299
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Case Study

Geospatial analysis of the distribution of urban green spaces: a study of four Indian cities

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 443-459 | Received 21 Dec 2020, Accepted 08 Jun 2021, Published online: 27 Jul 2021

References

  • Ahmad, A., Aboobaider, B.M., and Isa, M.S.A., 2014. Temporal changes in urban green space based on normalized difference vegetation index. Applied mathematical sciences, 8 (555), 2743–2751. doi:10.12988/ams.2014.432230.
  • Angel, S., et al., 2011. The dimensions of global urban expansion: estimates and projections of all countries, 2000–2050. Program planning, 75, 53–107. doi:10.1016/j.progress.2011.04.001
  • Anguluri, R. and Narayanan, P., 2017. Role of green space in urban planning: outlook towards smart cities. Urban for urban greening, 25, 58–65. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2017.04.007
  • Bardhan, R., Debnath, R., and Bandopadhyay, S., 2016. A conceptual model for identifying the risk susceptibility of urban green spaces using geo-spatial techniques. Modeling earth systems and environment, 2 (3), 144. doi:10.1007/s40808-016-0202-y.
  • Bedi, P. and Mahavir, T.N.G., 2020. Smart urban green spaces for Smart Chandigarh. In: T. Vinod Kumar, ed. Smart environment for smart cities. Advances in 21st century human settlements. Singapore: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-13-6822-6_4.
  • Benton, J.S., et al., 2016. The effect of changing the built environment on physical activity: a quantitative review of the risk of bias in natural experiments. International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 13, 107. doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0433-3
  • Boone, C., et al., 2009. Parks and people: an environmental justice inquiry in baltimore Maryland. Annals of the association of American geographers, 99 (4), 767–787. doi:10.1080/00045600903102949.
  • Borelli, S., Conigliaro, M., and Pineda, F., 2018. Urban forests in the global context. Unasylva, 250 (1), 69. Available from: http://www.fao.org/3/I8707EN/i8707en.pdf
  • Braquinho, C., et al. 2015. A typology of urban green spaces, ecosystem provisioning services and demands. Available from https://assets.centralparknyc.org/pdfs/institute/p2p-upelp/1.004_Greensurge_A+Typology+of+Urban+Green+Spaces.pdf
  • Byomkesh, T., Nakagoshi, N., and Dewan, A.M., 2012. Urbanization and green space dynamics in Greater Dhaka, Bangladesh. Landscape and ecological engineering, 8 (1), 45–58. doi:10.1007/s11355-010-0147-7.
  • Byrne, J. and Wolch, J., 2009. Nature, race, and parks: past research and future directions for geographic research. Progress in human geography, 33, 743–765. doi:10.1177/0309132509103156
  • Byrne, J., Wolch, J., and Zhangc, J., 2009. Planning for environmental justice in an Urban National Park. Journal of environmental planning and management, 52 (2), 365–392. doi:10.1080/09640560802703256.
  • Census of India, 2011a. CIRCULAR No. 8. Available from https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Circulars/Circulars/Circular-08.pdf
  • Census of India, 2011b. Registrar general, census operations. New Delhi: Government of India.
  • Centre for Science and Environment, 2018. Coping with climate change: an analysis of India’s National action plan on climate change volume I, CSE India. Available from coping-climate-change-NAPCC.pdf(indiaenvironmentportal.org.in).
  • Chandigarh Administration, 2012. Greening Chandigarh. Available from http://chandigarh.gov.in/greencap/gcap-2012/gap-intro-12.pdf
  • Chandigarh Administration, 2017. Greening Chandigarh. Available from http://chandigarh.gov.in/greencap/gcap-2017
  • Chandigarh Master Plan-2031. Available from http://chandigarh.gov.in/cmp2031/open-space.pdf
  • Chaturvedi, A., et al., 2013. City forest relationship in Nagpur: one of the greenest cities of India. Urban forestry & urban greenery, 12, 79–87. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2012.09.003
  • Chaudhary, P., Bagra, K., and Singh, B., 2011. Urban forestry status of some Indian cities. International journal of environmental science and technology, 2, 98. doi:10.7763/IJESD.2011.V2.104
  • Chaudhry, P., et al., 2013. Valuation of urban environmental amenities in developing countries—A case study from Chandigarh, India. Global journal of science frontier research, 13, 1–13.
  • Chaudhry, P. and Tewari, V.P., 2010. Managing urban parks and gardens in developing countries: a case from an Indian city. International journal of leisure and tourism marketing, 1, 248. doi:10.1504/IJLTM.2010.029588
  • Chen, B., et al., 2017. Quantitative estimation of 21st-century urban greenspace changes in Chinese populous cities. The science of the total environment, 609, 956–965. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.238
  • CIESIN, IFPRI, CIAT, 2011. Global rural-urban mapping project, Version 1 (GRUMPv1): urban extents grid[online]. NASA, Socioeconomic Data and Applications Center (SEDAC). Available from: https://doi.org/10.7927/H4GH9FVG
  • City Development Plan. Available from: https://chandigarhenvis.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/cdp.pdf
  • Comber, A., Brunsdon, C., and Green, E., 2008. Using a GIS-based network analysis to determine urban greenspace accessibility for different ethnic and religious groups. Landscape and urban planning, 86 (1), 103–114. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2008.01.002.
  • Corbane, et al., 2020. The grey-green divide: multi-temporal analysis of greenness across 10,000 urban centres derived from the Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL). International journal of digital earth, 13, 1. doi:10.1080/17538947.2018.1530311.
  • Corburn, J., 2017. Urban place and health equity: critical issues and practices. International journal of environmental research and public health, 14, 117. doi:10.3390/ijerph14020117
  • CRRID, 2013. The state of cities in North-Western India: a case of selected JNNURM cities (Study Focus City: Amritsar). Centre for Research in Rural and Industrial Development (CRRID). Available from https://hudco.org/WRITEREADDATA/Amritsar%20Study.pdf
  • Dadvand, P., et al., 2014. Inequality, green spaces, and pregnant women: roles of ethnicity and individual and neighbourhood socioeconomic status. Environment international, 71 (2014), 101–108. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.010.
  • Dahmann, N., et al., 2010. The active city? Disparities in provision of urban public recreation resources. Health Place, 16, 431–445.
  • de Roo, M., 2011. The green city guidelines. Wormerveer: Zwaan Printmedia.
  • Department of Forest and Wildlife, Chandigarh, 2020. Greening Chandigarh action plan. Available from http://chandigarhforest.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/GCAP-2020-21-Final.pdf
  • Du Toit, M.J., et al., 2018. Urban green infrastructure and ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa. Landscape and Urban Planning, 180, 249–261. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.06.001
  • Dunnett, N., Swanwick, C., and Woolley, H. 2002. Improving urban parks, play areas and green spaces. Department for Transport, Local Government and the Regions.
  • Ergen, M., 2020. Using the buffer zone method to measure the accessibility of the green areas in Tokat, Turkey. IntechOpen. doi:10.5772/intechopen.92744.
  • Fontana, S., et al., 2011. How to manage the urbangreen to improve bird diversity and community structure. Landscape urban plan, 101, 278–285. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.02.033
  • Frumkin, H., et al., 2017. Nature contact and human health: a research agenda. Environmental health perspectives, 125 (7), 075001. doi:10.1289/EHP1663. PMID: 28796634; PMCID: PMC5744722.
  • Galderisi, A. and Treccozzi, E., 2017. Green strategies for flood resilient cities: the Benevento case study. Procedia environmental sciences, 37, 655–666. doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.052
  • GLADA (Greater Ludhiana Area Development Authority), 2011. Master plan report of Ludhiana. Available from http://glada.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/masterplan/report/25621.pdf.
  • Gopal, D. and Nagendra, H., 2014. Vegetation in Bangalore’s slums: boosting livelihoods, well-being and social capital. Sustainability, 6 (5), 2459–2473. doi:10.3390/su6052459.
  • Government of India, 2014. Urban greening guidelines. New Delhi: Town and country planning organisation, Ministry of urban development. Available from: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/urban%20green%20guidelines%202014.pdf
  • Government of India, 2015a. Urban and regional development plans formulation and implementation (URDPFI) guidelines. New Delhi: Ministry of urban development. Available from: http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/URDPFI%20Guidelines%20Vol%20I.pdf
  • Government of India, 2015b. Atal mission for rejuvenation and urban transformation (AMRUT). New Delhi: Ministry of housing and urban affairs. Available from: http://amrut.gov.in/writereaddata/The%20Mission.pdf
  • Government of India, 2016. Smart cities mission. Ministry of Urban Affairs India. Available from http://smartcities.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/What%20is%20Smart%20City.pdf
  • Govindarajulu, D., 2014. Urban green space planning for climate adaptation in Indian cities. Urban climate, 10, 35–41. doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2014.09.006
  • Gupta, J.K., 2019. Comprehensive development of amritsar – need for a planning & urban development authority. Available from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/comprehensive-development-amritsar-need-planning-urban-gupta-1d
  • Gupta, K., et al., 2012. Urban neighbourhood green index - a measure of green spaces in urban areas. Landscape and urban planning, 105 (3), 325–335. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2012.01.003.
  • Gupta, K., et al., 2016. GIS based analysis for assessing the accessibility. Urban forestry & urban greening, 18, 198–211. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.005
  • Hall, P., 1988. Cities of tomorrow. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Handley, J., et al., 2003. Accessible natural green space standards in towns and cities: a review and toolkit for their implementation. English Nat. Res. Reports, Rep. Nr. 526. Available from http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/65021
  • Harvard Graduate School of Design, 2017. Just city index[online]. Available from: https://issuu.com/veldacademie/docs/masterclass_design_for_a_just_city_web/s/10230780
  • Heynen, N.C., 2001. Changes in indianapolis’ urban forest cover, 1962–1993. In: C. Kollin, ed. Investing in natural capital: proceedings of the 2001 national urban forestry conference. Washington DC: American Forests, 121–123.
  • Heynen, N.C., 2002. The social processes contributing to urban environmental change: Indianapolis inner-city urban trees, 1962–1993. Ph.D. dissertation. Indiana University.
  • Hindman, D.J., Chien, J., and Pollack, C.E., 2020. Beyond proximity and towards equity: a multidimensional view of urban greenspace access. Cities & health, 1–10. doi:10.1080/23748834.2020.1826202.
  • Hunter, R.F., et al., 2019. Environmental, health, wellbeing, social and equity effects of urban green space interventions: a meta-narrative evidence synthesis. Environment international, 130, 104923. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.104923. Epub 2019 Jun 19. PMID: 31228780.
  • Hwang, Y.H., et al., 2020. Urban green space distribution related to land values in fast-growing megacities, Mumbai and Jakarta–unexploited opportunities to increase access to greenery for the poor. Sustainability, 12, 4982. doi:10.3390/su12124982
  • Imam, A.U.K. and Banerjee, U.K. 2016. Urbanisation and greening of Indian cities: problems, practices, and policies. Ambio, 45(4), 442–457.
  • Indian Express, September 8, 2020. Explained: what is the ‘green-blue’ policy proposed by Delhi Master Plan 2041? Available from https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/delhi-master-plan-green-blue-policy-dda-6587961/
  • Jones, A.M. and Wilenius, M., 2020. In greensight: healthier futures for urban cores in transition. Cities & health, 4 (2), 168–179. doi:10.1080/23748834.2020.1767902.
  • Kabisch, N., et al., 2016. Urban green space availability in European cities. Ecological indicators, 70, 586–596. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.02.029
  • Kabisch, N. and Haase, D., 2014. Green justice or just green? Provision of urban green spaces in Berlin, Germany. Landscape and urban planning, 122, 129–139. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.11.016
  • Kalota, D., 2015. Assessment of urban sprawl using landscape metrics: a temporal analysis of Ludhiana city in Punjab. International journal of advances in remote sensing and GIS, 4 (1), 45–54.
  • Khaitan, S., 2014. Impact of urbanization on environs of Amritsar City, research gate, planning education. UGC sponsored seminar on Changing Spectrum of Human Settlements & Planning Education at Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar.
  • Klompmaker, J.O., et al., 2018. Green space definition affects associations of green space with overweight and physical activity. Environmental research, 160, 531–540. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.027
  • Kolcsar, R.A., Csikos, N., and Szilassi, P., 2021. Testing the limitations of buffer zones and Urban atlas population data in urban green space provision analyses through the case study of Szeged, Hungary. Urban forestry & urban greening, 57, 126942. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2020.126942
  • Kondo, M.C., South, E.C., and Branas, C.C., 2015. Nature-based strategies for improving urban health and safety. Journal of urban health, 92, 800–814. doi:10.1007/s11524-015-9983-y
  • Konijnendijk, C.C., et al., 2013. Benefits of urban parks a systematic review. Available from https://worldurbanparks.org/images/Newsletters/IfpraBenefitsOfUrbanParks.pdf
  • Koprowska, K., et al., 2018. Subjective perception of noise exposure in relation to urban green space availability. Urban forestry and urban greening, 31 (2018), 93–102. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2018.01.018.
  • Korah, P.I., et al., 2017. Spatial plans and urban development trajectory in Kumasi, Ghana. GeoJournal, 82, 1113–1134. doi:10.1007/s10708-016-9731-1
  • Kumar, P. and Geneletti, D., 2015. How are climate change concerns addressed by spatial plans? Evaluation framework, and an application to Indian cities. Land use policy, 42, 210–226. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.07.016
  • Le Texier, M., Schiel, K., and Caruso, G., 2018. The provision of urban green space and its accessibility: spatial data effects in Brussels. PLoS one, 17 (13(10)), e0204684. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0204684. PMID: 30332449; PMCID: PMC6192568.
  • Loi, D.T., Tuan, P.A., and Gupta, K., 2015. Development of an index for assessment of urban green spacesat city level. International journal of remote sensing application, 5. doi:10.14355/ijrsa.2015.05.009.
  • Louv, R., 2005. Last child in the woods saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Algonquin Books. ISBN: 9781565126053.
  • Lwin, K.K. and Murayama, Y., 2011. Modelling of urban green space walkability: ecofriendly walk score calculator. Computers, environment and urban systems, 35, 408–420. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2011.05.002
  • Mahey, K. and Tripathi, S., 2016. Urbanization and economic growth in Punjab (India): an empirical analysis. Available from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/71325/1/MPRA_paper_71325.pdf
  • Maiese, M., 2013. Distributive justice. Available from https://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/distributive_justice
  • McConnachie, M.M. and Shackleton, C.M., 2010. Public green space inequality in small towns in South Africa. Habitat International. Available from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11983919.pdf.
  • Mell, I.C., 2018. Greening Ahmedabad – creating a resilient Indian city using a green infrastructure approach to investment. Landscape research, 43 (3), 289–314. doi:10.1080/01426397.2017.1314452.
  • Minakshi, S.S. and Pateriya, B., 2017. Geospatial analysis of urban sprawl patterns in Amritsar City, Punjab, India. International journal of applied information systems, 11 (8), 8. doi:10.5120/ijais2017451636.
  • Mitra, P., 2013, May 22. Open space shrinking, city gasps for breath. The Times of India Online. Available from: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Open-space-shrinking-city-gasps-for-breath/articleshow/20188789.cms Accessed 24 October 2016
  • Mougiakou, E. and Photis, Y.N., 2014. Urban green space network evaluation and planning: optimizing accessibility based on connectivity and raster GIS analysis. European journal of geography, 5 (4), 19–46.
  • Mukherjee, D., et al., 2017. Park availability and major depression in individuals with chronic conditions: is there an association in urban India? Health & place, 47, 54–62. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.07.004.
  • Municipal Corporation Bathinda, 2020. Reforms 2016-17. Develop at least one Children Park every year in AMRUT cities. Available from: https://www.mcbathinda.com/Amrut/(02)%20Park%20Under%20Amrut%202016-17.pdf
  • Nurdin, E.A. and Wijayanto, Y., 2020. The distribution of green open space in Jember City area based on image landsat 8 – OLI. IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science, 485, 012016. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/485/1/012016
  • Padigala, B., 2012. Urbanization and changing green spaces in Indian cities (Case study-city of Pune). International journal of geology, earth & environmental sciences, 2, 148–156.
  • Potere, D., et al., 2009. Mapping urban areas on a global scale: which of the eight maps now available is more accurate? International journal of remote sensing, 30 (24), 6531–6558. doi:10.1080/01431160903121134.
  • PUDA, 2011a. Master plan of Ludhiana. Government of Punjab. Available from: https://www.puda.gov.in/sites/default/files/Ldh_rpt_2011.pdf
  • PUDA, 2011b. Master plan Amritsar. Amritsar: Government of Punjab. Available from: https://www.puda.gov.in/sites/default/files/AMT_rpt_2011.pdf
  • PUDA, 2011c. Master plan of Bathinda. Bathinda: Government of Punjab. Available from: https://www.puda.gov.in/sites/default/files/BTD_rpt_2011.pdf
  • Rahaman, S., et al., 2021. Spatio-temporal changes of green spaces and their impact on urban environment of Mumbai, India. Environment, development and sustainability, 23, 6481–6501. doi:10.1007/s10668-020-00882-z.
  • Ramachandra, T.V., Aithal, B.H., and Sanna, D.D., 2012. Insights to urban dynamics through landscape spatial pattern analysis. International journal of applied earth observation and geoinformation, 18, 329–343. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2012.03.005
  • Ramaiah, M. and Avtar, R. 2019. Urban green spaces and their need in cities of rapidly urbanizing India: a review. Urban Science, 3, 94.
  • Ravenscroft, N. and Markwell, S., 2000. Ethnicity and the integration and exclusion of young people through urban park and recreation provision. Managing leisure, 5 (1), 135–150. doi:10.1080/13606710050084838.
  • Rishbeth, C., 2001. Ethnic minority groups and the design of public open space: an inclusive landscape? Landscape research, 26, 351–366. doi:10.1080/01426390120090148
  • Rosina, K. and Kopecka, M., 2016. Mapping of urban green spaces using sentinel-2a data: methodical aspects. In: 6th International Conference on Cartography and GIS, 13–17 June, Albena, Bulgaria, 562–568.
  • Sathyakumar, V., Ramsankaran, R., and Bardhan, R., 2019. Linking remotely sensed Urban Green Space (UGS) distribution patterns and Socio-Economic Status (SES) - A multi-scale probabilistic analysis based in Mumbai, India. GIScience & remote sensing, 56 (5), 645–669. doi:10.1080/15481603.2018.1549819.
  • Schneider, A., Friedl, M.A., and Potere, D., 2010. Mapping global urban areas using MODIS 500-m data: new methods and datasets based on ‘urban ecoregions’. Remote sensing of environment, 114 (8), 1733–1746. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2010.03.003.
  • Schwarz, K., et al., 2015. Trees grow on money: urban tree canopy cover and environmental justice. PLoS one, 10 (4), e0122051. PMID: 25830303. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122051.
  • Sen, S. and Guchhait, S.K., 2021. Urban green space in India: perception of cultural ecosystem services and psychology of situatedness and connectedness. Ecological Indicators, 123. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107338
  • Sengupta, P. and Benjamin, A.I., 2016. Countdown 2015: an assessment of basic provision to migrant families in the urban slums of Ludhiana, North India. Environment and urbanization, 28 (2), 569–582. doi:10.1177/0956247816647339.
  • Sharma, D. and Tomar, S., 2010. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation in Indian cities. Environment and urbanization, 22 (2), 451–465. doi:10.1177/0956247810377390.
  • Shekhar, S. and Aryal, J., 2019. Role of geospatial technology in understanding urban green space of Kalaburagi city for sustainable planning. Urban forestry and urban greening, 46, 126450. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2019.126450
  • Shrinagesh, B. and Markandey, K., 2016. Rethinking urban space in cities - A study of parks in Hyderabad, India. IOP conference series: Earth and environmental science, 37, 012052. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/37/1/012052
  • Singh, K., Singh, D., and Mathur, A., 2013. Urbanization and its impact on groundwater and natural drainage a case study of Ludhiana City. Indian journal of ecology, 40 (1), 1–8.
  • Singh, K.K., 2018. Urban green space availability in Bathinda City, India. Environment monitoring and assessment, 190 (11), 671. doi:10.1007/s10661-018-7053-0.
  • Singh, K.K., 2019. Probing the context of green spaces in urban planning framework in India. Urban India, 39 (1). Available from: https://www.niua.org/urban-india/urban-india-2019-jan-jun-0
  • Singh, R. and Kalota, D., 2019. Urban sprawl and its impact on generation of urban heat Island: a case study of Ludhiana city. Journal of the Indian society of remote sensing, 47, 1567–1576. doi:10.1007/s12524-019-00994-8
  • Singh, V.S., Pandey, D.N., and Chaudhry, P., 2010. Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. Rajasthan, India: RSPCB.
  • Small, C., 2001. Estimation of urban vegetation abundance by spectral mixture analysis. International journal of remote sensing, 22, 1305–1334. doi:10.1080/01431160151144369
  • Spangler, K.J. and Caldwell, L.L., 2007. The implications of public policy related to parks, recreation, and public health: a focus on physical activity. Journal of physical activity & health, 4 (1), 64–71. doi:10.1123/jpah.4.s1.s64.
  • Su, J.G., et al., 2019. Associations of green space metrics with health and behavior outcomes at different buffer sizes and remote sensing sensor resolutions. Environment international, 126, 162–170. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.008.
  • Sustainability Outlook, 2012. Open spaces for urban sustainability. Available from: http://sustainabilityoutlook.in/content/open-spaces-urban-sustainability
  • Swyngedouw, E. and Heynen, N., 2003. Urban political ecology, justice and the politics of scale. Antipode, 35 (2), 898–918. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8330.2003.00364.x.
  • Talen, E., 1998. Visualizing fairness: equity maps for planners. Journal of the American planning association, 64, 22–38. doi:10.1080/01944369808975954
  • Taylor, L. and Hochuli, D.F., 2017. Defining greenspace: multiple uses across multiple disciplines. Landscape and urban planning, 158, 25–38. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.09.024
  • Taylor, W., et al., 2006. Environmental justice: obesity, physical activity, and healthy eating. Journal of physical activity & health, 3 (1), 30–54. doi:10.1123/jpah.3.s1.s30.
  • The Times of India, August 18, 2018. Need more funds for upkeep of parks. Available from: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/need-more-funds-for-upkeep-of-parks/articleshow/65446929.cms
  • Turaga, R.M.R., et al., 2020. Exploring the role of urban green spaces in ‘smartening’ cities in India. Impact assessment and project appraisal, 38 (6), 479–490. doi:10.1080/14615517.2019.1690864.
  • Udas-Mankikar, S. and Driver, B., 2021. Blue-green infrastructure: an opportunity for Indian cities. ORF Occasional Paper No. 317, May. Observer Research Foundation. Available from: https://www.orfonline.org/research/blue-green-infrastructure-an-opportunity-for-indian-cities/
  • United Nations, 2014. Sustainable development goals. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004.
  • United Nations, 2017. New urban agenda. Available from https://uploads.habitat3.org/hb3/NUA-English.pdf
  • Vaughan, K.B., et al., 2013. Exploring the distribution of park availability, features, and quality across Kansas City, Missouri by income and race/ethnicity: an environmental justice investigation. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the society of behavioral medicine, 45 (suppl 1), 28–38. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9425-y.
  • Velarde, M.D., Fry, G., and Tveit, M., 2007. Health effects of viewing landscapes - landscape types in environmental psychology. Urban forestry and urban greening, 6 (4), 199–212. doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2007.07.001.
  • Wang, J., et al., 2020. Spatial distribution of urban greenspace in response to urban development from a multi-scale perspective. Environmental research letters, 15, 064031. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab719f.
  • Wankhade, Kavita & IIHS, 2014. Future Proofing Indian Cities: Bangalore Action Plan for Green-Blue Infrastructure.
  • Wen, M., et al., 2013. Spatial disparities in the distribution of parks and green spaces in the USA. Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the society of behavioral medicine, 45 (suppl 1), 18–27. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9426-x.
  • Wendel-Vos, G.C.W., et al., 2004. Factors of the physical environment associated with walking and bicycling. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 36, 725–730. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000121955.03461.0A
  • Wolch, J.R., Byrne, J., and Newell, J.P., 2014. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: the challenge of making cities just green enough. Landscape urban plan, 125, 234–244. doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017
  • World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, 2006. Promoting physical activity and active living in urban environments. The Role of Local Governments. The Solid Facts. WHO Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen. Available from https://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/98424/E89498.pdf
  • Xu, Z., et al., 2020. A novel intelligent classification method for urban green space based on high-resolution remote sensing images. Remote sensing, 12, 3845. doi:10.3390/rs12223845.
  • Yang, et al., 2017. The effect of urban green spaces on the urban thermal environment and its seasonal variations. Forests, 8 (5), 153. doi:10.3390/f8050153.
  • Zhou, W., et al., 2018. The rapid but ‘invisible’ changes in urban greenspace: a comparative study of nine Chinese cities. Science of the total environment, 627, 1572–1584. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.335.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.