References
- Alexandris, K., Barkoukis, V., Haralambos, T., & Grouios, G. (2003). A study of perceived constraints on a community-based physical activity program for the elderly in Greece. Journal of Aging and Physical Activity, 11(3), 305–318. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.11.3.305
- Alexandris, K., Du, J., & Funk, D. (2016). The influence of sport activity personality on the stage-based development of attitude formation among recreational mountain skiers. Managing Sport and Leisure, 21(4), 218–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/23750472.2016.1255155
- Alexandris, K., Du, J., Funk, D., & Theodorakis, N. (2017). Leisure constraints and the psychological continuum model: A study among recreational mountain skiers. Leisure Studies, 36(5), 670–683. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2016.1263871
- Alexandris, K., Funk, D. C., & Pritchard, M. (2011). The impact of constraints on motivation, activity attachment, and skier intentions to continue. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(1), 56–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2011.11950226
- Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C., & Girgolas, G. (2007). Investigating the relationships among motivation, negotiation, and Alpine Skiing participation. Journal of Leisure Research, 39(4), 648–667. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2007.11950126
- Alexandris, K., & Stodolska, M. (2004). The influence of perceived constraints on the attitudes toward recreational sport participation. Loisir et Société / Society and Leisure, 27(1), 197–217. https://doi.org/10.1080/07053436.2004.10707647
- Balaska, P., Alexandris, K., Kouthouris, C., & Polatidou, P. (2012). An examination of how constraints and processes of change affect stages of behavioural change for recreational sport participation. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 12(3/4), 275–293. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2012.052680
- Beaton, A. A., Funk, D. C., & Alexandris, K. (2009). Operationalizing a theory of participation in physically active leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(2), 175–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2009.11950165
- Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley.
- Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. The Guilford Press.
- Carlson, B. D., & Donavan, D. T. (2013). Human brands in sport: Athlete brand personality and identification, 27(3), 193–206. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.27.3.193
- Carroll, B., & Alexandris, K. (1997). Perception of constraints and strength of motivation: Their relationship to recreational sport participation in Greece. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(3), 279–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949797
- Casper, J. M., Kanters, M. A., & James, J. D. (2009). Perceptions of constraints to NHL spectatorship. International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 5(1-2), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2009.021750
- Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1987). Reconceptualizing barriers to family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 9(2), 119–127. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408709512151
- Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309–320. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409109513147
- Downward, P., & Rasciute, S. (2010). The relative demands for sports and leisure in England. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(2), 189–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184740903552037
- Eagly, A. H., Wood, W., & Diekman, A. B. (2000). Social role theory of sex differences and similarities: A current appraisal. In T. Eckes & H. M. Trautner (Eds.), The developmental social psychology of gender (pp. 123–174). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
- Evans, K., & Anderson, D. M. (2018). ‘It’s never turned me back’: Female mountain guides’ constraint negotiation. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(1), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1250649
- Evans, K., & Gagnon, R. J. (2019). A structural model exploring gender differences in perceived constraints to competition climbing. Annals of Leisure Research, 22(4), 444–462. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2018.1534598
- Filo, K. R., Funk, D. C., & O’Brien, D. (2008). It’s really not about the bike: Exploring attraction and attachment to the event of the Lance Armstrong foundation. Journal of Sport Management, 22(5), 501–525. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.22.5.501
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
- Funk, D. C., Alexandris, K., & Mc Donald, H. (2016). Sport consumer behaviour. Routledge.
- Funk, D. C., & James, J. (2001). The psychological Continuum model: A conceptual framework for understanding an individual’s psychological connection to sport. Sport Management Review, 4(2), 119–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
- Funk, D. C., & James, J. D. (2006). Consumer loyalty: The meaning of attachment in the development of sport team allegiance. Journal of Sport Management, 20(2), 189–217. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.2.189
- Godbey, G., Crawford, D. W., & Shen, X. S. (2010). Assessing hierarchical leisure constraints theory after two decades. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(1), 111–134. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2010.11950197
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. A global perspective. Pearson.
- Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
- Hubbard, J., & Mannell, R. C. (2001). Testing competing models of the leisure constraint negotiation process in a corporate employee recreation setting. Leisure Sciences, 23(3), 145–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/014904001316896846
- Iso-Ahola, S. E. (1989). Motivation for leisure. In E. L. Jackson & T. L. Burton (Eds.), Understanding leisure and recreation. Mapping the past, chartering the future (pp. 247–279). Venture Publishing, Inc.
- Jackson, E. L. (1988). Leisure constraints: A survey of past research. Leisure Sciences, 10(3), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408809512190
- Jackson, E. L., Crawford, D. W., & Godbey, G. (1993). Negotiation of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409309513182
- Jackson, E. L., & Henderson, K. A. (1995). Gender-based analysis of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 17(1), 31–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490409509513241
- J. League Inc. (2019). J. League Inc. J. League TM Fan Survey 2019 Summary Report. https://www.jleague.jp/docs/aboutj/funsurvey-2019.pdf
- Kim, Y. K., & Trail, G. T. (2010). Constraints and motivators: A new model to explain sport consumer behavior. Journal of Sport Management, 24(2), 190–210. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.24.2.190
- Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guildford Press.
- Lyu, S. O., & Oh, C.-O. (2015). Bridging the conceptual frameworks of constraints negotiation and serious leisure to understand leisure benefit realization. Leisure Sciences, 37(2), 176–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2014.952461
- Mannell, R. C., & Kleiber, D. A. (1997). A social psychology of leisure. Venture Publishing, Inc.
- Matsuoka, H., Chelladurai, P., & Harada, M. (2003). Direct and interaction effects of team identification and satisfaction on intention to attend games. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 244–253.
- McMeeking, D., & Purkayastha, B. (1995). “I can’t have my mom running me everywhere”: Adolescents, leisure, and accessibility. Journal of Leisure Research, 27(4), 360–378. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1995.11949755
- Nakazawa, M., Yoshida, M., & Iwamura, S. (2014). Motivational factors of J. League spectators: Investigating secondary-data in the late 1990s. Japanese Journal of Sport Management, 6(1), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.5225/jjsm.2015-001
- Park, C. W., MacInnis, D. J., & Priester, J. (2006). Brand attachment: Constructs, consequences, and causes. Foundations and Trends® in Marketing, 1(3), 191–230. https://doi.org/10.1561/1700000006
- Raymore, L. A. (2002). Facilitators to leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 34(1), 37–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2002.11949959
- Raymore, L. A., Godbey, G., & Crawford, D. W. (1994). Self-esteem, gender, and socioeconomic status: Their relation to perceptions of constraint on leisure among adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(2), 99–118. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1994.11969948
- Robinson, M. J., & Trail, G. T. (2005). Relationships among spectator gender, motives, points of attachment, and sport preference. Journal of Sport Management, 19(1), 58–80. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.19.1.58
- Rocha, C. M., & Fleury, F. A. (2017). Attendance of Brazilian soccer games: The role of constraints and team identification. European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(4), 485–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1306871
- Son, J. S., Kerstetter, D. L., & Mowen, A. J. (2008). Do age and gender matter in the constraint negotiation of physically active leisure? Journal of Leisure Research, 40(2), 267–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2008.11950141
- Son, J. S., Mowen, A. J., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2008). Testing alternative leisure constraint negotiation models: An extension of Hubbard and Mannell’s study. Leisure Sciences, 30(3), 198–216. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400802017308
- Taks, M., Renson, R., & Vanreusel, B. (1994). Of sport, time and money: An economic approach to sport participation. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 29(4), 381–395. https://doi.org/10.1177/101269029402900405
- Trail, G. T., & Kim, Y. K. (2011). Factors influencing spectator sports consumption: NCAA women’s college basketball. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 13(1), 55–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-13-01-2011-B006
- Trail, G. T., Robinson, M. J., Dick, R. J., & Gillentine, A. J. (2003). Motives and points of attachment: Fans versus spectators in intercollegiate athletics. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 217–227.
- Trail, G. T., Robinson, M. J., & Kim, Y. K. (2008). Sport consumer behavior: A test for group differences on structural constraints. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 17, 190–200.
- Wann, D. L., & Robinson, M. J. (2002). The relationship between the sport team identification and integration into and perceptions of a university. International Sports Journal, 6(1), 36–44.
- Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., Schneider, I. E., & Russell, K. C. (2009). Leisure time physical activity of park visitors: Retesting constraint models in adoption and maintenance stages. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 287–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400902837886
- Wu, S.-H., Tsai, C.-Y. D., & Hung, C.-C. (2012). Toward team or player? How trust. Vicarious Achievement Motive, and Identification Affect Fan Loyalty, 26(2), 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.26.2.177
- Yamashita, R. (2016). Perceived structural constraints affecting spectators’ behavior: Testing the relationship between team’s attachment and perceived value [Doctoral Dissertation]. Waseda University Tokyo.