Competitive balance and medal distributions at the Summer Olympic Games 1992–2016: overall and gender-specific analyses

References

• Baimbridge, M. (1998). Outcome uncertainty in sporting competition: The Olympic Games 1896–1996. Applied Economics Letters, 5(3), 161–164. doi: 10.1080/758521374
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balmer, N. J., Nevill, A. M., & Williams, A. M. (2003). Modelling home advantage in the Summer Olympic Games. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21(6), 469–478. doi: 10.1080/0264041031000101890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, C. E. (1998). Applied multivariate statistics in geohydrology and related sciences. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Chaplin, D., & Mendoza, S. (2013). Competitive balance in Olympic boxing: 1904–2012. The International Journal of Sport and Society, 3(3), 125–135. doi: 10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/v03i03/53929
   Google Scholar
• Chaplin, D., & Mendoza, S. (2017). The history of competitive balance in Commonwealth Games boxing. Sport in Society, 20(3), 428–437. doi: 10.1080/17430437.2015.1088718
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Bosscher, V., Bingham, J., Shibli, S., Van Bottenburg, M., & De Knop, P. (2008). The global sporting arms race: An international comparative study on sports policy factors leading to international sporting success. Oxford: Meyer & Meyer.
   Google Scholar
• De Bosscher, V., Shibli, S., Westerbeek, H., & Van Bottenburg, M. (2015). Successful elite sport policies: An internationalcomparison of the Sports Policy factors Leading to International Sporting Success (SPLISS 2.0) in 15 nations. Maidenhead: Meyer & Meyer Sport.
   Google Scholar
• Forrest, D., McHale, I. G., Sanz, I., & Tena, J. D. (2017). An analysis of country medal shares in individual sports at the Olympics. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(2), 117–131. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2016.1248463
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fort, R., & Quirk, J. (1995). Cross-subsidization, incentives, and outcomes in professional team sports leagues. Journal of Economic Literature, 33(3), 1265–1299.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gan, S.-L., Tuggle, C. A., Mitrook, M. A., Coussement, S. H., & Zillmann, D. (1997). The thrill of a close game: Who enjoys it and who doesn't? Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 21(1), 53–64. doi: 10.1177/019372397021001004
   Google Scholar
• Gratton, C., & Jones, I. (2010). Research methods for sports studies (2nd ed.). Abingdon: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Houlihan, B., & Zheng, J. (2013). The Olympics and elite sport policy: Where will it all end? The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30(4), 338–355. doi: 10.1080/09523367.2013.765726
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houlihan, B., & Zheng, J. (2015). Small states: Sport and politics at the margin. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(3), 329–344. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2014.959032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2017a). Results. Retrieved from https://www.olympic.org/olympic-results
   Google Scholar
• International Olympic Committee (IOC). (2017b). Olympic Solidarity. Retrieved from https://www.olympic.org/olympic-solidarity
   Google Scholar
• Joo, H. H., & Oh, T. (2015). Foreign players, competitive balance, and fan demand in Korean basketball league. In Y. H. Lee, & R. Fort (Eds.), The sports business in the Pacific Rim: Economics and policy (pp. 43–58). Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Knowles, G., Sherony, K., & Haupert, M. (1992). The demand for major league baseball: A test of the uncertainty of outcome hypothesis. The American Economist, 36(2), 72–80. doi: 10.1177/056943459203600210
   Google Scholar
• Madrigal, R. (1995). Cognitive and affective determinants of fan satisfaction with sporting event attendance. Journal of Leisure Research, 27(3), 205–227. doi: 10.1080/00222216.1995.11949745
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikkei Asian Review. (2016). Malaysian diver raises sights for Rio Games. Retrieved from http://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Malaysian-diver-raises-sights-for-Rio-Games
   Google Scholar
• O'Reilly, N., Nadeau, J., & Kaplan, A. (2011). Do fans want their team to be competitive in the short-term (the next game) or the long-term (the full season), and does the answer affect management decisions? European Sport Management Quarterly, 11(1), 73–86. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2010.537365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otamendi, J., & Doncel, L. M. (2014). Medal shares in Winter Olympic Games by sport: Socioeconomic analysis after Vancouver 2010. Social Science Quarterly, 95(2), 598–614. doi: 10.1111/ssqu.12055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parks, J. B., Quarterman, J., & Thibault, L. (2011). Managing sport in the 21st century. In P. M. Pedersen, J. B. Parks, J. Quarterman, & L. Thibault (Eds.), Contemporary sport management (4th ed., pp. 5–27). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Ramchandani, G., & Wilson, D. (2014). Historical and contemporary trends in competitive balance in the Commonwealth Games. International Journal of Sport Science, 10(35), 75–88. doi: 10.5232/ricyde2011.02405
   Google Scholar
• Rascher, D. (1999). A test of optimal positive production network externality in major league baseball. In J. Fizel, E. Gustafson, & L. Hadley (Eds.), Sports economics: Current research (pp. 27–45). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
   Google Scholar
• Rhoades, S. A. (1993). The Herfindahl-Hirschman index. Federal Reserve Bulletin, 79(3), 188–189.
   Google Scholar
• Rottenberg, S. (1956). The baseball players’ labor market. The Journal of Political Economy, 64(3), 242–258. doi: 10.1086/257790
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt, M. B., & Berri, D. J. (2001). Competitive balance and attendance: The case of major league baseball. Journal of Sports Economics, 2(2), 145–167. doi: 10.1177/152700250100200204
   Google Scholar
• Scully, G. W. (1989). The business of major league baseball. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shibli, S. (2003). Analysing performance at the Olympic Games: Beyond the final medal table. Paper presented at the 11th Congress of the European Association for Sport Management, Stockholm.
   Google Scholar
• Szymanski, S. (2002). Income inequality, competitive balance and the attractiveness of team sports: Some evidence and a natural experiment from English soccer. The Economic Journal, 111(Feb), 69–84. doi: 10.1111/1468-0297.00599
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tcha, M., & Pershin, V. (2003). Reconsidering performance at the Summer Olympics and revealed comparative advantage. Journal of Sports Economics, 4(3), 216–239. doi: 10.1177/1527002503251636
   Google Scholar
• Trung, M. D., Booth, R., Brooks, R. D., & Schnytzer, A. (2015). Do TV viewers value uncertainty of outcome? Evidence from the Australian football league. Economic Record, 91(295), 523–535. doi: 10.1111/1475-4932.12206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truyens, J., De Bosscher, V., & Heyndels, B. (2016). Competitive balance in athletics. Managing Sport and Leisure, 21(1), 23–43. doi: 10.1080/23750472.2016.1169213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber, A. C., Kempf, H., Shibli, S., & De Bosscher, V. (2016). Measuring competition in the Olympic Winter Games 1992–2014 using economic indices. Managing Sport and Leisure, 21(6), 399–420. doi: 10.1080/23750472.2017.1304232
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J. (2016). The development of elite cycling in China: 1992–2012. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 33(5), 586–606. doi: 10.1080/09523367.2016.1167684
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J., & Chen, S. (2016). Exploring China’s success at the Olympic Games: A competitive advantage approach. European Sport Management Quarterly, 16(2), 148–171. doi: 10.1080/16184742.2016.1140797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng, J., Oh, T., Kim, S., Dickson, G., & De Bosscher, V. (2018). Competitive balance trends in elite table tennis: The Olympic Games and World Championships 1988–2016. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(23), 2675–2683. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1375174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar