A triple bottom line analysis of the impacts of the Hail International Rally in Saudi Arabia

References

• Agha, N., & Rascher, D. A. (2016). An explanation of economic impact. why positivie impacts can exist for smaller sports. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 6(2), 182–204. doi: 10.1108/SBM-07-2013-0020
   Google Scholar
• Agha, N., & Taks, M. (2015). A theoretical comparison of the economic impact of large and small events. International Journal of Sport Finance, 10(3), 199–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahlfeldt, G. M., & Kavetsos, G. (July 2011). Form or function? The impact of new football stadia on property prices in London. SERC (Social Economic Research Center). Discussion paper 87.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, F., Moodley, V., & Sookrajh, R. (2008). The environmental impacts of beach sport tourism events: A case study of the Mr Price Pro Surfing Event, Durban, South Africa. Africa Insight, 383, 73–85.
   Google Scholar
• Ahmed, F., & Pretorius, L. (2010). Mega-events and environmental impacts: The 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. Alternation, 17(2), 274–296. ISSN 1023-1757 2.
   Google Scholar
• Al-brahim, K. I., Al-Hawas, F. S., Al-Talhi, D. M., Hassan, A. A., & Ali, A. S. A. M. (2014). Hail through the ages. Hail University. Hail University Press (In Arabic).
   Google Scholar
• Andereck, K. L., Valentine, K. M., Knopf, R. C., & Vogt, C. A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32, 1056–1076. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2005.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andereck, K. L., & Vogt, C. A. (2000). The relationship between residents’ attitudes toward tourism and tourism development options. Journal of Travel Research, 39(3), 27–36. doi: 10.1177/004728750003900104
   Google Scholar
• Andersson, T. D., & Samuelson, L. A. (2000). Financial effects of events on the public sector. New York, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Andriotis, K. (2005). Community groups’ perceptions of and preferences for tourism development: Evidence from Crete. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 29(1), 67–90. doi: 10.1177/1096348004268196
   Google Scholar
• Andriotis, K., & Vaughan, R. D. (2003). Urban residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: The case of Crete. Journal of Travel Research, 42, 172–185. doi: 10.1177/0047287503257488
   Google Scholar
• Ap, J. (1990). Residents’ perceptions research on the social impacts of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), 610–616. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(90)90032-M
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ap, J. (1992). Residents’ perceptions on tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 665–690. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(92)90060-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Austrian, Z., & Rosentraub, M. S. (1997). Cleveland’s gateway to the future. In R. Noll, & A. Zimbalist (Eds.), Sports, jobs and taxes: The economic impacts of sports teams and stadiums (pp. 355–384). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
   Google Scholar
• Baade, R. (1996). Professional sports as catalysts for metropolitan economic development. Journal of Urban Affairs, 18(1), 1–17. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9906.1996.tb00361.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baade, R. A., & Matheson, V. (2002). Bidding for the Olympics: Fool`s gold. In C. Barros, M. Ibrahimo, & S. Szymanski (Eds.), Transatlantic sport: the comparative economics of North America and European sports (pp. 127–151). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Balduck, A., Maes, M., & Buelens, M. (2011). The social impact of the Tour de France: Comparisons of residents’ pre- and post-event perceptions. European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(2), 91–113. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2011.559134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). A model of destination image formation. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(4), 868–897. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00030-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barget, E., & Gouguet, J. J. (2007). The total economic value of sporting events theory and practice. Journal of Sports Economics, 8(2), 165–182. doi: 10.1177/1527002505279349
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bohlmann, H. R., & Van Heerden, J. C. (2005). The impact of hosting a major sport event on the South African economy. Journal of Tourism, 26, 595–603.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. (1999). The state, economics and sport. In H. Dauncey, & G. Hare (Eds.), France and the 1998 World Cup (pp. 15–21). London: Frank Cass.
   Google Scholar
• Brida, J. G., Riaño, E., & Zapata Aguirre, S. (2011). Residents’ attitudes and perceptions towards cruise tourism development: A case study of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Tourism and Hospitality Research, 11(3), 181–196. doi: 10.1177/1467358411415153
   Google Scholar
• Brown, A., & Massey, J. (2001). Literature review: The impact of major sporting events. Manchester: Manchester Metropolitan University.
   Google Scholar
• Brunt, P., & Courtney, P. (1999). Host perceptions of sociocultural impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(3), 493–515. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00003-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brymer, E., & Gray, T. (2010). Developing an intimate relationship with nature through extreme sports participation. Loisir, 34(4), 361–374. doi: 10.1080/14927713.2010.542888
   Google Scholar
• Bull, C., & Lovell, J. (2007). The impact of hosting major sporting events on local residents: An analysis of the views and perceptions of Canterbury residents in relation to the Tour de France 2007. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 12, 229–248. doi: 10.1080/14775080701736973
   Google Scholar
• Bullock, J. M., Aronson, J., Newton, C., Pywell, R. F., & Rey-Benayas, J. M. (2011). Restoration of ecosystem services and biodiversity: Conflicts and opportunities. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 26, 541–549. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.06.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burak, S., Dogan, E., & Gazioglu, E. (2004). Impact of urbanization and tourism on coastal environment. Ocean & Coastal Management, 47, 515–527. doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2004.07.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgan, B., & Mules, T. (1992). Economic impact of sporting events. Annals of Tourism Research, 19(4), 700–710. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(92)90062-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, R. (2003). Olympic Games host city marketing: An exploration of expectations and outcomes. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12, 35–45.
   Google Scholar
• Butler, J. (1990). Gender play: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cantelon, H., & Letters, M. (2000). The making of the IOC environmental policy as the Third Dimension of the Olympic Movement. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 35(3), 294–308. doi: 10.1177/101269000035003004
   Google Scholar
• Cegielski, M., & Mules, T. (2002). Aspects of residents’ perceptions of the GMC 400 – Canberra’s V8 Supercar Race. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(1), 54–70. doi: 10.1080/13683500208667908
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L. (2002). Using the Olympics to optimise tourism benefits. Retrieved from http://olympicstudies.uab.es/lectures/web/abs.asp?id_llico=7
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., & Costa, C. (2005). Sport events tourism and the destination brand: Towards a general theory. Sport in Society, 8, 218–273. doi: 10.1080/17430430500108579
   Google Scholar
• Chalip, L., & Leyns, A. (2002). Local business leveraging of a sport event: Managing an event for economic benefit. Journal of Sport Management, 16, 132–158. doi: 10.1123/jsm.16.2.132
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, G. S. H. (2015). Perceived impact of hosting a sport event in a destination: A case study of the Hong Kong Rugby Sevens. Journal of Management and Sustainability, 5(3), 49–60. doi: 10.5539/jms.v5n3p49
   Google Scholar
• Chapin, S. T. (2004). Sports facilities as urban redevelopment catalysts. Journal of the American Planning Association, 70(2), 193–209. doi: 10.1080/01944360408976370
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, J. S. (2001). Assessing and visualizing tourism impacts from urban residents’ perspectives. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research, 25(3), 235–250. doi: 10.1177/109634800102500301
   Google Scholar
• Chhabra, D., & Gursoy, D. (2009). Life dynamism explorations on perceived quality of life and social exchange paradigms in casino settings. Leisure Sciences, 31(2), 136–157. doi: 10.1080/01490400802685989
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coates, D., & Depken, C. (2011). Mega-events: Is Baylor football to Waco what the Super Bowl is to Houston? Journal of Sports Economics, 12, 599–620. doi: 10.1177/1527002510391368
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman, R., & Ramchandani, G. (2010). The hidden benefits of non-elite mass participation sports events: An economic perspective. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 12(1), 19–31. doi: 10.1108/IJSMS-12-01-2010-B004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, M. (2004). Sport, physical activity and social exclusion. Journal of Sports Sciences, 22(8), 727–740. doi: 10.1080/02640410410001712430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, A., Flynn, A., Munday, M., & Roberts, A. (2007). Assessing the environmental consequences of major sporting events: The 2003/04 FA Cup Final. Urban Studies, 44(3), 457–476. doi: 10.1080/00420980601131878
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins, A., Jones, C., & Munday, M. (2009). Assessing the environmental impacts of mega sporting events: Two options? Tourism Management, 30, 828–837. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton, J. (2004). Beyond economic impact: An alternative rationale for the public subsidy of major league sports facilities. Journal of Sport Management, 18(1), 40–58. doi: 10.1123/jsm.18.1.40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton, J. L. (1995). Economic impact analysis of sports facilities and events: Eleven sources of misapplication. Journal of Sport Management, 9, 14–13. doi: 10.1123/jsm.9.1.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. doi: 10.1177/0149206305279602
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels, M. J., & Norman, W. C. (2003). Estimating the economic impacts of seven regular sport tourism events. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 8(4), 214–222. doi: 10.1080/1477508032000161528
   Google Scholar
• Davenport, J., & Davenport, J. L. (2006). The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A review. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 67, 280–292. doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2005.11.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DEAT. (2010). Guidelines for the greening of large sports events with a focus on the FIFA World Cup. Capetown: Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
   Google Scholar
• Deccio, C., & Baloglu, S. (2002). Nonhost community resident reactions to the 2002 Winter Olympics: The spillover impacts. Journal of Travel Research, 41(1), 46–56. doi: 10.1177/0047287502041001006
   Google Scholar
• Delamere, T. A. (2001). Development of a scale to measure resident attitudes toward the social impacts of community festivals, part II. Verification of the scale. Event Management, 7(1), 25–38. doi: 10.3727/152599501108751452
   Google Scholar
• De Villiers, D. J. (2003). Interrelationship between sport and tourism. Journal of Sport Tourism, 8(2), 94–95. doi: 10.1080/1477508032000124169
   Google Scholar
• Dodouras, S., & James, P. (2004). Examining the sustainability impacts of mega-sports events: Fuzzy mapping as a new integrated appraisal system. In 4th International Postgraduate Research Conference in the Built and Human Environment, Salford, 29 March–2 April 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Dolnicar, S., & Grün, B. (2009). Environmentally friendly behavior – Can heterogeneity among individuals and contexts/environments be harvested for improved sustainable management? Environment and Behavior, 41(5), 693–714. doi: 10.1177/0013916508319448
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P., & Spurr, R. (2006). Assessing the economic impacts of events: A computable general equilibrium approach. Journal of Travel Research, 45(1), 59–66. doi: 10.1177/0047287506288907
   Google Scholar
• Dyer, P., Gursoy, D., Sharma, B., & Carter, J. (2007). Structural modeling of resident perceptions of tourism and associated development on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. Tourism Management, 28(2), 409–422. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2006.04.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckstein, R., & Delaney, K. (2002). New sports stadiums, community self-esteem, and community collective conscience. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 26(3), 235–247. doi: 10.1177/0193723502263002
   Google Scholar
• Eitzen, S. (2005). Sport in contemporary society: An anthology. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Emerson, R. M. (1976). Social exchange theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 2, 335–362. doi: 10.1146/annurev.so.02.080176.002003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EPAS. (2015). The Enlarged Partial Agreement on Sport (EPAS) of the Council of Europe in co-operation with the Ministry of Sports of Azerbaijan. Informal Ministerial Networking Event How to promote the social sustainability of major sports events. Strasbourg, 1 June 2015. 16rev2.
   Google Scholar
• Essex, S., & Chalkley, B. (1998). Olympic games: Catalyst of urban changes. Journal of Leisure Studies, 17(3), 187–206. doi: 10.1080/026143698375123
   Google Scholar
• Evangelia, K. (2003). Economic aspects and the Summer Olympics: A review of related research international. Journal of Tourism Research, 5(6), 433–444. doi: 10.1002/jtr.449
   Google Scholar
• Evangelia, K., & Peter, D. (2009). Assessing the impact of the 2004 Olympic Games on the Greek economy: A small macroeconometric model. Economic Modelling, 26(1), 139–146. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2008.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredline, E. (2005). Host and guest relations and sport tourism. Sport in Society, 8(2), 263–279. doi: 10.1080/17430430500087328
   Google Scholar
• Fredline, L., Deery, M., & Jago, L. (2006). Development of a scale to assess the social impact of tourism within communities. CRC for Sustainable Tourism Pty Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Fredline, E., & Faulkner, B. (2000). Host community reactions: A cluster analysis. Annals of Tourism Research, 27(3), 763–784. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(99)00103-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredline, E., & Faulkner, B. (2001a). Residents’ reactions to the staging of major motorsport events within their communities: A cluster analysis. Event Management, 7(2), 103–114. doi: 10.3727/152599501108751515
   Google Scholar
• Fredline, E., & Faulkner, B. (2001b). Variations in residents’ reactions to major motorsport events: Why residents perceive the impacts of events differently. Event Management, 7(2), 115–125. doi: 10.3727/152599501108751524
   Google Scholar
• Fujiwara, D., Leach, M., Trotter, L., & Vine, J. (2014). Measuring the social impact of community investment: A guide to using the wellbeing valuation approach, HACT: ideas and innovation in housing. Retrieved from http://www.hact.org.uk/measuring-socialcommunity-investment-guide-using-wellbeing-valuation-approach
   Google Scholar
• Funk, D. C., Mahony, D. F., & Ridinger, L. (2002). Characterizing consumer motivation as individual difference factors: Augmenting the Sport Interest Inventory (SII) to explain level of spectator support. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 11, 33–43.
   Google Scholar
• Gabr, H. (2004). Attitudes of residents and tourists towards the use of urban historic sites for festival events. Event Management, 8(4), 223–230. doi: 10.3727/1525995031436845
   Google Scholar
• Garnham, B. (1996). Ranfurly Shield Rugby: An investigation into the impacts of a sporting event on a provincial city, the case of New Plymouth, Taranaki, New Zealand. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 4(3/4), 145–149. doi: 10.3727/106527096792195399
   Google Scholar
• Georgios, K., & Stefan, S. (2010). National well-being and international sports events. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(2), 158–171. doi: 10.1016/j.joep.2009.11.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getz, D. (1991). Assessing the economic impacts of festivals and events. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 16(1), 61–77.
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D. (2005). Event management & event tourism. New York, NY: Cognizant Communication Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Getz, D. (2008). Event tourism: Definion, evolution and research. Tourism Management, 29, 403–428. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2007.07.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, H. J. (1998). Sport tourism: A critical analysis of research. Sport Management Review, 1, 45–76. doi: 10.1016/S1441-3523(98)70099-3
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, H. J. (2007). Sport tourism. In B. Parks, J. Quarterman, & L. Thibault (Eds.), Contemporary sport management (pp. 141–162). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson, H. J., Willming, C., & Holdnak, A. (2003). Small-scale event sport tourism: Fans as tourists. Tourism Management, 24(2), 181–190. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00058-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A prelimenary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161–178. doi: 10.2307/2092623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratton, C., Dobson, N., & Shibli, S. (2000). The economic importance of major sport events: A case study of six events. Managing Leisure, 5, 17–28. doi: 10.1080/136067100375713
   Google Scholar
• Gratton, C., Shibli, S., & Coleman, R. (2006). The economic impact of major sports events: A review of ten events in the UK. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Groothuis, P. A., Johnson, B. K., & Whitehead, J. C. (2004). Public funding of professional sports stadiums: Public choice or civic pride. Eastern Economic Journal, 20(4), 515–526.
   Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D., Jurowski, C., & Uysal, M. (2002). Resident attitudes: A structural modeling approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 79–105. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00028-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D., & Kendall, K. W. (2006). Hosting mega events and modeling locals support. Annals of Tourism Research, 33(3), 603–623. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2006.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gursoy, D., & Rutherford, D. G. (2004). Host attitudes toward tourism and an improved structural model. Annals of Tourism Research, 31(3), 495–516. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2003.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hail Emirate. (2017). Geography of Hail. Retrieved from http://www.hail.gov.sa/ar/Pages/Hail/Geo.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Haley, A. J., Snaith, T., & Miller, G. (2005). The social impacts of tourism: A case study of Bath, UK. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(3), 647–668. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2004.10.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall, C. M. (1992). Hallmark tourist events: Impacts, management, and planning. London: Belhaven Press.
   Google Scholar
• Harrill, R. (2004). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development: A literature review with implications for tourism planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 18(3), 251–266. doi: 10.1177/0885412203260306
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, R., Jago, L., Allen, J., & Huyskens, M. (2001). Towards an Australian event research agenda: First step. Event Management, 6(4), 213–221. doi: 10.3727/152599500108751372
   Google Scholar
• Hede, A. M., Jago, L., & Deery, M. (2002). Special event research 1990-2001: Key trends and issues, events, and place making. Business event research conference, Sydney, 15–16 July 2000. Australian Centre for Management.
   Google Scholar
• Heere, B., & James, J. D. (2007). Sports teams and their communities: Examining the influence of external group identities on team identity. Journal of Sport Management, 21(3), 319–337. doi: 10.1123/jsm.21.3.319
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higham, J. (1999). Commentary – sport as an avenue of tourism development: An analysis of the positive and negative impacts of sport tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 2, 82–90. doi: 10.1080/13683509908667845
   Google Scholar
• Higham, J., & Hinch, T. (2002). Tourism, sport and seasons: The challenges and potentials of overcoming seasonality in the sport and tourism sectors. Tourism Management, 23, 175–185. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(01)00046-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• High Commission for the development of Hail. (30 March 2014). Hail International Rally Carnival tourist and economic mobility. Retrieved from http://www.hail.org.sa/News.aspx?id=222
   Google Scholar
• Hiller, H. (1989). Impact and image: The convergence of urban factors in preparing for the 1988 Calgary Winter Olympics. In G. Syme, B. Shaw, D. Fenton, & W. Mueller (Eds.), The planning and evaluation of hallmark events (pp. 119–131). Aldershot: Avebury.
   Google Scholar
• Hiller, H. H. (2006). Post-event outcomes and the post-modern turn: The Olympics and urban transformations. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(4), 317–332. doi: 10.1080/16184740601154458
   Google Scholar
• Horne, J. (2007). The four “knowns” of sports mega-events. Leisure Studies, 26(1), 81–96. doi: 10.1080/02614360500504628
   Google Scholar
• Horne, J., & Manzenreiter, W. 2006. Sports mega-events: Social scientific analyses of a global phenomenon. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, D. R., & Crompton, J. L. (1995). Financing sport. Morgantown, WV: Fitness Information Technology, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Hritz, N., & Ross, C. (2010). The perceived impacts of sport tourism: An urban host community perspective. Journal of Sport Management, 24, 119–138. doi: 10.1123/jsm.24.2.119
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudson, R. (1995). Making music work? Alternative regeneration strategies in a deindustrialized locality: The case of Derwentside. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20, 460–473. doi: 10.2307/622976
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huggins, A. (2003). The Greening of Sports events: Production of Environmental Management Guidelines for Eventing (Unpublished thesis). School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Imbaya, B. H. O., & Irungu, M. W. (2013). The perceived impacts of sport tourism: A host community’s perspective around Iten town, Kenya. Journal of Tourism, Hospitality and Sports – An Open Access International Journal, 1, 78–81.
   Google Scholar
• Jago, L., & Shaw, R. (1998). Special events: A conceptual and differential framework. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 5(2), 21–31. doi: 10.3727/106527098792186775
   Google Scholar
• John, R. M. (2002). The economic consequences of the Sydney Olympics. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(1), 7–21. doi: 10.1080/13683500208667904
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C. (2001a). A level playing field? Sports stadium infrastructure and urban development in the United Kingdom. Environment and Planning A, 33, 845–861. doi: 10.1068/a33158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, C. (2001b). Mega-events and host-region impacts: Determining the true worth of the 1999 Rugby World Cup. International Journal of Tourism Research, 3(3), 241–251. doi: 10.1002/jtr.326
   Google Scholar
• Jones, C. (2008). Assessing the environmental impact of a major sporting event. Tourism Economics, 14(2), 343–360. ‌. doi: 10.5367/000000008784460382
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jönsson, C., & Lewis, C. (2014). Impacts of hosting a sport event in tourism high season. Recreation and Society in Africa, Asia & Latin America, 5(1), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Jurowski, C., Uysal, M., & Williams, R. D. (1997). A theoretical analysis of host community resident reactions to tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 36(2), 3–11. doi: 10.1177/004728759703600202
   Google Scholar
• Karadakis, K. (2012). The influence of small-scale sport event impacts on personal and community quality of life and support for sport event tourism (Doctoral dissertation). University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Kasimati, E. (2003). Economic aspects and the Summer Olympics: A review of related research. International Journal of Tourism Research, 5, 433–444. doi: 10.1002/jtr.449
   Google Scholar
• Kasimati, E., & Dawson, P. (2009). Assessing the impact of the 2004 Olympic Games on the Greek economy: A small macro-econometric model. Economic Modelling, 26(1), 139–146. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2008.06.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall, K. W., & Var, T. (1984). The perceived impact of tourism : The state of the art. Vancouver: Simon Fraser University.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, H., Gursoy, D., & Lee, S. (2006). The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of pre- and post-games. Tourism Management, 27, 86–96. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. J., Gursoy, D., & Lee, S. (2004). The impact of the 2002 World Cup on South Korea: Comparisons of pre- and post-games. Journal of Tourism Management, 27(1), 86–96. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2004.07.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, W., Jun, H. M., Walker, M., & Dan Drane, D. (2015). Evaluating the perceived social impacts of hosting large-scale sport tourism events: Scale development and validation. Tourism Management, 48, 21–32. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2014.10.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, S., & Petrick, J. F. (2005). Residents’ perceptions on impacts of the FIFA 2002 World Cup: The case of Seoul as a host city. Tourism Management, 26, 25–38. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2003.09.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, W., & Walker, M. (2012). Measuring the social impacts associated with Super Bowl XLIII: Preliminary development of a psychic income scale. Sport Management Review, 15, 91–108. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.05.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko, D., & Stewart, W. P. (2002). A structural equation model of residents’ attitudes for tourism development. Tourism Management, 23(5), 521–530. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00006-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kousis, M. (1989). Tourism and the family in a rural Cretan community. Annals of Tourism Research, 16(3), 318–332. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(89)90047-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtzman, J., & Zauhar, J. (2003). A wave in time – The sports tourism phenomena. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 8(1), 35–47. doi: 10.1080/14775080306239
   Google Scholar
• Lee, S. (2001). A review of economic impact study on sport events. The Sport Journal, 4(2), 12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, C., Kim, S., & Kang, S. (2003). Perceptions of casino impacts – A Korean longitudinal study. Tourism Management, 24, 45–55. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(02)00048-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiber, S., & Alton, D. (1983). Visitor expenditures and the economic impact of public recreation facilities in Illinois. In S. Leiber, & D. Fesenmeier (Eds.), Recreation planning and management. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Madden, J. R. (2002). The economic consequences of the Sydney Olympics: The CREA/Arthur Andersen study. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(1), 7–21. doi: 10.1080/13683500208667904
   Google Scholar
• Maennig, W., & Zimbalist, A. (2012). International handbook on the economics of mega sporting events. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Malfas, M., Theodoraki, E., & Houlihan, B. (2004). Impacts of the Olympic games as mega-events. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers – Municipal Engineer, 157(ME3), 209–220. doi: 10.1680/muen.2004.157.3.209
   Google Scholar
• Mallen, C., Stevens, J., & Adams, L. J. (2011). A content analysis of environmental sustainability research in a sport-related journal sample. Journal of Sport Management, 25, 240–256. doi: 10.1123/jsm.25.3.240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcouiller, DW. (1997). Toward integrative tourism planning in rural America. Journal of Planning Literature, 11(3), 337–357. doi: 10.1177/088541229701100306
   Google Scholar
• Mason, D., & Duquette, G. (2008). Exploring the relationship between local hockey franchises and tourism development. Tourism Management, 29(6), 1157–1165. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2008.02.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matheson, V. A. (2006). Economic impact analysis. In W. Andreff, & S. Szymanski (Eds.), Handbook on the economics of sport (pp. 137–142). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Matheson, V. A. (2009). Economic multipliers and mega-event analysis. International Journal of Sport Finance, 4(1), 63–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGehee, N. G., & Andereck, K. L. (2004). Factors predicting rural residents’ support of tourism. Journal of Travel Research, 43, 131–140. doi: 10.1177/0047287504268234
   Google Scholar
• Mihalik, B. J., & Simonetta, L. (1999). A midterm assessment of the host pupulation`s perceptions of the 1996 summer Olympics: Support, attendance, benefits, and liabilities. Journal of Travel Research, 37(3), 244–249. doi: 10.1177/004728759903700305
   Google Scholar
• Mondello, M., & Rishe, P. (2004). Comparative economic impact analyses: Differences across cities, events, and demographics. Economic Development Quarterly, 18, 331–342. doi: 10.1177/0891242404269505
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mules, T., & Faulkner, B. (1996). An economic perspective on special events. Tourism Economics, 2(2), 107–117. doi: 10.1177/135481669600200201
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, P. E. (1985). Tourism: A community approach. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ntloko, N. J., & Swart, K. (2008). Sport tourism event impacts on the host community – A case study of Red Bull Big Wave Africa. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 30(2), 79–93. doi: 10.4314/sajrs.v30i2.25991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunkoo, R., & Ramkissoon, H. (2010). Modeling community support for a proposed integrated resort project. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 18(2), 257–277. doi: 10.1080/09669580903290991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ottevanger, A., &. (2007). Sport tourism: Factors of influence on sport event visit motivation. Master of Arts in European Tourism management, Bournemouth University (UK), Hogskolan Dalarna, Sweden, Fachhochschule Heilbronn, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, J. G. (2005). Estimating the cost and benefit of hosting Olympic Games: What can Beijing expect from its 2008 games? The Industrial Geographer, 3(1), 1–18.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, P., Morrison, A. M., & Rutledge, J. L. (1998). Tourism: Bridges across continents. Sydney: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Pearce, P. L., Moscardo, G., & Ross, G. F. (1996). Tourism community relationship. Oxford: Pergamon.
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrino, G., Bam, L., & Dutiro, I. (2010). 2010 Fifa World Cup. A trurning point for South Africa. Deloitte Southern Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Perdue, R. R., Long, P. T., & Allen, L. (1990). Resident support for tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 17, 586–599. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(90)90029-Q
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perdue, R., Long, P., & Kang, Y. (1999). Boomtown tourism and resident quality of life: The marketing of gaming to host community residents. Journal of Business Research, 44, 165–177. doi: 10.1016/S0148-2963(97)00198-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleumarom, A. (1992). Course and effect: Golf tourism in Thailand. The Ecologist, 22, 104–110.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, P. K., & Fletcher, D. (2008). The economic impact of the Olympic Games: Ex ante predictions and ex poste reality. Journal of Sport Management, 22, 470–486. doi: 10.1123/jsm.22.4.470
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preuss, H. (2004). The economics of staging the Olympics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
   Google Scholar
• Preuss, H. (2007). The conceptualisation and measurement of mega sport event legacies. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 12, 207–228. doi: 10.1080/14775080701736957
   Google Scholar
• Preuss, H., & Arne Solberg, H. A. (2006). Attracting major sporting events: The role of local residents. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(4), 391–411. doi: 10.1080/16184740601154524
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, J. R. B. (1984). Assessing the impact of hallmark event: Conceptual and research issues. Journal of Travel Research, 22(1), 2–11. doi: 10.1177/004728758402300101
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, B., & Adair, D. (2002). The growing recognition of sport tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 5(1), 1–6. doi: 10.1080/13683500208667903
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, B. W., Shipway, R., & Cleeve, B. (2009). Resident perceptions of mega-sporting events: A non-host city perspective of the 2012 London Olympic Games. Journal of Sport and Tourism, 14, 143–167. doi: 10.1080/14775080902965108
   Google Scholar
• Ritchie, J. R. B., & Smith, B. H. (1991). The impact of a mega-event on host region awareness: A longitudinal study. Journal of Travel Research, 30(1), 3–10. doi: 10.1177/004728759103000102
   Google Scholar
• Robert, B., Bryan, E., & Victor, M. (2010). The labor market effects of the Salt Lake city Winter Olympics. Working paper series. International association of sports Economists.
   Google Scholar
• Roche, M. (1992). Mega-event planning and citizenship: Problems of rationality and democracy in Sheffield’s Universiade 1991. Vrijetijd en Samenleving, 10(4), 47–67.
   Google Scholar
• Rotmans, J., Kemp, R., & van Asselt, M. (2001). More evolution than revolution: Transition management in public policy. Foresight, 3(1), 15–31. doi: 10.1108/14636680110803003
   Google Scholar
• Rydin, Y., Seymour, R., & Lorimer, S. (2011). Sustainability in the Sports Sector. The UCL Environment Institute Seminar Series Report, September. London: UCL Environment Institute [Online]. Retrieved from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/environment-institute/research/sport
   Google Scholar
• Saudi Arabia Motor Federation (SAMF). (2016). Mishar Park hosts the Hail Nissan International Rally 2016. Retrieved from http://www.samf.gov.sa/index.php/ar/media-center/latest-news/16-hail-rally-2016-news1
   Google Scholar
• Sautter, E. T., & Leisen, B. (1999). Managing stakeholders a tourism planning model. Annals of Tourism Research, 26(2), 312–328. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(98)00097-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmied, M., Hochfeld, C., Stahl, H., Roth, R., Armbruster, F., Türk, S., & Friedl, C. (2007). Green champions in sport and environment: Guide to environmentally-sound large sporting events. Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), Berlin and German Olympic Sports Confederation (DOSB), Division Development of Sports, Frankfurt.
   Google Scholar
• Seaman, B. (2004). The supply constraint problem in economic impact analysis: An arts/sports disparity. Paper presented at Lasting Effects: Assessing the Future of Economic Impact Analysis of the Arts Conference, Tarrytown, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Silvestre, G. (2009). The social impacts of mega-events: Towards a framework. Esporte E Sociedade, 4(10), 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Sirakaya, E., Teye, V., & Sönmez, S. (2002). Understanding residents’ support for tourism development in the Central Region of Ghana. Journal of Travel Research, 41, 57–67. doi: 10.1177/004728750204100109
   Google Scholar
• Smith, P. E., &. (2002). BACI design. In A. H. El-Shaarawi, & W. W. Piegorsch (Eds.), Encyclopedia of environmentrics. Chichester: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Solberg, H. A., & Preuss, H. (2007). Major sport events and long-term tourism impacts. Journal of Sport Management, 21, 213–234. doi: 10.1123/jsm.21.2.213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soutar, G. N., & McLeod, P. B. (1993). Residents’ perceptions on impact of the America’s Cup. Annals of Tourism Research, 20, 571–582. doi: 10.1016/0160-7383(93)90010-Z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standeven, J., & De Knop, P. (1999). Sport tourism. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Stoddart, B. (1990). Wide world of golf: A research note on the interdependence of sport, culture, and the economy. Sociology of Sport Journal, 7, 378–388. doi: 10.1123/ssj.7.4.378
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Supreme Committee Organizing the Rally Hail. (2016). About Rally. Retrieved from https://hailrally.com.sa/en/aboutpage.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Sutton, W. (1967). Travel and understanding notes on the social structure of tourism international. Journal of Comparative Sociology, 8, 218–223. doi: 10.1177/002071526700800206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swart, K., Bob, U., & Arrey, V. M. (2008). Sport events and their socio-economic impact: Residents’ perceptions of the Isuzu Berg River Canoe Marathon. Africa Insight, 38(3), 123–134.
   Google Scholar
• Sweeting, J. E. N., Bruner, A. G., & Rosenfeld, A. B. (1999). The green host effect: An integrated approach to sustainable tourism and resort development. Conservation international, Washington, DC. Tourism Economics, 14, 343–360.
   Google Scholar
• Taks, M., Green, B. C., Chalip, L., Késenne, S., & Martyn, S. (2013). Visitor composition and event-related spending. The International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 7, 132–147.
   Google Scholar
• Taks, M., Késenne, S., Chalip, L., Green, B. C., & Martyn, S. (2011). Economic impact study versus cost-benefit analysis: An empirical example of a medium sized international sporting event. International Journal of Sport Finance, 6, 187–203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teo, P. (1994). Assessing socio-cultural impacts: The case of Singapore. Tourism Management, 15(2), 126–136. doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(94)90006-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terret, T. (2008). The Albertville Winter Olympics: Unexpected legacies – failed expectations for regional economic development. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 25(14), 1903–1921. doi: 10.1080/09523360802439262
   Google Scholar
• Teye, V., Sonmez, S. F., & Sirakaya, E. (2002). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(3), 668–688. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00074-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tien, C., Lo, H., & Lin, H. (2011). The economic benefits of mega events: A myth or a reality? A longitudinal study on the Olympic Games. Journal of Sport Management, 25, 11–23. doi: 10.1123/jsm.25.1.11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tosun, C. (2002). Host perceptions of impacts: A comparative tourism study. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(1), 231–253. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(01)00039-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tourist Information and Research Center (MAS) (2008). Tourism statistics for the Hail Rally Festival report. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Tourist Information and Research Center (MAS) (2009). Tourism statistics for the Hail Rally Festival Report. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Tourist Information and Research Center (MAS) (2010). Tourism statistics for the Hail Rally Festival report. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Tourist Information and Research Center (MAS). (2011). Tourism statistics for the Hail Rally Festival Report. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Tourist Information and Research Center (MAS) (2012). Tourism statistics for the Hail Rally Festival. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Tourist Information and Research Center (MAS) (2013). Tourism statistics for the Hail Rally Festival Report. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Tourist Information and Research Center (MAS) (2014). Tourism statistics for the Hail Rally Festival Report. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Tourist Information and Research Center (MAS) (2015). Tourism statistics for the Hail Rally Festival. Report, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
   Google Scholar
• Turco, D. M., Riley, R., & Swart, K. (2002). Sport tourism. Morgantown, WV: Fitness information technology.
   Google Scholar
• Twynam, D. G., & Johnston, M. (2004). Changes in host community reactions to a special sporting event. Current Issues in Tourism, 7(3), 242–261. doi: 10.1080/13683500408667981
   Google Scholar
• Vargas-Sánchez, A., de los Angeles Plaza-Mejía, M., & Porras-Bueno, N. (2009). Understanding residents’ attitudes toward the development of industrial tourism in a former mining community. Journal of Travel Research, 47(3), 373–387. doi: 10.1177/0047287508322783
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas-Sánchez, A., Porras-Bueno, N., & de los Ángeles Plaza-Mejía, M. (2011). Explaining residents’ attitudes to tourism. Is a universal model possible? Annals of Tourism Research, 38(2), 460–480. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2010.10.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veltri, F. R., Miller, J. J., & Harris, A. (2009). Club sport national tournament: Economic impact of a small event on a mid-size community. Recreational Sports Journal, 33, 119–128. doi: 10.1123/rsj.33.2.119
   Google Scholar
• Vigor, A., Mean, M., & Tims, C. (2004). ‌Introduction. In A. Vigor, M. Mean, & C. Tims (Eds.), After the gold rush - A sustainable Olympics for London. London: Demos.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, M. (1995). Environmental implications of the 1992 Winter Olympic Games. Tourism Management, 16(4), 269–275. doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(95)00016-H
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogt, C. A., & Jun, S. H. (2004). Residents’ attitudes toward tourist market segments and tourism development. In A comparison of residents’ perceptions of tourist impact on the economy and quality of life. Paper presented at the Proceedings from the 2004 Northwest Recreation Research Symposium, Valdez, Alaska.
   Google Scholar
• Waitt, G. (2003). Social impacts of the Sydney Olympics. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 194–215. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00050-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walo, M., Bull, A., & Breen, H. (1996). Achieving economic benefits at local events: A case study of a local sports event. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 4(3/4), 95–106. doi: 10.3727/106527096792195353
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y. A., & Pfister, R. E. (2008). Residents’ attitudes toward tourism and perceived personal benefits in a rural community. Journal of Travel Research, 47(1), 84–93. doi: 10.1177/0047287507312402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washington, R. E., & Karen, D. (2001). Sport and society. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 187–212. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.187
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, D., & Opperman, M. (2000). Tourism management. Milton: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Whitson, D., & Horne, J. (2006). Underestimated costs and overestimated benefits? Sports mega-events in Canada and Japan. In J. Horne, & W. Manzenreiter (Eds.), Sports mega events: Social scientific analyses of a global phenomenon (pp. 73–89). Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Wicker, P., Prinz, J., & von Hanau, T. (2012). Estimating the value of national sporting success. Sport Management Review, 15, 200–210. doi: 10.1016/j.smr.2011.08.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, S. (2003). Tourism and recreation. Harlow: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, J., & Lawson, R. (2001). Community issues and resident opinions of tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 269–290. doi: 10.1016/S0160-7383(00)00030-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, R. (2006). The economic impact of local sport events: Significant, limited or otherwise? A case study of four swimming events. Managing Leisure, 11, 57–70. doi: 10.1080/13606710500445718
   Google Scholar
• Witt, S. F. (1988). Mega-events and mega-attractions. Tourism Management, 9(1), 76–77. doi: 10.1016/0261-5177(88)90063-5
   Google Scholar
• Wood, E. H. (2006). Measuring the social impacts of local authority events: A pilot study for a civic pride scale. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 11(3), 165–179. doi: 10.1002/nvsm.21
   Google Scholar
• Xu, X. (2006). Modernising China in the Olympic Spotlight: China’s national identity and the 2008 Beijing Olympiad. In J. Horne, & W. Manzenreiter (Eds.), Sports mega-events: Social scientific analyses of a global phenomenon (pp. 90–107). Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Yoon, Y., Gursoy, D., & Chen, J. S. (2001). Validating a tourism development theory with structural equation modeling. Tourism Management, 22(4), 363–372. doi: 10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00062-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L., & Zhao, X. S. (2009). City branding and the Olympic effect: A case study of Beijing. Cities, 26, 245–254. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2009.05.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar