The elusive “trickle-down effect” of sport events: assumptions and missed opportunities

References

• Barry, T. E. (1987). The development of the hierarchy of effects: An historical perspective. Current Issues and Research in Advertising, 10(1–2), 251–295.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A., & Massey, J. (2001). Literature review: The impact of major sporting events. Manchester: Manchester Institute for Popular Culture, Manchester Metropolitan University for UK Sport.
   Google Scholar
• Bullough, S. J. (2012). A new look at the latent demand for sport and its potential to deliver a positive legacy for London 2012. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 4(1), 39–54. doi:10.1080/19406940.2011.627357
   Google Scholar
• Casey, M. M., Payne, W. R., Brown, S. J., & Eime, R. M. (2009). Engaging community sport and recreation organisations in population health interventions: Factors affecting the formation, implementation, and institutionalisation of partnerships efforts. Annals of Leisure Research, 12(2), 129–147. doi: 10.1080/11745398.2009.9686815
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L. (1992). The construction and use of poly semic structures: Olympic lessons for sport marketing. Journal of Sport Management, 6, 87–98.
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L. (2004). Beyond impact: A general model for sport event leverage. In B. W. Ritchie & D. Adair (Eds.), Sport tourism: Interrelationships, impacts and issues (pp. 226–252). Clevedon: Channelview.
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L. (2006). Towards social leverage of sport events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 11(2), 109–127. doi:10.1080/14775080601155126
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., & Leyns, A. (2002). Local business leveraging of a sport event: Managing an event for economic benefit. Journal of Sport Management, 16, 132–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., & McGuirty, J. (2004). Bundling sport events with the host destination. Journal of Sport Tourism, 9(3), 267–282. doi: 10.1080/1477508042000320241
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., Yen-Chun, L., Green, C., & Dixon, M. (2013). The essential role of community in consumption of a shared experience: Lessons from youth sport. In J. Sundbo & F. Sorensen (Eds.), Handbook on the experience economy (pp. 325–338). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Charlton, T. (2010). “Grow and Sustain”: The role of community sports provision in promoting a participation legacy for the 2012 Olympic Games. International Journal of Sport Policy, 2(3), 347–366. doi:10.1080/19406940.2010.519340
   Google Scholar
• Coalter, F. (2004). Stuck in the blocks? A sustainable sporting legacy. In A. Vigor (Ed.), After the Goldrush: A sustainable Olympics for London (pp. 99–108). London: Institute for Policy Research.
   Google Scholar
• De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., Van Bottenburg, M., & Shibli, S. (2006). A conceptual framework for analysing sports policy factors leading to international sporting success. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(2), 185–215. doi: 10.1080/16184740600955087
   Google Scholar
• Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. L. (Eds.). (2005). The Sage handbook of qualitative research. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenreich, B. (2007). Dancing in the streets: A history of collective joy. New York: Henry Holt and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Frawley, S., & Cush, A. (2011). Major sport events and participation legacy: The case of the 2003 Rugby World Cup. Managing Leisure, 16(1), 65–76. doi:10.1080/13606719.2011.532605
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, B. (2001). Enhancing sport marketing through cultural and arts programmes: Lessons from the Sydney 2000 Olympic Arts Festivals. Sport Management Review, 4, 193–219. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70075-7
   Google Scholar
• Girginov, V. (2012). The political process of constructing a sustainable London Olympics sport legacy: Three years on. Reflective Practice, 13(3), 483–486. doi:10.1080/14623943.2012.670110
   Google Scholar
• Girginov, V. (2013). UK National Governing Bodies of Sport leveraging of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games for organisational capacity building. London: Sport England.
   Google Scholar
• Girginov, V., & Hills, L. (2008). A sustainable sports legacy: Creating a link between the London Olympics and sports participation. International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 2091–2116. doi:10.1080/09523360802439015
   Google Scholar
• Gratton, C., Dobson, N., & Shibli, S. (2000). The economic importance of major sport events: A case study of six events. Managing Leisure, 5, 17–28. doi: 10.1080/136067100375713
   Google Scholar
• Gratton, C., & Taylor, P. (2000). Economics of sport & recreation. London: E & FN Spon.
   Google Scholar
• Green, B. C. (2001). Leveraging subculture and identity to promote sport events. Sport Management Review, 4, 1–19. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70067-8
   Google Scholar
• Green, B. C. (2005). Building sport programs to optimize athlete recruitment, retention, and transition: Toward a normative theory of sport development. Journal of Sport Management, 19, 233–253.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, M. (2006). From “sport for all” to not about “sport” at all?: Interrogating sport policy interventions in the United Kingdom. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6, 217–238. doi: 10.1080/16184740601094936
   Google Scholar
• Grix, J. (2012). “Image” leveraging and sports mega-events: Germany and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 17(4), 289–312. doi:10.1080/14775085.2012.760934
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, J. (2005). BMO Financial Group extends partnership with Skate Canada. Retrieved from http://www.sirc.ca/news_view
   Google Scholar
• Hindson, A., Gidlow, B., & Peebles, C. (1994). The trickle down effect on top level sport: Myth or reality? A case study of the Olympics. Australian Journal of Leisure and Recreation, 4(1), 16–31.
   Google Scholar
• Hylton, K., Bramham, P., Jackson, D., & Nesti, M. (Eds.). (2008). Sports development: Policy, process and practice (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Jago, L., Dwyer, L., Lipman, G., Daneel, L., & Vorster, S. (2010). Optimising the potential of mega-events: An overview. International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1(3), 220–237. doi:10.1108/17852951011078023
   Google Scholar
• Kellett, P., Hede, A.-M., & Chalip, L. (2008). Social policy for sport events: Leveraging (relationships with) teams from other nations for community benefit. European Sport Management Quarterly, 8(4), 101–121. doi: 10.1080/16184740802024344
   Google Scholar
• Leopkey, B., & Parent, M. M. (2012). Olympic Games legacy: From general benefits to sustainable long-term legacy. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 29(6), 924–943. doi:10.1080/09523367.2011.62300
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., & Luk, Y. M. (2011). Impacts of the 4th East Asian Games on residents’ participation in leisure sports and physical activities – The case of Macau, China. Acta geographica Slovenica, 51, 377–390. doi:10.3986/AGS51304
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacAloon, J. J. (2008). “Legacy” as managerial/magical discourse in contemporary Olympic affairs. International Journal of the History of Sport, 25, 2060–2071. doi: 10.1080/09523360802439221
   Google Scholar
• Masterman, G. (2014). Strategic sports event management (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mazmanian, D., & Sabatier, P. (1989). Implementation and public policy (2nd ed.). Glencoe, IL: University Press of America.
   Google Scholar
• McCartney, G., Thomas, S., Thomson, H., Scott, J., Hamilton, V., Hanlon, P., … , Bond, L. (2010). The health and socioeconomic impacts of major multi-sport events: Systematic review (1978–2008). British Medical Journal, 340. doi:10.1136/bmj.c2369
   Google Scholar
• Minnaert, L. (2012). An Olympic legacy for all? The non-infrastructural outcomes of the Olympic Games for socially excluded groups (Atlanta 1996–Beijing 2008). Tourism Management, 33(2), 361–370. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misener, K., & Doherty, A. (2009). A case study of organizational capacity in community sport. Journal of Sport Management, 23, 457–482.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misener, L., & Mason, D. S. (2008). Urban regimes and the sporting events agenda: A cross national comparison of civic development strategies. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 603–627.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misener, L., & Mason, D. S. (2009). Fostering community development through sporting events strategies: An examination of urban regime perceptions. Journal of Sport Management, 23, 770–794.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORI. (2004). The sports development impact of the Commonwealth Games 2002 – Post-games research. Final report. Manchester: UK Sport.
   Google Scholar
• Mules, T., & Dwyer, L. (2005). Public sector support for sport tourism events: The role of cost–benefit analysis. Sport in Society, 8(2), 338–355. doi: 10.1080/17430430500087864
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, N. M., & Bauman, A. (2007). Mass sporting and physical activity events – Are they “Bread and Circuses” or public health interventions to increase population levels of physical activity? Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 4, 193–202.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mutter, F., & Pawlowski, T. (2014). The monetary value of the demonstration effect of professional sports. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(2), 129–152. doi:10.1080/16184742.2014.882369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolaides, P. (2013). Microfoundations of policy implementation: Towards European best practices (Google eBook). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, D. (2007). Point of leverage: Maximizing host community benefit from a regional surfing festival. European Sport Management Quarterly, 7, 141–165. doi: 10.1080/16184740701353315
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien, D., & Chalip, L. (2007). Executive training exercise in sport event leverage. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, 1(4), 296–304. doi:10.1108/17506180710824181
   Google Scholar
• Olds, K. (1998). Urban mega-events, evictions and housing rights: The Canadian case. Current Issues in Tourism, 1(1), 2–46. doi: 10.1080/13683509808667831
   Google Scholar
• Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Preuss, H. (2007). The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12(3/4), 207–228. doi: 10.1080/14775080701736957
   Google Scholar
• Quester, P. G., & Thompson, B. (2001). Advertising and promotion leverage on arts sponsorship effectiveness. Journal of Advertising Research, 41, 33–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramshaw, G. (2010). Living heritage and the sports museum: Athletes, legacy and the Olympic Hall of Fame and Museum, Canada Olympic Park. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 15(1), 45–70. doi:10.1080/14775081003770983
   Google Scholar
• Reis, A. C., de Sousa-Mast, F. R., & Gurgel, L. (2013). Rio 2016 and the sport participation legacies. Leisure Studies, 1–17. doi:10.1080/02614367.2012.758304
   Google Scholar
• Shipway, R. (2007). Sustainable legacies for the 2012 Olympic Games. Journal of the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, 127(3), 119–124. doi:10.1177/1466424007077344
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith, A. (2010). Leveraging benefits from major events: Maximising opportunities for peripheral urban areas. Managing Leisure, 15(3), 161–180. doi:10.1080/13606710902752794
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. (2013). Leveraging sport mega-events: New model or convenient justification? Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1–16. doi:10.1080/19407963.2013.823976
   Google Scholar
• Snelgrove, R., Taks, M., Chalip, L., & Green, B. C. (2008). How visitors and locals at a sport event differ in motives and identity. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 13, 165–180. doi:10.1080/14775080802310215
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, A. L. (1987). Qualitative analysis for social scientists. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taks, M. (2013). Social sustainability of non-mega sport events in a global world. European Journal for Sport and Society, 10(2), 121–141.
   Google Scholar
• Taks, M., Chalip, L., & Green, B. C. (2015). Impacts and strategic outcomes from non-mega sport events for local communities. European Sport Management Quarterly, 15(1), 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taks, M., Green, B. C., Misener, L., & Chalip, L. (2014). Evaluating sport development outcomes: The case of a medium-sized international sport event. European Sport Management Quarterly, 14(3), 1–25. doi:10.1080/16184742.2014.882370
   Google Scholar
• Taks, M., Misener, L., Chalip, L., & Green, B. C. (2013). Leveraging sport events for participation. Canadian Journal of Social Research, 3(1), 12–23.
   Google Scholar
• Toohey, K. (2008). The Sydney Olympics: Striving for legacies – Overcoming short-term disappointments and long-term deficiencies. International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1953–1971. doi: 10.1080/09523360802439270
   Google Scholar
• Veal, A. J., Toohey, K., & Frawley, S. (2012). The sport participation legacy of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games and other international sporting events hosted in Australia. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 4(2), 155–184. doi:10.1080/19407963.2012.662619
   Google Scholar
• Warner, S., Dixon, M. A., & Chalip, L. (2012). The impact of formal versus informal sport: Mapping the differences in sense of community. Journal of Community Psychology, 40(8), 983–1003. doi:10.1002/jcop.21506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed, M., Coren, E., Fiore, J., Wellard, I., Mansfield, L., Chatziefstathiou, D., & Dowse, S. (2012). Developing a physical activity legacy from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games: A policy-led systematic review. Perspectives in Public Health, 132(2), 75–80. doi:10.1177/1757913911435758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weed, M., & Dowse, S. (2009). A missed opportunity waiting to happen? The social legacy potential of the London 2012 Paralympic Games. Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, 1(2), 170–174. doi:10.1080/19407960902992241
   Google Scholar
• Wheaton, B. (2007). After sport culture: Rethinking sport and post-subcultural theory. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 31(3), 283–307. doi:10.1177/0193723507301049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijaya, B. S. (2012). The development of hierarchy of effects model in advertising. International Research Journal of Business Studies, 5(1), 73–85.
   Google Scholar
• Winett, R. A. (1986). Information and behavior: Systems of influence. New York: L. Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar