts, J. F. L. Diepens, et al. 2021. Ventilation and air cleaning to limit aerosol particle concentrations in a gym during the COVID-19 pandemic. Building and Environment 193:107659. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107659
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buonanno, G., L. Morawska, and L. Stabile. 2020. Quantitative assessment of the risk of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Prospective and retrospective applications. Environment International 145:106112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buonanno, G., L. Stabile, and L. Morawska. 2020. Estimation of airborne viral emission: Quanta emission rate of SARS-CoV-2 for infection risk assessment. Environment International 141:105794. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burden, A., R. Burden, and J. Faires. 2016. Numerical Analysis, 10th ed. Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Cao, B., Y. Wang, D. Wen, W. Liu, J. Wang, G. Fan, L. Ruan, B. Song, Y. Cai, M. Wei, et al. 2020. A trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine 382 (19):1787–99. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catanzaro, A. 1982. Nosocomial tuberculosis. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 125 (5):559–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/arrd.1982.125.5.559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC. 2003. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities: Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/environmental/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• CDC. 2021a. Considerations for institutions of higher education. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/colleges-universities/considerations.html.
   Google Scholar
• CDC. 2021b. Guidance for wearing masks. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cloth-face-cover-guidance.html.
   Google Scholar
• Chatoutsidou, S, & Mihalis, L. 2019. Assessment of the impact of particulate dry deposition on soiling of indoor cultural heritage objects found in churches and museums/libraries. Journal of Cultural Heritage 39:221–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2019.02.017.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, L., G. Ban, E. Long, G. Kalonji, Z. Cheng, L. Zhang, and S. Guo. 2021. Estimation of the SARS-CoV-2 transmission probability in confined traffic space and evaluation of the mitigation strategies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 176. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13617-y
   Google Scholar
• Chen, W., N. Zhang, J. Wei, H.-L. Yen, and Y. Li. 2020. Short-range airborne route dominates exposure of respiratory infection during close contact. Building and Environment 176:106859. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.106859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper-Arnold, K., T. Morse, C. Pettigrew, M. Hodgson, R. Wallace, J. Clive, and J. Gasecki. 1999. Occupational tuberculosis among deputy sheriffs in Connecticut: A risk model of transmission. Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 14 (11):768–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/104732299302198
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dai, H., and B. Zhao. 2020. Association of the infection probability of COVID-19 with ventilation rates in confined spaces. Building Simulation 13 (6):1321–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-020-0703-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies, A., K.-A. Thompson, K. Giri, G. Kafatos, J. Walker, and A. Bennett. 2013. Testing the efficacy of homemade masks: Would they protect in an influenza pandemic? Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 7 (4):413–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2013.43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding, J., C. W. Yu, and S.-J. Cao. 2020. HVAC systems for environmental control to minimize the COVID-19 infection. Indoor and Built Environment 29 (9):1195–201. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X20951968
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubert, M., B. Visseaux, V. Isernia, L. Bouadma, L. Deconinck, J. Patrier, P.-H. Wicky, D. Le Pluart, L. Kramer, C. Rioux, et al. 2020. Case report study of the first five COVID-19 patients treated with remdesivir in France. International Journal of Infectious Diseases : IJID: Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 98:290–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.093
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duguid, P. J. 1946. The size and the duration of air-carriage of respiratory droplets and droplet-nuclei. The Journal of Hygiene 44 (6):471–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022172400019288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escombe, A. R., C. C. Oeser, R. H. Gilman, M. Navincopa, E. Ticona, W. Pan, C. Martínez, J. Chacaltana, R. Rodríguez, D. A. J. Moore, et al. 2007. Natural ventilation for the prevention of airborne contagion. PLoS Medicine 4 (2):e68. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, X., K. Liu, J. Tang, M. Zhang, X. Huang, X. Shi, H. Zhang, S. Yang, and Y. Ren. 2021. Investigation on the use of masks among medical college students in the early stage of COVID-19 epidemic. Journal of Modern Clinical Medicine 47 (1):38–41. +5. doi:https://doi.org/10.11851/j.issn.1673-1557.2021.01.014
   Google Scholar
• Feng, Z., F. Wei, H. Li, and C. W. Yu. 2021. Evaluation of indoor disinfection technologies for airborne disease control in hospital. Indoor and Built Environment. 30 (6), 727–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X211002948
   Google Scholar
• Fennelly, K., and E. Nardell. 1998. The relative efficacy of respirators and room ventilation in preventing occupational tuberculosis. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 19 (10):754–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/30141420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuya, H. 2013. Estimation of environmental control measures for tuberculosis transmission in care facilities for the elderly. The Tokai Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 38 (4):135–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Furuya, H., M. Nagamine, and T. Watanabe. 2009. Use of a mathematical model to estimate tuberculosis transmission risk in an Internet café. Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine 14 (2):96–102. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12199-008-0062-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gammaitoni, L., and M. C. Nucci. 1997. Using a mathematical model to evaluate the efficacy of TB control measures. Emerging Infectious Diseases 3 (3):335–42. doi:https://doi.org/10.3201/eid0303.970310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., Y. Li, and G. M. Leung. 2009. Ventilation control of indoor transmission of airborne diseases in an urban community. Indoor and Built Environment 18 (3):205–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X09104141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., Y. Li, P. Xu, and B. J. Cowling. 2012. Evaluation of intervention strategies in schools including ventilation for influenza transmission control. Building Simulation 5 (1):29–37. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12273-011-0034-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., J. Wei, B. J. Cowling, and Y. Li. 2016. Potential impact of a ventilation intervention for influenza in the context of a dense indoor contact network in Hong Kong. The Science of the Total Environment 569-570:373–81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, X., J. Wei, H. Lei, P. Xu, B. J. Cowling, and Y. Li. 2016. Building ventilation as an effective disease intervention strategy in a dense indoor contact network in an ideal city. PLoS ONE 11 (9):e0162481 doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han, M. S., M.-W. Seong, E. Y. Heo, J. H. Park, N. Kim, S. Shin, S. I. Cho, S. S. Park, and E. H. Choi. 2020. Sequential analysis of viral load in a neonate and her mother infected with SARS-CoV-2. Clinical Infectious Diseases 71 (16):2236–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hella, J., C. Morrow, F. Mhimbira, S. Ginsberg, N. Chitnis, S. Gagneux, B. Mutayoba, R. Wood, and L. Fenner. 2017. Tuberculosis transmission in public locations in Tanzania: A novel approach to studying airborne disease transmission. Journal of Infection 75 (3):191–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2017.06.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hota, B., B. Stein, M. Lin, A. Tomich, J. Segreti, and R. A. Weinstein. 2020. Estimate of airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 using real time tracking of health care workers. medRxiv. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.15.20154567.
   Google Scholar
• JHU. 2021. COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University. https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, Z., X. Du, Y. Xu, Y. Deng, M. Liu, Y. Zhao, B. Zhang, X. Li, L. Zhang, C. Peng, et al. 2020. Structure of Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its inhibitors. Nature 582 (7811):289–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2223-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnstone-Robertson, S., S. D. Lawn, A. Welte, L.-G. Bekker, and R. Wood. 2011. Tuberculosis in a South African prison-a transmission modelling analysis. South African Medical Journal 101 (11):809. doi:https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.5043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kermack, W. O., and A. G. McKendrick. 1927. A contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character 115 (772):700–21. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1927.0118
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. Y., J. H. Ko, Y. Kim, Y. J. Kim, J. M. Kim, Y. S. Chung, H. M. Kim, M. G. Han, S. Y. Kim, and B. S. Chin. 2020. Viral load kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection in first two patients in Korea. Journal of Korean Medical Science 35 (7):e86. doi:https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knibbs, L. D., L. Morawska, and S. C. Bell. 2012. The risk of airborne influenza transmission in passenger cars. Epidemiology and Infection 140 (3):474–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268811000835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, S. A., S. A. Grinshpun, and T. Reponen. 2008. Respiratory performance offered by N95 respirators and surgical masks: Human subject evaluation with NaCl aerosol representing bacterial and viral particle size range. The Annals of Occupational Hygiene 52 (3):177–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/men005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, C.-M., C.-F. Chang, and H.-M. Liang. 2005. A probabilistic transmission dynamic model to assess indoor airborne infection risks. Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis 25 (5):1097–107. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00663.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, C. M., S. C. Chen, and C. F. Chang. 2008. Modelling Respiratory Infection Control Measure Effects. Epidemiology and Infection 136 (3):299–308. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268807008631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao, C.-M., Y.-J. Lin, and Y.-H. Cheng. 2013. Modeling the impact of control measures on tuberculosis infection in senior care facilities. Building and Environment 59:66–75. : doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2012.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., G. M. Leung, J. W. Tang, X. Yang, C. Y. H. Chao, J. Z. Lin, J. W. Lu, P. V. Nielsen, J. Niu, H. Qian, et al. 2007. Role of ventilation in airborne transmission of infectious agents in the built environment – A multidisciplinary systematic review. Indoor Air 17 (1):2–18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2006.00445.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., and Y. Luo. 2011. Transformation design for ventilation system in a large canteen. Construction& Design for Project. 2011(10): 101–3, 106. doi:https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9467.2011.10.029
   Google Scholar
• Lindsley, W. G., F. M. Blachere, D. H. Beezhold, R. E. Thewlis, B. Noorbakhsh, S. Othumpangat, W. T. Goldsmith, C. M. McMillen, M. E. Andrew, C. N. Burrell, et al. 2016. Viable influenza A virus in airborne particles expelled during coughs versus exhalations. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 10 (5):404–13. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindsley, W. G., T. A. Pearce, J. B. Hudnall, K. A. Davis, S. M. Davis, M. A. Fisher, R. Khakoo, J. E. Palmer, K. E. Clark, I. Celik, et al. 2012. Quantity and size distribution of cough-generated aerosol particles produced by influenza patients during and after illness. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 9 (7):443–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15459624.2012.684582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Hua, L., I. De Ying. 2017. HVAC design of the gymnasium for a University in Beijing. Building Simulation 45 (05):1–3. doi:https://doi.org/10.3969j.issn.1673-7237.2017.05.001
   Google Scholar
• Liu, S., Ying, L., & Yong, L. 2020. Somatic symptoms and concern regarding COVID-19 among Chinese college and primary school students: A cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research 289:113070. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113070.
   Google Scholar
• Mao, N., C. K. An, L. Y. Guo, M. Wang, L. Guo, S. R. Guo, and E. S. Long. 2020. Transmission risk of infectious droplets in physical spreading process at different times: A review. Building and Environment 185:107307 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, S. L., W. William, J. L. Nazaroff, A. Jimenez, G. Boerstra, S. J. Buonanno, J. Dancer, L. C. Kurnitski, L. Marr, C. Morawska, et al. 2020. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by inhalation of respiratory aerosol in the Skagit Valley Chorale superspreading event. Indoor Air 31 (2): 314–23. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ina.12751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOE. 2020. Technical plan for prevention and control of new crown pneumonia epidemic in colleges and universities in autumn and winter (updated version). http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xxgk/moe_1777/moe_1779/202008/t20200813_477911.html.
   Google Scholar
• MOHURD and GASC. 2003. Design Code for Sports Building: JGJ 31-2003. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
   Google Scholar
• MOHURD. 2012. Design Code for Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning of Civil Buildings: GB50736-2012. Beijing: China Architecture & Building Press.
   Google Scholar
• Morawska, L., G. R. Johnson, Z. D. Ristovski, M. Hargreaves, K. Mengersen, S. Corbett, C. Y. H. Chao, Y. Li, and D. Katoshevski. 2009. Size distribution and sites of origin of droplets expelled from the human respiratory tract during expiratory activities. Journal of Aerosol Science 40 (3):256–69. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.11.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morawska, L., J. W. Tang, W. Bahnfleth, P. M. Bluyssen, A. Boerstra, G. Buonanno, J. Cao, S. Dancer, A. Floto, F. Franchimon, et al. 2020. How can airborne transmission of COVID-19 indoors be minimised? Environment International 142:105832 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105832
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushayabasa, S. 2013. Application of Wells–Riley equations on a mathematical model for assessing the transmission of tuberculosis in prison settings. International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 4 (3):1350010. doi:https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793962313500104
   Google Scholar
• Nardell, E. A., J. Keegan, S. A. Cheney, and S. C. Etkind. 1991. Airborne infection. Theoretical limits of protection achievable by building ventilation. The American Review of Respiratory Disease 144 (2):302–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/144.2.302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NBS. 2019. China Statistical Yearbook. Beijing: China Statistics Press.
   Google Scholar
• NHC. 2020. COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Plan (Trial Eighth Edition). http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202008/0a7bdf12bd4b46e5bd28ca7f9a7f5e5a.shtml.
   Google Scholar
• Noakes, C. J., and P. A. Sleigh. 2009. Mathematical models for assessing the role of airflow on the risk of airborne infection in hospital wards. Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 6 (Suppl. 6):S791–S800. doi:https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2009.0305.focus
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, Y., D. Zhang, P. Yang, L. L. M. Poon, and Q. Wang. 2020. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 20 (4):411–2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30113-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan, Y., D. Zhang, P. Yang, L. L. M. Poon, and Q. Wang. 2020. Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 20 (4):411–2. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30113-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park, S. Y., Y.-M. Kim, S. Yi, S. Lee, B.-J. Na, C. B. Kim, J.-I. Kim, H. S. Kim, Y. B. Kim, Y. Park, et al. 2020. Coronavirus disease outbreak in call center, South Korea. Emerging Infectious Diseases 26 (8):1666–70. doi:https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2608.201274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prather, K. A., L. C. Marr, R. T. Schooley, M. A. McDiarmid, M. E. Wilson, and D. K. Milton. 2020. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Science (New York, N.Y.) 370 (6514):303–4. doi: 10.1126/science.abf0521%J Science.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• REHVA. 2020. REHVA COVID-19 guidance document. https://www.rehva.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/REHVA_COVID-19_guidance_document_ver2_20200403_1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Riley, E. C., G. Murphy, and R. L. Riley. 1978. Airborne spread of measles in a suburban elementary school. American Journal of Epidemiology 107 (5):421–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothamer, D. A., S. Sanders, D. Reindl, and T. H. Bertram. 2021. Strategies to minimize SARS-CoV-2 transmission in classroom settings: Combined impacts of ventilation and mask effective filtration efficiency. medRxiv 202012 (31):20249101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.31.20249101.
   Google Scholar
• Rothe, C., M. Schunk, P. Sothmann, G. Bretzel, G. Froeschl, C. Wallrauch, T. Zimmer, V. Thiel, C. Janke, W. Guggemos, et al. 2020. Transmission of 2019-nCoV Infection from an Asymptomatic Contact in Germany. The New England Journal of Medicine 382 (10):970–1. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudnick, S. N., and D. K. Milton. 2003. Risk of indoor airborne infection transmission estimated from carbon dioxide concentration. Indoor Air 13 (3):237–45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0668.2003.00189.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saab, S. 1997. Infectiousness of air from a tuberculosis ward: Ultraviolet irradiation of infected air: Comparative infectiousness of different patients: Riley RL, Mills CC, O'Grady F, Sultan LU, Wittstadt F, Shivpuri DN. Am Rev Respir Dis 1962;85:511-25. American Journal of Infection Control 25 (1):65–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-6553(97)90057-2
   Google Scholar
• Schoen, L. 2020. Guidance for building operations during the COVID-19 pandemic. ASHRAE Journal 62 (5):72–4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen, J., M. Kong, B. Dong, M. J. Birnkrant, and J. Zhang. 2021. A systematic approach to estimating the effectiveness of multi-scale IAQ strategies for reducing the risk of airborne infection of SARS-CoV-2. Building and Environment 200:107926 doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107926
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stabile, L., A. Pacitto, A. Mikszewski, L. Morawska, and G. Buonanno. 2021. Ventilation procedures to minimize the airborne transmission of viruses at schools. medRxiv 2021. 3 (23):21254179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.23.21254179.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. G., T. A. Yates, M. Mthethwa, F. Tanser, I. Abubakar, and H. Altamirano. 2016. Measuring ventilation and modelling M. tuberculosis transmission in indoor congregate settings, rural KwaZulu-Natal. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 20 (9):1155–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.16.0085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To, G. N. S., and C. Y. H. Chao. 2010. Review and comparison between the Wells-Riley and dose-response approaches to risk assessment of infectious respiratory diseases. Indoor Air 20 (1):2–16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0668.2009.00621.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• To, K. K.-W., O. T.-Y. Tsang, W.-S. Leung, A. R. Tam, T.-C. Wu, D. C. Lung, C. C.-Y. Yip, J.-P. Cai, J. M.-C. Chan, T. S.-H. Chik, et al. 2020. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: An observational cohort study. The Lancet. Infectious Diseases 20 (5):565–74. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30196-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urrego, J., A. I. Ko, A. da Silva Santos Carbone, D. S. G. Paião, R. V. E. Sgarbi, C. W. Yeckel, J. R. Andrews, and J. Croda. 2015. The impact of ventilation and early diagnosis on tuberculosis transmission in Brazilian prisons. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93 (4):739–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Doremalen, N., T. Bushmaker, D. H. Morris, M. G. Holbrook, A. Gamble, B. N. Williamson, A. Tamin, J. L. Harcourt, N. J. Thornburg, S. I. Gerber, et al. 2020. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. The New England Journal of Medicine 382 (16):1564–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2004973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, B., B. Coburn, and S. Blower. 2009. Calculating the potential for within-flight transmission of influenza A (H1N1). BMC Medicine 7:81 doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7015-7-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, K. A., K. Jordan, B. Clyne, D. Rohde, L. Drummond, P. Byrne, S. Ahern, P. G. Carty, K. K. O'Brien, E. O'Murchu, et al. 2020. SARS-CoV-2 detection, viral load and infectivity over the course of an infection: SARS-CoV-2 detection, viral load and infectivity. The Journal of Infection 81 (3):357–71. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.06.067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, A., K. Willeke, R. Marchloni, T. Myojo, R. McKay, J. Donnelly, and F. Liebhaber. 1993. Aerosol penetration and leakae characteristics of masks used in the health care industry. American Journal of Infection Control 21 (4):167–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/0196-6553(93)90027-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, W. F. 1955. Airborne Contagion and Air Hygiene, 117–22. Cambridge MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wei, J, Shurui, G, Enshen, L, Li, Z, Bizhen, S, & Lei, G. 2021. Why does the spread of COVID-19 vary greatly in different countries? Revealing the efficacy of face masks in epidemic prevention. Epidemiology and Infection 149:e24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268821000108
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2020a. Modes of transmission of virus causing COVID-19: Implications for IPC precaution recommendations. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/modes-of-transmission-of-virus-causing-covid-19-implications-for-ipc-precaution-recommendations.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. 2020b. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Implications for infection prevention precautions. https://www.who.int/news-room/commentaries/detail/transmission-of-sars-cov-2-implications-for-infection-prevention-precautions.
   Google Scholar
• Wölfel, R., V. M. Corman, W. Guggemos, M. Seilmaier, S. Zange, M. A. Müller, D. Niemeyer, T. C. Jones, P. Vollmar, C. Rothe, et al. 2020. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 581 (7809):465–9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, R., S. Johnstone-Robertson, P. Uys, J. Hargrove, K. Middelkoop, S. D. Lawn, and L.-G. Bekker. 2010. Tuberculosis transmission to young children in a South African community: Modeling household and community infection risks). Clinical Infectious Diseases 51 (4):401–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/655129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, J. T., K. Leung, and G. M. Leung. 2020. Nowcasting and forecasting the potential domestic and international spread of the 2019-nCoV outbreak originating in Wuhan, China: A modelling study. Lancet (London, England) 395 (10225):689–97. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30260-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, H., Z. Gang, and Z. Peng. 2006. HVAC design for campus buildings. HV & AC 36 (1):8. doi:https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1002-8501.2006.01.013
   Google Scholar
• Xu, P., E. Kujundzic, J. Peccia, M. P. Schafer, G. Moss, M. Hernandez, and S. L. Miller. 2005. Impact of environmental factors on efficacy of upper-room air ultraviolet germicidal irradiation for inactivating airborne mycobacteria. Environmental Science & Technology 39 (24):9656–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/es0504892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, C., X. Luo, C. Yu, and S.-J. Cao. 2020. The 2019-nCoV epidemic control strategies and future challenges of building healthy smart cities. Indoor and Built Environment 29 (5):639–44. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X20910408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan, Y., X. Li, Y. Shang, and J. Tu. 2017. Evaluation of airborne disease infection risks in an airliner cabin using the Lagrangian-based Wells-Riley approach. Building and Environment 121:79–92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.05.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon, J. G., J. Yoon, J. Y. Song, S. Y. Yoon, C. S. Lim, H. Seong, J. Y. Noh, H. J. Cheong, and W. J. Kim. 2020. Clinical Significance of a High SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in the Saliva. Journal of Korean Medical Science 35 (20):e195e. doi:https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J. 2020. Integrating IAQ control strategies to reduce the risk of asymptomatic SARS CoV-2 infections in classrooms and open plan offices. Science and Technology for the Built Environment 26 (8):1013–8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23744731.2020.1794499
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, N., H. Huang, B. Su, X. Ma, and Y. Li. 2018. A human behavior integrated hierarchical model of airborne disease transmission in a large city. Building and Environment 127:211–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.11.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, S., Q. Lin, J. Ran, S. S. Musa, G. Yang, W. Wang, Y. Lou, D. Gao, L. Yang, D. He, et al. 2020. Preliminary estimation of the basic reproduction number of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in China, from 2019 to 2020: A data-driven analysis in the early phase of the outbreak. International Journal of Infectious Diseases: IJID: Official Publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases 92:214–7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, S., J. Fan, F. Yu, B. Feng, B. Lou, Q. Zou, G. Xie, et al. 2020. Viral load dynamics and disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Zhejiang province, China, January-March 2020: Retrospective cohort study. BMJ 369. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136bmj.m1443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar