Lacking control – analysing the demand side of populist party support

References

• Abts, K., & Rummens, S. (2007). Populism versus democracy. Political Studies, 55(2), 405–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2007.00657.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agroskin, D. (2010). Out of control: How and why does perceived lack of control lead to ethnocentrism? Review of Psychology, 17(2), 79–90.
   Google Scholar
• Akkerman, A., Mudde, C., & Zaslove, A. (2014). How populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), 1324–1353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013512600
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altemeyer, R. A., & Altemeyer, B. (1981). Right-wing authoritarianism. University of Manitoba Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Diehl, T., & de Zúñiga H, G. (2019). Antecedents of internal political efficacy incidental news exposure online and the mediating role of political discussion. Politics, 39(1), 82–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395717693251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barr, R. R. (2009). Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics. Party Politics, 15(1), 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068808097890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basile, L., Borri, R., & Verzichelli, L. (2020). ‘For whom the sovereignist Bell Tolls?’ Individual determinants of support for sovereignism in ten European countries. European Politics and Society, 21(2), 235–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2019.1633035
   Google Scholar
• Basile, L., & Mazzoleni, O. (2020). Sovereignist wine in populist bottles? An introduction. European Politics and Society, 21(2), 151–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2019.1632576
   Google Scholar
• Bauman, Z. (2001). Community: Seeking safety in an insecure world. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Betz, H.-G. (1993). The New politics of resentment: Radical right-wing populist parties in Western Europe. Comparative Politics, 25(4), 413–427. https://doi.org/10.2307/422034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betz, H.-G. (2002). Conditions favouring the success and failure of radical right-wing populist parties in contemporary democracies. In Y. Mény, & Y. Surel (Eds.), Democracies and the populist challenge (pp. 197–213). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Bonikowski, B., Halikiopoulou, D., Kaufmann, E., & Rooduijn, M. (2019). Populism and nationalism in a comparative perspective: A scholarly exchange. Nations and Nationalism, 25(1), 58–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/nana.12480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulianne, S. (2019). Building faith in democracy: Deliberative events, political trust and efficacy. Political Studies, 67(1), 4–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0032321718761466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canovan, M. (2002). Taking politics to the people: Populism as the ideology of democracy. In Y. Mény, & Y. Surel (Eds.), Democracies and the populist challenge: (pp. 25–44). Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Capelos, T., & Katsanidou, A. (2018). Reactionary politics: Explaining the psychological roots of anti preferences in European integration and immigration debates. Political Psychology, 39(6), 1271–1288. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12540
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanho Silva, B., Jungkunz, S., Helbling, M., & Littvay, L. (2019). An empirical comparison of seven populist attitudes scales. Political Research Quarterly, 73(2), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912919833176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castanho Silva, B., Vegetti, F., & Littvay, L. (2017). The elite is up to something: Exploring the relation between populism and belief in conspiracy theories. Swiss Political Science Review, 23(4), 423–443. https://doi.org/10.1111/spsr.12270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer, K. J. (2016). The politics of resentment: Rural consciousness in Wisconsin and the rise of Scott Walker. University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Decker, F. (2004). Der neue Rechtspopulismus. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Demertzis, N. (2006). Emotions and populism. In S. Clarke, P. H. Hoggett & S. Thompson (Eds.), Emotion, politics and society. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Duckitt, J., & Bizumic, B. (2013). Multidimensionality of right-wing authoritarian attitudes: Authoritarianism-conservatism-traditionalism. Political Psychology, 34(6), 841–862. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frijda, N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Galston, W. A. (2018). The populist challenge to liberal democracy. Journal of Democracy, 29(2), 5–19. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2018.0020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gidengil, E., Hennigar, M., Blais, A., & Nevitte, N. (2005). Explaining the gender gap in support for the new right. Comparative Political Studies, 38(10), 1171–1195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414005279320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goertzel, T. (1994). Belief in conspiracy theories. Political Psychology, 15(4), 731–742. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791630
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harell, A., Soroka, S., & Iyengar, S. (2017). Locus of control and anti-immigrant sentiment in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Political Psychology, 38(2), 245–260. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, K. A. (2009). Is chávez populist? Comparative Political Studies, 42(8), 1040–1067. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414009331721
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, K. A., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2018). Measuring populist discourse in the United States and beyond. Nature Human Behaviour, 2(4), 241–242. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0339-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkins, K. A., Rovira Kaltwasser, C., & Andreadis, I. (2020). The activation of populist attitudes. Government and Opposition, 55(2), 283–307. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2018.23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinisch, R., & Mazzoleni, O. (2021). Fixing the taxonomy in populism research: Bringing frame, actor and context back in. In R. Heinisch, C. Holtz-Bacha, & O. Mazzoleni (Eds.), Political populism: Handbook of concepts, questions and strategies of research (pp. 111–176). Nomos.
   Google Scholar
• Heinisch, R., & Werner, A. (2019). Who do populist radical right parties stand for? Representative claims, claim acceptance and descriptive representation in the Austrian FPÖ and German AfD. Representation, 55(4), 475–492. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344893.2019.1635196
   Google Scholar
• Hu, R., Sun, I. Y., & Wu, Y. (2015). Chinese trust in the police: The impact of political efficacy and participation. Social Science Quarterly, 96(4), 1012–1026. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssqu.12196
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignazi, P. (1992). The silent counter-revolution. European Journal of Political Research, 22(1), 3–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1992.tb00303.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignazi, P. (2003). Extreme right-wing parties in Western Europe. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Immerzeel, T., Coffé, H., & Van der Lippe, T. (2015). Explaining the gender gap in radical right voting: A cross-national investigation in 12 Western European countries. Comparative European Politics, 13(2), 263–286. https://doi.org/10.1057/cep.2013.20
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, J. T., Napier, J. L., Thorisdottir, H., Gosling, S. D., Palfai, T. P., & Ostafin, B. (2007). Are needs to manage uncertainty and threat associated with political conservatism or ideological extremity? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(7), 989–1007. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167207301028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jost, P., Maurer, M., & Hassler, J. (2020). Populism fuels love and anger: The impact of message features on users’ reactions on Facebook. International Journal of Communication, 14, 2081–2102.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judge, T. A., Erez, A., Bono, J. E., & Thoresen, C. J. (2002). Are measures of self-esteem, neuroticism, locus of control, and generalized self-efficacy indicators of a common core construct? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 693–710. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.3.693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallis, A. (2018). Populism, sovereigntism, and the unlikely re-emergence of the territorial nation-state. Fudan Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(3), 285–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40647-018-0233-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, B. J. (2015). Political efficacy, community collective efficacy, trust and extroversion in the information society: Differences between online and offline civic/political activities. Government Information Quarterly, 32(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2014.09.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinnvall, C. (2018). On the frontline: Populism and white nationalism in Europe. Discover Society.
   Google Scholar
• Kinnvall, C., & Svensson, T. (2022). Exploring the populist ‘mind’: Anxiety, fantasy, and everyday populism. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 24(3), 526–542. https://doi.org/10.1177/13691481221075925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitschelt, H., & McGann, A. J. (1995). The radical right in Western Europe: A comparative analysis. University of Michigan Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koopmans, R. (1996). Explaining the rise of racist and extreme right violence in Western Europe: Grievances or opportunities? European Journal of Political Research, 30(2), 185–216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.1996.tb00674.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefkofridi, Z., Wagner, M., & Willmann, J. E. (2014). Left-authoritarians and policy representation in Western Europe: Electoral choice across ideological dimensions. West European Politics, 37(1), 65–90. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.818354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, H. (1981). Differentiating between internality, powerful others and chance. In H. M. Lefcourt (Ed.), Reserach with the locus of control construct (pp. 15–63). Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• MacKuen, M., Wolak, J., Keele, L., & Marcus, G. E. (2010). Civic engagements: Resolute partisanship or reflective deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 54(2), 440–458. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00440.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magni, G. (2017). It's the emotions, stupid! anger about the economic crisis, low political efficacy, and support for populist parties. Electoral Studies, 50, 91–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2017.09.014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, L. (2007). From vanguard of the proletariat to Vox populi: Left-populism as a 'Shadow' of contemporary socialism. SAIS Review of International Affairs, 27(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2007.0013
   Google Scholar
• March, L. (2017). Left and right populism compared: The British case. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 19(2), 282–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148117701753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• March, L., & Mudde, C. (2005). What's left of the radical left? The European radical left after 1989: Decline and mutation. Comparative European Politics, 3(1), 23–49. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110052
   Google Scholar
• McGowan, L. (2002). The radical right in Germany: 1870 to present. Longman.
   Google Scholar
• Minkenberg, M. (2000). The renewal of the radical right: Between modernity and anti-modernity. Government and Opposition, 35(2), 170–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-7053.00022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosca, L., & Tronconi, F. (2019). Beyond left and right: The eclectic populism of the five star movement. West European Politics, 42(6), 1258–1283. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1596691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2007). Populist radical right parties in Europe. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C. (2010). The populist radical right: A pathological normalcy. West European Politics, 33(6), 1167–1186. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2010.508901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2012). Populism in Europe and the americas: Threat or corrective for democracy? Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2013). Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary populism: Comparing contemporary Europe and Latin America. Government and Opposition, 48(2), 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2012.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A very short introduction. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, C. (2019). What comes first? Anger, fear, or populism? On the dynamic relationship between anger, anxiety, and support for right-wing populism. In Paper presented at the ECPR Joint Sessions. UCL Mons.
   Google Scholar
• Pappas, T. S. (2019). Populism and liberal democracy: A comparative and theoretical analysis. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Plattner, M. F. (2009). Populism, pluralism, and liberal democracy. Journal of Democracy, 21(1), 81–92. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.0.0154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratt, J. (2007). Penal populism. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, S. H. R., & Nørgaard, A. S. (2018). When and why does education matter? Motivation and resource effects in political efficacy. European Journal of Political Research, 57(1), 24–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M. (2014). The nucleus of populism: In search of the lowest common denominator. Government and Opposition, 49(4), 573–599. https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2013.30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M., & Akkerman, T. (2017). Flank attacks. Party Politics, 23(3), 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068815596514
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rooduijn, M., Van Kessel, S., Froio, C., et al. (2019). The PopuList: An Overview of Populist, Far Right, Far Left and Eurosceptic Parties in Europe. www.popu-list.org.
   Google Scholar
• Rydgren, J. (2007). The sociology of the radical right. Annual Review of Sociology, 33(1), 241–262. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131752
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rydgren, J. (2018). The Oxford handbook of the radical right. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Salmela, M., & Capelos, T. (2021). Ressentiment: A complex emotion or an emotional mechanism of psychic defences? Politics and Governance, 9(3), 191–203. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i3.4251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmela, M., & Von Scheve, C. (2017). Emotional roots of right-wing political populism. Social Science Information, 56(4), 567–595. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018417734419
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmela, M., & Von Scheve, C. (2018). Emotional dynamics of right- and left-wing political populism. Humanity & Society, 42(4), 434–454. https://doi.org/10.1177/0160597618802521
   Google Scholar
• Schedler, A. (1996). Anti-political-establishment parties. Party Politics, 2(3), 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068896002003001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheuch, E. K. (1967). Rechtsradikalismus in Deutschland? Eine Untersuchung bei den Anhängern der NPD. In E. Scheuch & H. Klingemann (Eds.), Materialen zum Phanomen des Rechtsradikalismus in der Bundesrepublik. Cologne University.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartz, C., Simon, M., Hudson, D., & van-Heerde-Hudson, J. (2021). A populist paradox? How Brexit softened anti-immigrant attitudes. British Journal of Political Science, 51(3), 1160–1180. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007123419000656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skonieczny, A. (2018). Emotions and political narratives: Populism, Trump and trade. Politics and Governance, 6(4), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v6i4.1574
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spierings, N., & Zaslove, A. (2015). Gendering the vote for populist radical-right parties. Patterns of Prejudice, 49(1-2), 135–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/0031322X.2015.1024404
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spierings, N., & Zaslove, A. (2017). Gender, populist attitudes, and voting: Explaining the gender gap in voting for populist radical right and populist radical left parties. West European Politics, 40(4), 821–847. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2017.1287448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spruyt, B., Keppens, G. K., & Van Droogenbroeck, F. (2016). Who supports populism and what attracts people to It? Political Research Quarterly, 69(2), 335–346. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912916639138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley, B. (2008). The thin ideology of populism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), 95–110. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569310701822289
   Google Scholar
• Stavrakakis, Y., & Katsambekis, G. (2014). Left-wing populism in the European periphery: The case of SYRIZA. Journal of Political Ideologies, 19(2), 119–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569317.2014.909266
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. (2000). Populism. Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. (2002). Populism and the pathology of representative politics. In Y. Mény, & Y. Surel (Eds.), Democracies and the populist challenge (pp. 62–80). Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. (2004). Populism and representative politics in contemporary Europe. Journal of Political Ideologies, 9(3), 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/1356931042000263528
   Google Scholar
• Urbinati, N. (2019). Political theory of populism. Annual Review of Political Science, 22(1), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-070753
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valentino, N. A., Hutchings, V. L., Banks, A. J., & Davis, A. K. (2008). Is a worried citizen a good citizen? Emotions, political information seeking, and learning via the internet. Political Psychology, 29(2), 247–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00625.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hauwaert, S. M., & Van Kessel, S. (2018). Beyond protest and discontent: A cross-national analysis of the effect of populist attitudes and issue positions on populist party support. European Journal of Political Research, 57(1), 68–92. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6765.12216
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Kessel, S. (2015). Populist parties in Europe: Agents of discontent? Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• West, E. A. (2017). Descriptive representation and political efficacy: Evidence from Obama and Clinton. The Journal of Politics, 79(1), 351–355. https://doi.org/10.1086/688888
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodak, R. (2015). The politics of fear: What right-wing populist discourses mean. Sage Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Wolak, J. (2018). Feelings of political efficacy in the fifty states. Political Behavior, 40(3), 763–784. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-017-9421-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood, M. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2012). Dead and alive. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3(6), 767–773. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550611434786
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar